mrn412 - research project (2019) project list€¦ · the existing pool boiling test apparatus can...

MRN412 - Research Project (2019)

Project List20 November 2018

4Mr BD Bock

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Expansion and testing of pool boiling facilities to include high heat flux conditions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Heat transfer characterisation of pool boiling inside a vertical tube

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Thin film boiling on flat plate boiling heat transfer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Prototype Falling Film Distributor

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Automation of mini fluidic separation rig with the aid of open source electronics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Automation of fly-ash hydrocyclone rig

10Mr J Huyssen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Propulsion System integrated into a Wing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Combustion Chamber for periodic continuous Combustion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12A stable lifting Fuselage for a new Aircraft Configuration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Free-flight models for flight mechanic evaluations

14Dr N Wilke

. . . . . . 14Open Project on IoT (Sensing, Analysing and Connecting (Acting)) for Mechanical Engineering

16Prof NJ Theron

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A study in non-linear mechanical oscillations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Calculation of dynamic stress

. . . . . . . . . . 18Active structural control: creating a pole placement demonstrator (non-modal approach)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Study in dynamic structural response to base excitation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Active control project

21Dr L Smith

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Emergency parachute recovery system for the AREND UAV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Integration and flight testing of a camera gimbal system into the AREND UAV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Design, manufacture and testing of a light wing alternative for the AREND UAV.

. . . . . . . . 24Development of a test model for preliminary flight tests on subsystems for the AREND UAV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for improved aerodynamic performance.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for a hybrid-electric system

27Prof M Sharifpur

. . . . . . . . . . . 27Numerical simulation and experimental investigation into Constant Temperature Walls

28Dr MA Mehrabi

. . . . . . . 28Design and manufacture of inserted and reversible fluidic connectors for lab-on-a-chip devices

. . . . . . 30Design and manufacture of contact-based and reversible interconnects for lab-on-a-chip devices

32Prof JP Meyer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Upstream Effects in the Laminar Flow Regime

33Mr RF Meeser

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Volkswagen Polo cooling system improvement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Self-targeting Autonomous Paintball Sentry Gun

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Water-methanol injection effect on engine performance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Active model rocket stabiliser

. . . . . 39Design, building, testing and characterisation of a lightweight two-plane electromagnetic actuator

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Maximising turbocharger output for maximum engine performance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Real-time vehicle payload measurement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Hybrid system energy flow modelling and optimisation.

43Dr G Mahmood

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Active Control of Flow Separation on Convex Surface Employing Synthetic Jets.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Lift and Drag Control on Rotating Cylinders in Cross-Flow Employing Grooves.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Inside a Channel Employing Convex Wall Fins.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Lift and Drag Control on Rotating Cylinders in Cross-Flow Employing Grooves.

47Prof S Kok

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Use of finite element software to design snap though structures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Select and calibrate a material model to predict creep in thermoplastic materials

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Dynamic characterization of rubber used in vibrating screen mounts

50Dr CJ Kat

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Lumbar spine model for vehicle ride studies

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Ride comfort evaluation and optimisation of a bicycle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Sensitivity analysis of ride comfort evaluations

53Dr H Inglis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Modeling polymer-clay nanocomposites using Finite Element Analysis

. . . 55Development of finite element models and experiments to illustrate principles in Structural Mechanic

56Prof PS Heyns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Investigations of dynamic phenomena using high speed photography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Investigations of dynamic phenomena using high speed photography

60Prof PS Els

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Baja suspension system

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Baja brakes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Baja handling

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Baja Adams model

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Baja CVT tuning

65Dr J Dirker

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Renewable energy flow system stability using thermal storage

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Parabolic through solar collector for direct steam generation

. . . . . . . . . 69Thermo-fluid optimization of a domestic hot water storage to enhance end-use performance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Rib heat transfer enhancement in water systems

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Natural renewable cooling using phase change material with fins

74Prof KJ Craig

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Optimization of Tesla no-moving part valve (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . 75Study of air flow around a Formula 1 vehicle to optimize different components (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Heat transfer enhancement using jet impingement (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Shape optimization using adjoint method (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Natural convection cooling of solar tower receiver (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Development of anemometer mast for island wind measurement (2 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Development of wind break for studying wind effect on Marion island (3 students)

81Ms B Huyssen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Dihedral Effect Evaluation on the Gull-Wing Layout

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Wing Twist Evaluation on the Gull-Wing Layout

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Flow Field Visualization behind an Aircraft

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Dynamic Model Support for the close-loop Wind Tunnel

85Dr H Hamersma

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Terramechanics modelling and validation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Rubber friction testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Baja tyre test trailer

88Dr W LeRoux

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88High-temperature solar receiver testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Testing and development of a solar still for alcohol distillation/fuel production

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Micro-turbine testing for a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycle

. . . . . . . . . . . 91Testing and development of a small-scale solar still for water desalination/purification

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Testing and development of Stirling cooler components

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Integration of desalination with power generation

94Dr LJ duPlessis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Boerewors preparation for an automated ‘Boerie machine’

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Bread bun preparation for an automated ‘Boerie machine’

97Dr M MoghimiArdekani

. . . . . 97Design and optimization of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collectors (PV/T) to improve its efficiency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Design and construction of solar air heater

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Design and construction of solar water distiller

100Dr T Botha

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Development of Strobe Light System for Digital Image Correlation system

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Autonomous Path Control of a Soft Target Platform

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Devlopment of small load cell for vertebrae

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Development of a vehicle detection using line scan lidar

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of Small Robotic Arm

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Development of a control system for a small robot

106Prof JFM Slabber

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106To Be Specified At a Later Stage

107Dr A Lexmond

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Condenser

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Regenerator (full)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Swimming pool water surface cleaner

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Boiler development for a small-scale solar thermal Rankine cycle

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Mr BD Bock

Expansion and testing of pool boiling facilities to include high heat flux conditionsLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundBoiling at higher heat fluxes (above 25 kW/m2 in this case) is of tremendous industrial value, with a large number ofapplications operating in this range, from nuclear reactors to chemical processing plants. In particular this range of boiling hassignificant heat transfer advantages over convective heat transfer.

While a number of boiling heat transfer characterisation studies have taken place within the Clean Energy Research Group(CERG), they have up until now been focused at lower heat flux ranges. In order to expand our testing and research abilities,high heat flux testing capabilities are required.

2. Problem statementThe existing pool boiling test apparatus can only test up to approximately 25 kW/m2. A new high flux heater and accompanyingtest apparatus is required.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the physics and dynamics of heat transfer during the nucleate boiling process, with particular consideration to fullydeveloped nucleate boiling and the critical heat flux point. Subsequently model the heat transfer process, primarily using theempirical models that make use of the theorem of corresponding states.

4. Experimental objectivesDevelop and build a high flux heater that incorporates into the existing pool boiling test apparatus. Commission the heater andsubsequently perform a few exploratory tests (such as copper plates of different roughnesses – to be discussed with the projectsupervisor.)

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCommission and validate the high flux heater’s performance making use of a suitable validation (or ‘control’) test case ( e.g.smooth flat copper plate). This data will subsequently be compared to previous researchers work as well the theoretical model tovalidate the verification testing.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Clean Energy Research Group

External Supervisor

N/A

External Supervisor Location

N/A

External Organisation

N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

Experimental Requirements

Data Loggers

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Heat transfer characterisation of pool boiling inside a vertical tubeLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundVertical falling film evaporators with boiling are a promising technology that can compete with the flooded evaporators thatcurrently dominate the refrigeration market. The low refrigerant charge associated with this technology has caused it to gaingreater favour of late as the move towards low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants has forced the use of flammableand poisonous refrigerants.

As a first step towards the testing and characterisation of vertical tube falling film boiling, vertical tube pool boiling experimentswill be conducted to characterise the heat transfer performance using water as a test medium at atmospheric pressure.

2. Problem statementThe heat transfer performance of nucleate boiling on the inner surface of a vertical tube needs to be characterised at a number ofheat fluxes and tube diameters.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the physics and dynamics of heat transfer during the nucleate boiling process, with particular consideration for theeffect of orientation and the subsequent bubble interaction that occurs as a result. Subsequently model the heat transfer process,primarily using the empirical models that make use of the theorem of corresponding states.

4. Experimental objectivesDevelop and build a few vertical tube boiling test pieces to connect to the already existing boiling apparatus so as to characterisethe heat transfer performance. This should easily fit within the R500 budget.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsOne of the vertical tube boiling test pieces must be constructed so as to serve as a control or validation case, allowing for theverification and validation of the experimental results achieved. The theoretical prediction will subsequently be validatedagainst the experimental data of the validation case.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


List Any Specific Experimental Requirements e.g. specific lab equipment, services or space/location requirements

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Thin film boiling on flat plate boiling heat transferLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundBoiling heat transfer is a fundamental industrial phenomenon that is an ever present topic of research and development. At theCERG we are involved in the investigation of boiling in a number of contexts, such as boiling on tubes, insides tubes and on flatplates, all with a variety of fluids as well as enhanced surfaces.

The boiling heat transfer coefficient is influenced by a number of factors, with surface roughness, surface material and surfaceenhancements all playing a role.

In particular, heat transfer has been shown to increase during pool boiling if the liquid level begins to drop below 5mm. Thisphenomena will be investigated in more detail in this study

2. Problem statementThe process of heat transfer enhancement in thin liquid films under pool boiling conditions is not well understood.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the expected boiling heat transfer achieved.

4. Experimental objectivesUpgrade the existing flat plate boiling rig so that thin liquid water films can be testedTest the influence of very low liquid levels on the boiling heat transfer coefficient of water at atmospheric pressure.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretical model to the measured performance as well as literature standards.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



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Prototype Falling Film DistributorLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundFalling Film evaporators are a type of shell and tube heat exchanger where liquid is spread evenly along the outside of heatedtubes so that it can boil easily.

At the Clean Energy Research Group we are conducting experimental research into horizontal falling film evaporators for therefrigeration industry to better understand their advantages and disadvantages.

Our current experimental rig has a simple liquid distributor that evenly spreads the liquid over the length of a tube. It does thispumping refrigerant into a box with a long slit at the bottom that allows the refrigerant to pour out along the length of a tube.However it is not practical for industrial applications given its large size.

This project aims to design and test a number of prototype distributors that are more commercially feasible, making use of wateras a case study.

2. Problem statementAn in house falling film distribution test apparatus and prototype designs are needed.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the pressure drops that each design will produceQuantify the effectiveness of the liquid distributors

4. Experimental objectivesAssemble a small test rig to approximate a horizontal tube bankDesign and build a number of improved liquid distributorsTest the liquid distributors to determine their effectiveness

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimental to theoretical results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



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Automation of mini fluidic separation rig with the aid of open source electronicsLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe separation of two phase flows is a common industrial process that requires ongoing research and optimisation given thecomplex nature of these flows. The previous research conducted here at UP into the process has been a manual process withoutdigital data capture or automation.

Open source microcontrollers such as Arduino Uno’s and mass manufactured sensors have been found to be versatile andinexpensive options when considering the automation of test and prototype facilities.

2. Problem statementThe mini fluidic hydrocyclone test apparatus is manually operated.

3. Theoretical objectivesEmpirically model the hydrocyclone to predict its separation efficiency and pressure drop.

4. Experimental objectivesAutomate the mini fluidic hydrocyclone facility with the aid of Arduino Uno and mass produced sensors. Perform testing usingthe automated facility as both a commissioning exercise and as proof of concept.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretical predictions against the measured experimental results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



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Automation of fly-ash hydrocyclone rigLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe fly ash hydrocyclone separation rig has been used to perform a number of studies on the effectiveness of hydrocyclones onparticle separation of fly-ash slurries. However all this work has been done manually up until now.

3-D printed open source control valves (developed in 2018) have proven to be cost effective solutions to automation.Furthermore low cost open source microcontrollers such as Arduino Unos have proven to be versatile inexpensive solutions todata acquisition and control.

Thus the opportunity exists to apply these technologies to automate the existing experimental apparatus.

2. Problem statementThe fly-ash hydrocyclone separation rig is manually controlled.

3. Theoretical objectivesEmpirically model the hydrocyclone to predict its separation efficiency and pressure drop.

4. Experimental objectivesAutomate the fly-ash hydrocyclone separation rig. Perform testing using the automated facility as both a commissioningexercise and as proof of concept.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretical predictions against the measured experimental results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



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Mr J Huyssen

Propulsion System integrated into a WingLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundAny aircraft propulsion system has to provide the thrust to overcome drag. Therefore, any power system which actively reducesdrag would be a part of a propulsion system. With electric power systems becoming useful in full-scale aviation the opportunityhas emerged to provide small distributed electric power units along the entire wing. Such a system can easily be controlled.When not in use, the propulsion system must be aerodynamically hidden away to avoid any additional drag. Boundary layersuction and blowing can be used to change the aerofoil properties.

2. Problem statementA system is needed by which electric power can be used to force air from boundary layer ingestion ports to a trust slot or ablowing slot on a flap. An arrangement should be proposed for the integration of such a system inside an aerofoil along the spanof a wing.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop a theoretical prediction of the drag reduction potential, the power requirement and the thrust which such a system couldprovide.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct an experimental setup by which lift, drag and thrust measurements can be done on the proposed aerofoil.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the unpowered lift and drag to the lift and drag of the powered system and compare the measurements against theirpredictions.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


An electric power unit, force balances, flow meters, wind tunnel.

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Combustion Chamber for periodic continuous CombustionLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundCombustion of fuel is either done in repeated cycles as in the reciprocating combustion engine or on a continuous basis in thecontinuous cycle as in the gas turbine. There are applications in which periodic continuous combustion is required to maintain adesired operating pressure and temperature in an open thermodynamic cycle.

2. Problem statementDevelop a system of air feeding, fuel injection and ignition and flame holding inside a high pressure combustion chamber.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the principle of combustion to predict the temperature and pressure change in a combustion chamber as a result offuel burning. Develop a theoretical model to predict the feed rates of fuel and air to provide a desired flow delivery at a desiredoperational temperature and pressure.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct an experimental setup by which regulated feed air from a high pressure reservoir can be delivered, ignited and burnedin a combustion chamber. Monitor pressures and temperatures output power of the cycle.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the measured endurance of the unfueled system to that of the fueled system and compare the measured changes to thetheoretical predictions.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Combustion chamber, temperature and pressure transducers, flow meters, a pneumatic load, high pressure cylinders, pressureregulators, fuel pump, fuel injector, igniter, valves and fittings.

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A stable lifting Fuselage for a new Aircraft ConfigurationLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundAny aircraft requires a fuselage for its payload. Such a body should be shaped in favour of minimum drag and structural weight.For a new aircraft development, a fuselage is needed that is aerodynamically stable about the pitch axis and which contributes tothe generation of lift. This can be achieved by giving the fuselage a fuselage flap.

2. Problem statementDevelop a fuselage of low fineness ratio with an adjustable trailing edge flap which would offer fuselage stability and lift.

3. Theoretical objectivesDerive a fuselage shape of low drag for a given flow regime. Develop a theoretical prediction by means of CFD of the stabilityresulting from the trailing edge.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild a model of which the aft-body with its flap can be modified to do stability and lift investigations. Find the centre ofpressure and the neutral point for various flap configurations.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the predicted position of the centre of pressure and the neutral point with the experimental observations.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Adjustable fuselage model, a dynamic pitch mounting rig for a wind tunnel, load cells, camera.

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Free-flight models for flight mechanic evaluationsLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundFor the research of the gull-wing configurations, models are used to gain insight from flight mechanic investigations infree-flight. Performance comparisons can be made with the conventional configuration if the scale and the launch conditions arekept the same. These are also to be used for demonstration.

2. Problem statementDevelop a method of construction of small free-flight glider models which must be robust and adjustable, easy to produce,adjust and to repair. Develop also a launcher for repeatable launches.

3. Theoretical objectivesDerive the expected flight mechanic properties to determine a suitable model sizes. Derive a comparative theoretical model ofthe standard baseline configuration.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild a pair of models and a means of repeatable launching by which comparative flight mechanic investigations can be made.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the properties of the various models with each other and with predicted properties.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Free-flight models and launcher

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Dr N Wilke

Open Project on IoT (Sensing, Analysing and Connecting (Acting)) for MechanicalEngineering

Lecturer, Dr N WilkeMax students, 20

Project Description

1. Background Industrial revolutions are often broken down into the following four phases i) Mechanisation through steam power ii) Assembly line mass production iii) Automation iv) Cyber Physical Systems (Industry 4.0) Industry 4.0 originally proposed by the German government to promote the computerisation of physical systems, which has evolved into a number of specific areas such as Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is currently responsible for massive global trends of having physical systems sense, analyse and interact with their environments, to enable Cyber Physical Systems that contribute towards a value chain for a client or company. It is currently estimated that by 2020 there will be 20 Billion IoT Devices up and running. IoT is paving the way for new businesses and StartUps driving a new global economy and the ever import role that engineers play in securing and creating economies. In Mechanical Engineering applications include: i) finding out where water or gas leaks in a pipe networks ii) sensible predictions of when your car will break or when it needs to go in for an unscheduled service iii) identifying when an elderly person has fallen inside their house 2. Problem statement This research project is an open project that invites, you the student, to propose a focus area of interest that must be related to Mechanical Engineering. For this research project you will identify a need that can be addressed using a Cyber Physical System, to design a system that senses from its environment, analyses the sensed data to affect some action using only a R500 budget. Research questions can focus/investigate strategies to analyse the data, prioritising the sensed data and quality of the sensed data. A specific project will be provided should you fail to come up with a suitable project. 3. Required Background This research project requires a strong mathematical and Python programming background and a curiosity for how things work. 4. Learning and Skill Development In this research project you will need to learn how to connect sensors to your computer using Arduino or use a Raspberry Pi as a stand-alone computing platform to collect and sense data from the environment to that can then be analysed using open source tools such as TensorFlow to develop statistical models that can infer an action or decision. A relevant and modern engineering skill set will be developed during this research project. 5. Theoretical objectives Quantify to what extent the Cyber Physical System can address the required need using idealised data, or investigating the efficacy of various machine learning and deep learning strategies. 6. Experimental objectives The experimental objectives are two-fold: i) Cyber Physical System sensing from the physical world ii) Construct an experimental data set that can be used for validation purposes of your Cyber Physical System

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7. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results Systematic and scientific assessment of the Cyber Physical System using your validation set constructed under Experimentalobjectives and to infer recommendations.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Center for Asset Integrity Management

External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof NJ Theron

A study in non-linear mechanical oscillationsLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA simple pendulum rotating about a fixed axis in a uniform gravitational field has two equilibrium positions: with the pendulumweight at the lowest position and with the weight at the highest position, where the concepts “low” and “high” is to beinterpreted in terms of the direction of the gravitational field. The latter is an unstable equilibrium. If the rotational axis is,however, oscillated in the direction parallel to the direction of the gravitational field, the stability status of the two equilibriumscan be reversed. The dynamics of this motion is described by the Mathieu equation.

2. Problem statementIn this study a simple pendulum needs to be built and this phenomenon needs to be studied experimentally as well asnumerically using MSC ADAMS. Analytical studies have identified various regions of stability and instability. The studentshould endeavour to experimentally confirm the existence of these regions and investigate how one would go about studyingthis with ADAMS The numerical study should in the end also investigate the effect of elasticity and mass distribution, i.e., thestudy should in the end investigate an elastic compound pendulum in similar excitation scenarios.

3. Theoretical objectivesTo find correlation between existing theory and numerical modelling with ADAMS.

4. Experimental objectivesTo find correlation between existing theory, numerical modelling with ADAMS and experimental measurement.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThis will indeed play an important role in this project.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


SASOL lab, typical equipment: shaker, strobe light, photography

of 110

Calculation of dynamic stressLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundUnder static loading conditions it is relatively simple to calculate stress in simple structures like trusses, beams, plates,cylinders, spheres, etc., provided that the applied loading and the support of the structure itself (the boundary conditions) are allrelatively simple. In many cases stress calculation can be performed by hand (with the use of a calculator). If everything is keptat the same level of simplicity except that the loading is changed to a time varying load with a significant dynamic content closeto or above the first natural vibration frequency, the calculation of stress is raised to a significantly higher level of complexity.The finite element method in general has a strong capability of successfully calculating stresses in dynamically loadedstructures.

2. Problem statementThe purpose of this project is to investigate the use of alternative semi-analytical methods and to compare the results with thosecoming from finite element analysis as well as experimental measurement.

The study should not necessarily be limited to beams, but for beam-like structures two modal-based semi-analytical methodshave been widely used in the aerostructures field: the force integration method and the mode displacement method. A pertinentquestion that should be studied is to what extent experimentally measured mode shapes can be used it these two methods.

3. Theoretical objectivesTo implement a semi-analytical method of dynamic stress calculation and to correlate results with those coming form finiteelement analysis.

4. Experimental objectivesTo record stress measurements on the chosen structure for the chosen dynamic load conditions and, depending on how theproject develop, to measure sufficient natural vibration mode shapes to investigate their application in semi-analytical methods.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThis is an intrinsic part of this project.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


SASOL lab; typical equipment: strain gauges, load cells, experimental modal analysis equipment

of 110

Active structural control: creating a pole placement demonstrator (non-modalapproach)

Lecturer, Prof NJ TheronMax students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundIn recent years a number of final year research projects managed to illustrate the pole placement control technique changing thepole pair associated with the lowest natural vibration frequency of a cantilevered beam inside a control loop to differentpre-determined locations. Various different feedback measurements were used in the different projects, like the use of a laservibrometer to measure the velocity of a point on the beam, strain gauges to measure the bending strain at two locations and alaser displacement meter to measure the displacement of a point on the beam. Various actuators were also used, like a smallelectro-magnetic shaker and a small hydraulic actuator. All these projects had to employ observers to estimate the states notmeasured. In all but one case the observer and feedback gains were implemented as digital compensators on a NationalInstruments CompactRIO control computer.

Most of the previous attempts at pole placement were based on the use of a modal superposition method to model the beamstructural dynamics. This approach does have limitations and it was not yet possible to illustrate control of both the 1st and the2nd natural vibration modes. An alternative approach to the modal superposition method needs to be developed. One possibilityis to use a finite element model with sub-structuring to reduce the number of degrees of freedom.

2. Problem statementDevelop a pole placement demonstrator in which the complex conjugate pole pair associated with at least the lowest naturalvibration frequency of a cantilevered beam is changed, by modelling the beam with the finite element method.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelopment of a viable state space model of the structural dynamics.

4. Experimental objectivesImplementing a state space compensator on a computer coupled to the structure and illustrating that the natural vibrationproperties of the structure can be changed in a well predicted manner, using pole placement techniques.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThis is intrinsic in the project.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


SASOL Lab, NI CompactRIO control computer, dynamic response measuring equipment

of 110

Study in dynamic structural response to base excitationLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundIn recent final year projects various students experienced problems in obtaining good correlation between experimentalmeasurements and analytical prediction of base excitation structural dynamic problems, especially in the case of cantileveredbeams.

2. Problem statementThis project will investigate this issue at depth and must end up with good correlation for linear system behaviour betweenanalytical modelling and experimental measurement, and multibody dynamic simulation and experiment in the case of systemswith non-linear behaviour.

3. Theoretical objectivesAnalytical modelling of the dynamic base excitation of distributed parameter (also called continuous) systems, typically (but notlimited to) beams. Some students will have to investigate the cantilevered beam.

4. Experimental objectivesThe measurement of both force excitation and base excitation frequency response functions, for comparison with analyticalresults.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental and analytical frequency response functions need to be correlated.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


SASOL lab. Large shaker. Other equipemnt to measure frequency response functions.

of 110

Active control projectLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. To be arranged2. Problem statement3. Theoretical objectives4. Experimental objectives5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr L Smith

Emergency parachute recovery system for the AREND UAVLecturer, Dr L Smith

Max students, 1

Project Description

Team AREND will design a technological solution to aid Kruger National Park (KNP) rangers in the protection of black andwhite rhinos from poaching. The solution shall constitute, but not be limited to, an unmanned aircraft (18kg, 4.2m wingspan,cruise speed 20m/s, stall speed 15m/s) capable of conducting remote surveillance of large park areas such as KNP. The UAVshall be operable from a central base within KNP, have extended flight endurance (~120 min), and be able to detect/distinguishhumans and animals with onboard sensors.

The landing of a UAV presents the most challenging phase of flight. The success and the cost of UAV operations dependlargely on the success of the landings. UAVs are still lost at unacceptable high percentage due to landing incidents [quoteneeded]. For these reasons the design of the landing systems is receiving the highest priority in the design and development ofthe Arend airframe. In addition an emergency landing system needs to be developed for cases where normal landing is notpossible or when communication with the UAV is lost.

An emergency parachute recovery system (EPRS) has been built and tested on small scale. Static tests have been completed onan AREND UAV level in 2017. Evaluate the mathematical and physical models for the EPRS. Develop a dynamic test platformfor pre-flight tests. Integrate the system into the AREND UAV (The device must be light weight and able to integrate with theexisting structure of the AREND UAV). Demonstrate the free flight use of the EPRS and determine structural integrity of thesystem after an emergency event.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Integration and flight testing of a camera gimbal system into the AREND UAVLecturer, Dr L Smith

Max students, 2

Project Description


A preliminary design for the camere gimbal system exist and have been statically tested. A full integration and system analysisis required to ensure there is vibration isolation through the central structure of the UAV. Complete the detailed design withthese requirements in addition to the existing requirements. Build and statically test this system integrated into the ARENDUAV. Conduct flight tests and collect and evaluate the camera and video footage from the gimbal system.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Design, manufacture and testing of a light wing alternative for the AREND UAV.Lecturer, Dr L Smith

Max students, 3

Project Description


The current prototype already weighs 18kg which is what the final weight estimate of the UAV was. However in the initialdesign only 4kg was dedicated to the airframe which currently makes up for almost half of the weight. Redesign the protoypewing to be lighter and also that there is a possibility for multiple wing manufacture to ensure back up models in the case of afaulty test flight. Conduct a static structural test on the wing before integration into the AREND UAV. Conduct a flight test todetermine flight stability and aerodynamic qualities are consistent with the initial design.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Development of a test model for preliminary flight tests on subsystems for theAREND UAV

Lecturer, Dr L SmithMax students, 2

Project Description


The AREND UAV consists of multiple subsystems which require integration and testing on the AREND UAV before flighttests. Some of these integration tests pose the possibility to lose the AREND UAV prototype and so to remove this potential losswe need to develop a smaller or similar sized system which could act as a test dummy for landing, launch and parachuterecovery testing.

Complete the design for either the landing or launching dummy tests, build the system and complete these initial tests. Integratelessons learnt into the main AREND UAV system.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for improved aerodynamic performance.Lecturer, Dr L Smith

Max students, 3

Project Description

Mwewe is one of Paramount’s fully automated medium range unmanned aerial vehicles. Its flight objectives include, mobileobservation, medium range intelligence missions and surveillance. It weighs less than 25kg and has a range of 40km orendurance of 4hours.

The aerodynamic design of the Mwewe UAV has not been analysed or improved over the last 5 years. Although there arevarious aspects to improve Mwewe, the main focus of this project would be to evaluate the three redesigns of the wing, buildand integrate and test the wing. The objective of this redesign is to evaluate what the improvement in performance could be witha different airfoil and planform shape wing that is made with light-weight materials. The wing must maintain all structuralrequirements as well as its ability to fit into a certain dimensional requirement for ease of transport.

The results obtained from this initial design will be validated using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A wind tunnel model of thewing will be built and testing in the low speed wind tunnel at the University of Pretoria. The wings will be manufactured,structurally tested, integrated into the MWEWE and a taxi test will be completed before a full flight test is conducted.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for a hybrid-electric systemLecturer, Dr L Smith

Max students, 8

Project Description

Mwewe is one of Paramount’s fully automated medium range unmanned aerial vehicles. Its flight objectives include, mobileobservation, medium range intelligence missions and surveillance. It weighs less than 25kg and has a range of 40km orendurance of 4hours.

The aerodynamic design of the Mwewe UAV has not been analysed or improved over the last 5 years. Although there arevarious aspects to improve Mwewe, the main focus of this project would be to redesign a system for expanding the electricUAV to become a hybrid model.

A strong focus on the overall system mass balance and the impact of the new components selected and placement is required.For the system to become a hybrid system fuel tanks can be placed in the wing and the body and this will impact the wingdesign as well as the overall system mass balance.

For this project a wing design will be completed using open source software XFOIL and XFRL5. Either the control system forthe hybrid model is tested or the new wing model will be tested in the wind tunnel at the University of Pretoria. Experimentallydetermining the aerodynamic forces to establish the performance of the new wing for Mwewe. Careful consideration here needsto be on the change in CG of the aircraft during the flight profile.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof M Sharifpur

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation into Constant TemperatureWalls

Lecturer, Prof M SharifpurMax students, 19

Project Description

Constant temperature wall is a kind of heat exchanger which produce constant temperature at one of the surfaces of the heatexchanger for different applications. The most important point in this project is to design a heat exchanger to produce a steadyconstant temperature through the surface of one of the walls. The student should simulate the heat exchanger as well as doingexperimental work. The next step is to compare the simulation result and the experimental data. However, you should have astrong background in heat transfer and the knowledge to work with ANSYS-FLUENT of STAR CMM+ software. If you havenot passed MKM 411 yet, you can start the numerical (CFD simulation) in the second semester. Each student will receive exactshape and size for the heat exchanger after they submit the literature review to the study leader. If you are a six-month student,you should work very hard to complete the project.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr MA Mehrabi

Design and manufacture of inserted and reversible fluidic connectors forlab-on-a-chip devices

Lecturer, Dr MA MehrabiMax students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundBesides a high-quality sealing, an equally important factor for a functional lab-on-a-chip device is a reliable fluidic interfacebetween the chip and the peripherals (e.g. external pumps, valves, tubings, etc). These fluidic interfaces are commonly called‘‘fluidic interconnect’’, ‘‘world-to-chip’’ or ‘‘macro-to-micro’’ interfaces and we here use these terms interchangeably.Although the importance of fluidic interconnects is sometimes neglected in the microfluidics community, they are typically theleast reliable components of a lab-on-a-chip device and often limit the overall performance of these devices. The back-endprocesses required for integrating fluidic connections significantly contribute to the cost of the device.

2. Problem statementThere are a few standards for fluidic interfacing, such as Luer Lock and Luer Cone, but these are suitable for a small number ofapplications and not readily compatible with most of the fabrication techniques. A universally-accepted fluidic connection doesnot exist, but the community working on microfluidics has developed a wide variety of techniques specific to the targetapplication.Ideally, a fluidic interconnect should (1) have minimal dead volume, (2) avoid cross-contamination of samples, (3) be easy toplug, (4) be removable and reusable, (5) be reliable at high pressures, (6) be small enough to allow high-density connections, (7)be made using simple and low-cost techniques, (8) be chemically inert, and (9) be compatible with commercial tubings andfittings. There are various world-to-chip interfaces having some of these features and they can be categorized based on theplugging orientation, the material of the microfluidic device, pressure capability, and the maximum number of connections thatcan be achieved simultaneously. Reversible insertion, reversible and permanent fluidic connections are three different categoriesof interconnects that are important in any microfluidic design. In this project, our focus will be on inserted, adhesive-free andreversible fluidic connectors.

3. Theoretical objectivesBased on the new inspiration of seeing a lab-on-a-chip device in microfluidics as an electronic device and try to designeverything as an electronic component, it is necessary to look for microfluidic connections that are mimicking conventionalelectronic connectors. The connections that are mimicking conventional electronic connectors are user-friendly and affordableconnections. Adding zero leakage and easy fabrication process to them will make them the best options for any microfluidicconnections. One of the most straightforward fluidic interfacing techniques is based on the insertion of a tubing to a receivingopening that is defined on the cover layer or on the substrate of a microfluidic device. Early examples of such microfluidicinterconnects were compatible with chips based on glass and silicon. Fluidic connections for insertion are typically pluggedmanually to the ports, the locations of which vary from design to design.

4. Experimental objectivesStudents will manufacture their designed connectors for a lab-on-a-chip device.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsManufactured microfluidic connectors will be examined to make sure that they are leakage free and their pressure performancewill be compared with other connectors have been introduced in the literature.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


of 110

N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Design and manufacture of contact-based and reversible interconnects forlab-on-a-chip devices

Lecturer, Dr MA MehrabiMax students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundBesides a high-quality sealing, an equally important factor for a functional lab-on-a-chip device is a reliable fluidic interfacebetween the chip and the peripherals (e.g. external pumps, valves, tubings, etc). These fluidic interfaces are commonly called‘‘fluidic interconnect’’, ‘‘world-to-chip’’ or ‘‘macro-to-micro’’ interfaces and we here use these terms interchangeably.Although the importance of fluidic interconnects is sometimes neglected in the microfluidics community, they are typically theleast reliable components of a lab-on-a-chip device and often limit the overall performance of these devices. The back-endprocesses required for integrating fluidic connections significantly contribute to the cost of the device.

2. Problem statementThere are a few standards for fluidic interfacing, such as Luer Lock and Luer Cone, but these are suitable for a small number ofapplications and not readily compatible with most of the fabrication techniques. A universally-accepted fluidic connection doesnot exist, but the community working on microfluidics has developed a wide variety of techniques specific to the targetapplication.Ideally, a fluidic interconnect should (1) have minimal dead volume, (2) avoid cross-contamination of samples, (3) be easy toplug, (4) be removable and reusable, (5) be reliable at high pressures, (6) be small enough to allow high density connections, (7)be made using simple and low-cost techniques, (8) be chemically inert, and (9) be compatible with commercial tubings andfittings. There are various world-to-chip interfaces having some of these features and they can be categorized based on theplugging orientation, the material of the microfluidic device, pressure capability, and the maximum number of connections thatcan be achieved simultaneously. Reversible insertion, reversible and permanent fluidic connections are three different categoriesof interconnects that are important in any microfluidic design. In this project, our focus will be on contact-based and reversibleinterconnects fluidic connectors.3. Theoretical objectivesInsertion-based reversible interconnects allow for easy and fast interfacing to lab-on-a-chip devices because they do not requirecustom-designed fixtures or frames for applying a significant compression force to ensure leak-free connections. However, theseconnections are typically not reliable at high pressures and not compatible with simultaneous plugging of high-densityconnections. Instead, contact-based connections have been developed, particularly to be used in automated tools with highdensity I/O ports. This type of world-to-chip interfaces comprises a soft intermediate element, such as an O-ring, a PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane) gasket, or a silicone tubing, and a fixing mechanism to compress the tubings against a flat area of themicrofluidic chip.

4. Experimental objectivesStudents will manufacture their designed connectors for a lab-on-a-chip device.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsManufactured microfluidic connectors will be examined to make sure that they are leakage free and their pressure performancewill be compared with other connectors have been introduced in the literature.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

of 110

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof JP Meyer

Upstream Effects in the Laminar Flow RegimeLecturer, Prof JP Meyer

Max students, 1

Project Description

Obstructions such as an insert, change of diameter, divergence, or change in flow direction in tubes have a significant effect onthe flow downstream of the tube, but might also have an upstream effect. Examples of obstructions that are commonly found inpractice include the human lungs and arteries, aircraft gas turbines and tube connections in heat transfer equipment. Althoughthis is a phenomenon that commonly occur in our daily lives, little information is available on the effect of obstructions on theupstream flow in tubes. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct local heat transfer experiments in a smooth horizontaltube in the laminar flow regime, in order to quantify the upstream effects in terms of axial position, Reynolds number and heatflux.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Mr RF Meeser

Volkswagen Polo cooling system improvementLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 2

Project Description

Engen Polo Cup is a one make series driven by Volkswagen Motorsport in South Africa. The series is based on the VW Poloand in 2018 the series upgraded to the new Polo GTI equipped with a 2.0L turbo charged engine. VW does everything in theirpower to provide each competitor with equal equipment to allow for close racing and overtaking. The turbo charged era hashowever come forward with its own challenges. We wish to solve the challenges to allow for close racing. Close, hard and fairracing has always been the spectacle attracting crowds. As VW is a global brand, bringing close racing to the people is a crucialpart of their marketing strategy.

In Motorsport a vehicle isn’t always exposed to “clean air” and often finds itself in the warmer and restricted air flow due to theleading car. Increased intake temperatures lead to overheating of the engine and a loss of power. Overheating issues havebecome a huge concern in new turbo charged cars as the efficiency of the turbo charger largely depends on intake and enginetemperatures. Turbo charged engines operating at temperatures greater than 100 degrees Celsius stand the increased risk ofpremature failure. In these cases, the electronic management system is forced to cut turbo boost to try and maintain loweroperating temperatures. Lower efficiency and available power is however not the preferred solution as loss of power by thetrailing car makes overtaking merely impossible.

A ‘push to pass’ system is a global trend in Motorsport which temporarily gives the trailing competitor a competitive advantageby means of increasing power or lowering drag (DRS and KERS systems used in Formula 1). These systems attempt to increaseovertaking opportunities in Motorsport. The Engen Polo Cup Series also makes use of a ‘push to pass’ system. In the EngenPolo Cup Series this system temporarily increases turbo boost from 0.7 bar to 1 bar giving a competitor an additional 30 kW ofpower. This system is however not functioning as it should as increased turbo boost increases engine temperatures resulting inan immediate loss of power after the ‘push to pass’ period or often even during the period as temperatures increase toodramatically.

Options in terms of inter-cooling and airflow management will be examined to try and keep cars running cooler when running inthe warmer air and restricted air of a leading car and also to increase the effectiveness of the ‘push to pass’ system.

There is a trend in the automotive industry and the Volkswagen's model range towards smaller capacity engines using turbocharging to boost performance. Therefore, this study will have further relevance to our production vehicles in a warm climateand at altitude.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


Volkswagen Motorsport South Africa

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


of 110


of 110

Self-targeting Autonomous Paintball Sentry GunLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 6

Project Description

Security is synonymous to the South African culture. The number of farmers being attacked is on the rise, a potentialcommercial solution is needed to protect the farmers in remote parts of South Africa. The goal of this research project is todevelop a system which is capable of autonomously targeting human shaped targets, locating their centre of mass and then firingnon-lethal paintball bullets at them.

Should the target be moving, the time and distance of the hit needs to be accounted for using appropriate mathematics toaccount for the lead distance required to obtain a definite hit.

For the theoretical aspect of the project it is required to study control systems and live image processing. This will then be usedto write a program that is able to identify the moving or stationary target, locate its centre coordinates and have the paintball gunautomatically pivot and press the trigger to successfully hit the centre of the target.

For the experimental side of the project, the targeting-system as described above will be used to aim and shoot at potentialphysical threats introduced into the camera’s view.The program will have to take into account the size and velocity of the target, if the target is identified as a threat the programmemust then fire paintballs at its centre. All the necessary hardware for performing these tests will need to be manufactured (actualpaintball gun is required as well as web camera’s and controllers).

Once the tests are completed the accuracy of the targeting-system may be evaluated using a set of performance criteria. Afterthese tests are completed a conclusion as to the project must be made.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Water-methanol injection effect on engine performanceLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. IntroductionIn a world where engine performance plays an important role in vehicle design, many companies andprivate owners try to get to most out of an available engine by improving different aspects of thecombustion cycle, whether it be related to the induction method, valve overlap, fuel injection methodor timing. Each of these methods carry pros and cons that could significantly affect the life cycle of theengine. For this proposal, the investigation of knock prevention via additive injection will be done onan engine that will undergo several different scenarios that can be found in real practice.2. Project ProposalDue to the complexity of combustion science, the project will not be about knock control, but aboutknock prevention.Detonation occurs when the air/fuel mixture undergoes a sporadic flame front that was notpropagated originally from the spark plug. The phenomenon occurs most prominently if either thecombustion temperature or pressure is too high. Depending on the amount of “knock” the affects towardsthe engine can range from insignificant tofatal. It is therefore important to always consider preventing detonationduring a variety of conditions of engine operation.With the need to increase performance, the engine timing can be advanced to increase the torqueoutput of the engine. However, the advanced timing will lead to the increase in combustiontemperature which plays a large factor in detonation occurrence. Combining aggressive timingwith forced induction can lead to the perfect storm of “pinging” and total catastrophic engine failure.One method in reducing the combustion temperature is to inject an additive along with the air/fuelmixture that would absorb some of the latent heat outside the propagated flame front. For the initialspecification of the project, the additive will consist of a specified mixture of distilled water andMethanol (CH■OH).The additive will be injected from a separate subsystem and will not interfere with the fuelling system.One important factor to keep in mind is the loss in thermal efficiency of the engine due to the additivenow interacting during combustion. Losing the power (due to the water injection) that was gained bythe advanced timing will not yield satisfying results.Another aspect to investigate is the octane count of the fuel used and whether the water injectioncombined with lower quality fuel can be a viable substitute to more expensive higher-octane fuel.

3. Theoretical approachEven though the project will rely heavily on experimental data gathering, there has to be theoreticaland analytical background as a reference when comparing results.This will range from internal energy and enthalpy calculations of the water mix added to the air/fuelcharge as well as first principle internal combustion engine equations.Due to engine knock having an erratic behaviour, it will be difficult to simulate. There are howeversoftware packages that can be used specifically for internal combustion engine analysis and atheoretical baseline could be established. For example, Ansys® has an ICE sub package that can bevery useful for this project.A large amount of literature study will also be done on the concept of detonation and methods ofprevention used by the industry.

4. Possible experimental setupThe experimental rig will consist of 4 subsystems:■ Engine and engine management■ Fuelling system■ Water-injection system■ Microcontroller monitoring system

5. Different testing conditionsThe engine will be tested with two methods namely ‘Power run’ and ‘Endurance run’During testing either of these two methods, the parameters of the engine will be modified andmonitored to see how it will affect detonation quantity.6. ConclusionSensible comparisons need to be made between the theoretical estimations and the experimentally performed tests.

of 110

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Active model rocket stabiliserLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundModel rockets are a fun way of experiencing physics first hand. These rockets do however sometimes tend to fly off in a randomdirection with very little control over the flight path after the rocket motor has been fired up.2. Problem statementThe goal of this project is to design, build and test a small scale control system that can be implemented into a model rocket tostabilise the movement of the device and make the flight path predictable and controllable.3. Theoretical objectivesInvestigate the control surfaces and forces required to be able to adequately stabilise a model rocket, and then design anappropriate control system to use the control surfaces to yield a predictable flight pattern.4. Experimental objectivesBuild an appropriate test setup that is capable of validating the proposed stabiliser5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretically predicted performance of the system to the experimentally obtained results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Design, building, testing and characterisation of a lightweight two-planeelectromagnetic actuator

Lecturer, Mr RF MeeserMax students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundReducing unwanted small movements/vibrations by operators of some devices such as binoculars, cameras and even firearmscan greatly increase the usability of these devices. Human induced vibrations by attempting to hold a device steady are verysmall and almost unnoticeable to the naked eye, but once the effect of this vibration is extrapolated to a greater distance themovements can have an almost detrimental effect on the functionality of the device.2. Problem statementFor this project the student is to design, build, test and characterise a small two axis actuator that can be used to increase thestability of these handheld devices.3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical aspect of the project will entail determining the frequency range and magnitude of the forces required toeffectively stabilise a handheld for the average operator. An appropriately designed stabiliser is then to be designed that is ableto counter the vibrations.4. Experimental objectivesFor the experimental setup it is required to build the designed stabiliser, test it using an appropriately conceived test setup andcharacterise the actuator to facilitate use of this device in real applications.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe results from the test setup are then to be compared to the theoretical predictions and the necessary conclusions are to bemade

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Maximising turbocharger output for maximum engine performanceLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. BackgroundTurbochargers are standard equipment on many modern road vehicles. Many vehicle owners however want to increase thepower output of their vehicles, without having to change many of the main mechanical components, like the turbocharger.2. Problem statementThe task is to investigate the maximum power output that a vehicle can achieve with the turbocharger that is fitted to it.3. Theoretical objectivesA study is to be made on a vehicle of the student’s choice. The turbocharger needs to be studied in detail and the maximum flowrates determined. From these maximum flow rates the maximum power output should be estimated, which will be dependent onthe specific type of fuel used.4. Experimental objectivesAn appropriate manner needs to be found to test whether the maximum power output estimations were in fact applicable. (Thestudents who proposed this project will make use of their own vehicles, as agreed upon in the project discussion)5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe results from the test setup are then to be compared to the theoretical predictions and the necessary conclusions are to bemade

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Real-time vehicle payload measurementLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundVehicle payload contributes greatly to the total energy required to move the vehicle over its terrain. If the payload of a hybridvehicle can be determined accurately in real time it will facilitate the efficient optimisation of the energy usage for the vehicle.

2. Problem statementA method needs to be investigated to measure total vehicle payload in real time. This includes the weight of the cargo as well asoperators, fuel mass etc.

3. Theoretical objectivesConceive a method of determining the vehicle’s real time payload and theoretically model this system’s behaviour taking all thevariables into account. Depending on the method proposed; different strategies can be implemented to increase the reliability ofthe measurement.

4. Experimental objectivesAn appropriate test setup is to be conceived and built that will be able to test the applicability of the real time mass estimationstrategy.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsOnce the test setup is working, the theoretically derived results may be compared to the experimental and sensible conclusionsand recommendations can be made.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Hybrid system energy flow modelling and optimisation.Lecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundIn today’s modern climate it is of utmost importance to improve the efficiency of vehicles so that less resources are consumedduring operation. One way in which modern vehicles are optimised is to make use of hybrid systems which are capable ofstoring energy in times of excess to be used in times of shortage, or to facilitate use of energy converters in their higherefficiency ranges.2. Problem statementBuilding a mathematical model that can optimise the charging strategy of a hybrid vehicle based on real time mass estimates,even accounting for fuel and payload mass that changes during the operation cycle3. Theoretical objectivesAn analytical model of the hybrid system needs to be built that takes all the variables into account and is able to continuouslystate the optimal operation point for the vehicle.4. Experimental objectivesAn appropriate test setup needs to be conceived/built that is able to experimentally verify the theoretical model’s operation inreal time.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsOnce the test setup is working, the theoretically derived results may be compared to the experimental and sensible conclusionsand recommendations can be made.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr G Mahmood

Active Control of Flow Separation on Convex Surface Employing Synthetic Jets.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

Synthetic jets are also known as the periodic jets and zero mass-flux jets. Because of the low power requirements with the smallmass flow rate, the synthetic jects are being investigated in the recent years in the active control of boundary layer separation onaerodynamic objects. Boundary layer separation on the surface results in large aerodynamic drag, reduced lift, anduncontrollable vibrations on the aerodynamic objects. Most of the investigations apply the synthetic jets in the direction parallelto main flow. The present investigation will apply a battery of synthetic jets at an angle to the main flow on a convex surfacewhich simulates the surfaces of many aerodynamic applications. A battery of synthetic jets can be embedded inside the volumeof the convex surface with the jet openings located in the surface. The jets can be activated in unison or alternating pattern toprovide the optimum control on the flow separation on the surface. The location and angle of the jet ejection in the surface areimportant for the best results. The flow separation on the surface can be identified from the pressure distribution on the surfaceand thus, the jet effects can be quantified.

This project will design and fabricate the battery of synthetic jets, the curved convex surface, and casing of the jets insidesurface volume with the jet openings located on the curved surface. The curved surface is to be instrumented with pressure tapsfor the measurements of pressure distributions. The measurements must take place in the UP Wind Tunnel lab.

Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics. Some CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at the UP computer lab are desirablebased on permitted time. CFD trainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Lift and Drag Control on Rotating Cylinders in Cross-Flow Employing Grooves.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

The Magnus Effect on the rotating cylinder in a cross-stream generates the lift force on the cylinder. The rotating cylinder incross-stream has become a research object for the aerodynamicists in the recent years. The lift generating capability of therotating cylinder has shown promising potentials for applications in the mini-aerial vehicles (MAVs) and wing objects toincrease the aerodynamic performance (the ratio of lift force to drag force or CL/CD). However, the inherent drag property ofthe cylinder in the cross-flow poses a limit on the increase of CL/CD ratio. Engineers employ passive techniques such asimplementing the dimple or groove indented surface on the cylinder to control the drag on the non-rotating cylinders.

This project will design and fabricate a frame containing an array of cylinders with and without grooved surface, and investigatethe lift and drag forces on the cylinders rotating at different speeds in a cross-flow. The frame should be instrumented with loadcells or strain gages to measure lift and drag on the cylinders. The required rotational speed of the cylinders can be 700-800rev/min and be achieved with compressed air or electric motor. The effects of groove on the CL/CD ratio will be estimatedbased on the results obtained from the cylinders without the grooves and with the grooves. The measurements must take place inthe UP Wind Tunnel lab.

Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics. Some CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at the UP computer lab are desirablebased on permitted time. CFD trainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Inside a Channel Employing Convex Wall Fins.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 7

Project Description

Internal wall fins inside the heat-exchanger and cooling/heating channels are commonly employed to enhance the convectiveheat transfer from the channel walls. However, the flow blockage and three-dimensional secondary flows inherent to the finsincrease large pressure penalty and consequently, require large pumping power in the channel flow. As a result, the thermalperformance of the channel flow (increase of heat transfer with increase of pressure penalty) suffers with the conventionalinternal fins. The drawbacks in thermal performance also impose restrictions on applications of the conventional fins in someelectronic cooling, solar panel cooling, and fluid mixing in food, pharmaceuticals, and chemical processes. In this researchproject, a convex type of fin will be employed on a channel internal wall to enhance the convective heat transfer on the wall.However, the aerodynamic shape of the convex will restrict the enhancements of the pressure penalty. The thermal performanceof the channel flow is thus expected to increase with the convex fins.

This project will design and fabricate the 3-D convex fins and employ them in the test section of a low speed wind tunnel. Thefins are to be attached in an array on the flow side of a wall in the section. The channel wall has to be instrumented with thepressure taps, heater pads, and thermocouples for the measurements. The measurements must take place in the UP Wind Tunnellab.

Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. SomeCFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at the UP computer lab aredesirable based on permitted time. CFD trainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Lift and Drag Control on Rotating Cylinders in Cross-Flow Employing Grooves.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 2

Project Description

The Magnus Effect on the rotating cylinder in a cross-stream generates the lift force on the cylinder. The rotating cylinder incross-stream has become a research object for the aerodynamicists in the recent years. The lift generating capability of therotating cylinder has shown promising potentials for applications in the mini-aerial vehicles (MAVs) and wing objects toincrease the aerodynamic performance (the ratio of lift force to drag force or CL/CD). However, the inherent drag property ofthe cylinder in the cross-flow poses a limit on the increase of CL/CD ratio. Engineers employ passive techniques such asimplementing the dimple or groove indented surface on the cylinder to control the drag on the non-rotating cylinders.This project will design and fabricate a frame containing an array of cylinders with and without grooved surface, and investigatethe lift and drag forces on the cylinders rotating at different speeds in a cross-flow. The frame should be instrumented with loadcells or strain gages to measure lift and drag on the cylinders. The required rotational speed of the cylinders can be 700-800rev/min and be achieved with compressed air or electric motor. The effects of groove on the CL/CD ratio will be estimatedbased on the results obtained from the cylinders without the grooves and with the grooves. The measurements must take place inthe UP Wind Tunnel lab.Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics. Some CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at the UP computer lab are desirablebased on permitted time. CFD trainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof S Kok

Use of finite element software to design snap though structuresLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundSome structures exhibit a N-shape load deflection curve. This behaviour is known as snap through. Sometimes such structuresexhibit a bi-stable configuration i.e. there are two configurations in which the system is in static equilibrium. Such bi-stablestructures sometimes find practical application e.g. keyboard buttons and switches.

2. Problem statementInvestigate the ability of the finite element method to design a snap through structure. Conceive an experiment of a structure thatis known to exhibit snap-through behaviour. Vary some feature of the design and repeat the experiment. Then investigate theability of the finite element method to accurately predict the behaviour of the system. Students that select this topic needs to becomfortable with the finite element method and programming. Students are also strongly encouraged to take "Optimum Design"as their final year elective.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand bi-stable structures and snap throughUnderstand the arc length control algorithm

4. Experimental objectivesConceive, plan and execute an experiment that characterizes a snap through structure. Vary at least one feature of the structureand repeat the experiment a number of times to illustrate how the characteristics of the structure changes as the structure varies.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental force-deflection behaviour of the structure will be compared to the simulated behaviour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Select and calibrate a material model to predict creep in thermoplastic materialsLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe main failure mechanism for high pressure high temperature steel components in typical power plant environments is creep.Creep in steels is very sensitive to increases in temperature and stress. The creep rate typically increases exponentially forincreases in stress and temperature. Nevertheless, creep rates in steels are so low that it can take years to observe measurableamount of creep strain, if the steel is subjected to operating stresses and temperatures.

2. Problem statementInstead of performing creep experiments on steel, select a thermoplastic material. Creep rates for such materials are much largerand this reduces the time required for a typical creep experiment substantially (a few hours rather than years). Perform theexperiments for different stresses and at different temperatures. The required increase in temperature to observe a substantialincrease in creep rate is less than 40 degrees Celsius, reducing the need for complicated heating during the experiment. Once theexperimental data is available, select and calibrate an appropriate creep model to predict the creep rate in the thermoplasticmaterial as a function of stress and temperature.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstanding creep models, how to implement them and how to calibrate them.

4. Experimental objectivesPerform creep experiments as a function of stress and temperature

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsSome of the creep experiments will not be used to calibrate the creep material model. These experiments will be used toquantify how accurate the creep model can predict a creep experiment that was not used during the material model calibration.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dynamic characterization of rubber used in vibrating screen mountsLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 8

Project Description

1. BackgroundRubber mounts are widely used for supporting dynamic equipment such as vibratory screens. To determine the dynamic forceson the screen foundations, accurate dynamic models of these mounts are required that can be used together with multi-bodydynamic models of the screens. While various models like these (e.g. the Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models) exist and arewidely used in finite element modelling, the parameters of these models must however generally be based on experimental data.

2. Problem statementPlan and conduct an experiment that compresses a rubber sample (of the same material used in the vibrating screen mounts) at arange of frequencies typically encountered in a vibrating screen application. The amplitude of compression should ideally alsobe adjustable. Also measure the displacement (probably using digital images) and forces that this rubber sample experiencesduring this experiment. Next, select and calibrate an appropriate material model that can predict the measured response of therubber sample. Specifically focus on viscoelastic material models if the frequency dependency is substantial, or on nonlinearelastic models if the nonlinearity dominates with little rate dependency.

3. Theoretical objectivesIdentify appropriate materials models for rubber and implement in a finite element code. Use experimental results of forces anddisplacements (based on digital images) to find the optimal material parameters.

4. Experimental objectivesConduct tests to capture the dynamic responses of the rubber material over an appropriate frequency range, and find methods touse these results to determine the material parameters.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidate and update the numerical model against experimental results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr CJ Kat

Lumbar spine model for vehicle ride studiesLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundVehicle ride is one of the important aspects when considering vehicle dynamics. The human is subjected to whole bodyvibrations in the vehicle with the main source of vibration being road irregularities. The human perceives the vibrations andrelates this to ride comfort. In addition to ride comfort it is also important to consider health aspect of whole body vibration.Health effects of whole body vibration have been reported to be linked with lower back pain. Mathematical lumbar spinalmodels have been developed to investigate the intervertebral disc pressures in whole body vibration applications.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in biomechanics and vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on these fields. This project will require theuse of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling. The studentwill therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools. The project will also require the student to designand manufacture a cost-effective physical lumbar spine model.

2. Problem statementDevelop a physical lumbar spine model that can be used to investigate spinal loads in whole body vibration applications. Theapplication of interest is vehicles.

3. Theoretical objectivesCreate a mathematical model of the lumbar spinal model and use this model to predict the loads on the lumbar spine duringrelevant vehicle driving conditions.

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture the designed lumbar spine model. Test the lumbar spine model and generate the experimental data needed tovalidate the model created during the theoretical objectives.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidate the model of the lumbar spine created during the theoretical work using the experimental data measured.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Vehicle Systems Group

External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Ride comfort evaluation and optimisation of a bicycleLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundCycling is a popular recreational past time for many. The terrain that many of these mountain bikers take on is in many casesextremely rough. Mountain bikes (MTB) have evolved from no suspension, to compliant front forks to the currentfull-suspension mountain bikes in order to improve handling as well as ride comfort of the rider. The ride of a bicycle is notonly important in mountain biking but also for bike commuters using non-suspended bikes.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in human factors in vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on ride comfort standards. This project willrequire the use of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling.The student will therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools.

2. Problem statementRide of a bicycle is important from both a health and perception perspective. The optimal settings for a suspended andnon-suspended bicycle is critical in obtaining the best ride.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the bicycle (suspended or non-suspended) using a multi-dynamics software package such as ADAMS in order to performa sensitivity analysis and optimize the ride of the bicycle.

4. Experimental objectivesObtain the required parameters needed to model the bicycle as well as the experimental measurements to validate the model.The ride of the bicycle has to be evaluated to determine whether it is optimal.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidation of the model has to be performed by comparing the experimental measurements to the predictions of the model. Thevalidation process must make use of relevant validation metrics.

Note that even though this project is suggested to make use of a bicycle the vehicle considered may also be the Tuks Bajavehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Sensitivity analysis of ride comfort evaluationsLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe ride of a vehicle (bicycle, motorcycle, car, etc.) is of critical importance and these days consumers expect exceptional levelsof ride comfort from their vehicle. Vehicle manufacturers evaluate the ride comfort of the vehicle using applicable standards toensure that it meets consumer expectations. It is therefore critical that the ride comfort evaluations are performed with a robustand reliable procedure.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in human factors in vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on ride comfort standards. This project willrequire the use of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling.The student will therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools.

2. Problem statementDetermine the sensitivity of ride comfort evaluations to important and relevant parameters (such as speed).

3. Theoretical objectivesUsing a mathematical model perform a sensitivity analysis to indicate the level of sensitivity to the various parameters.

4. Experimental objectivesPerform an experimental sensitivity analysis of the important parameters identified from the theoretical objective.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidation of the model has to be performed by comparing the experimental measurements to the predictions of the model. Thevalidation process must make use of relevant validation metrics.

Note that no vehicle has been specified. The student may make use of a bicycle, Tuks Baja or any other vehicle to which thesupervisor agrees to.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr H Inglis

Modeling polymer-clay nanocomposites using Finite Element AnalysisLecturer, Dr H Inglis

Max students, 12

Project Description

1. BackgroundParticulate composites are used in many applications, from reinforced polymers, to car tyres, to solid rocket propellant. We areparticularly interested in modeling the behaviour of polymer-clay nanocomposites (PNC’s), which are polymers reinforced withnanoscale (1 – 100 nm dimension) clay inclusions. This reinforcement may result in improvements in the stiffness and strengthof the polymer, as well as other mechanical, chemical and thermal properties, but frequently results in compromised toughnessor impact strength. We want to develop our ability to model PNC’s using Finite Element Analysis (FEA), in order to use thistechnology to design new material systems.Modeling these materials requires• nonlinear material modeling for polymer (nonlinear elastic or plastic)• modeling of a representative volume element (RVE) with periodic boundary conditions• modeling debonding of the particle from the matrix (surrounding material)• modeling voiding or crazing in the matrix• modeling change in polymer behaviour from ductile to brittle• modeling the shape and distribution of inclusionswhich all take a finite element analysis beyond a simple linear elastic model, and test the capabilities of the matrix.

The model will be compared with experimental test results of PNC’s.

H. M. Inglis, et al., 2007, “Cohesive modeling of dewetting in particulate composites:Micromechanics vs. multiscale finite element analysis.” Mechanics of Materials, 39, 580-595.

Tan, H., Huang, Y., Lui, C., Ravichandran, G., Inglis, H. M., Geubelle, P. H. (2007), “The uniaxial tension of particulatecomposite materials with nonlinear interface debonding”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44:1809-1822.

Moyo, L., Focke, W. W., Heidenreich, D., Labuschagne, F. J. W. J., Radusch, H.-J. (2013) “Properties of layered doublehydroxide micro- and nanocomposites”, Materials Research Bulletin, 48:1218-1227

Chen, B. and Evans, J. R. G. (2009) “Impact strength of polymer-clay nanocomposites”, Soft Matter, 5:3572-3584

https://github.com/mkraska/CalculiX-Examples/tree/master/RVE/Periodic

2. Problem statementUsing Finite Element software (preferably Calculix), develop a model of a particulate composite incorporating more than one ofthe elements listed in the background (i.e. nonlinear material, periodic BC's, debonding, crazing, ductile-brittle transition). Usethis model to investigate the sensitivity of the macroscopic response to varying parameters in the model. Compare your resultswith experimental observations of stiffness, strength, toughness or other appropriate mechanical properties

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the particulate composite numerically, incorporating more than one of the following: nonlinear material behaviour,periodic boundary conditions, a cohesive interface law, matrix crazing, varying particle shapes and distributions, ductile-brittletransition. Investigate the sensitivity of the macroscopic response to varying parameters in the model

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture polymer-clay nanocomposites with clay inclusions, and conduct tests to determine the mechanical properties of thenanocomposite, as well as observing the failure behaviour.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of experimental and theoretical investigations.

Category

Mechanical of 110

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Development of finite element models and experiments to illustrate principles inStructural Mechanic

Lecturer, Dr H InglisMax students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundThere are a number of complex concepts in MSY310 (Structural Mechanics) that would be easier for students to understandwith 3D visualisation in a FEM framework, and with experiments. Some examples are: shear center, shear flow throughthin-walled sections, buckling of columns, lateral buckling, strain transformation.

2. Problem statementDevelop finite element models for one or more of these concepts, and use these models to create visualisation for students in themodule (videos or tutorials). Validate the finite element models with experimental measurements. The experiments should besuitable for student pracs in the future.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop finite element models for one or more of these concepts, and use these models to create visualisation for students in themodule (videos or tutorials).

4. Experimental objectivesDesign experiments to validate the finite element models for the chosen concepts. The experiments should be suitable forstudent pracs in the future. Depending on the concept, it may be meaningful to have a realistic test (using lab testing equipment)as well as a "toy" test, which students can play with in tutorials.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of experimental and theoretical investigations.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof PS Heyns

Investigations of dynamic phenomena using high speed photographyLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundModern high speed photogrammetry allows experimental investigations which were not possible in the past. This could be usedto obtain a better understanding of high speed dynamic responses. This project entails that the student will select a specificphenomenon in collaboration with the supervisor. Projects may however include diverse applications such as:

a) Rotordynamic behaviour of a bladed rotorsb) Impact response of plates of different materials and boundary conditionsc) Dynamic response of rubber buffersd) Flight behaviour of insectse) Human motionf) Wind response of tall stacksg) Motion of materials over vibratory screensh) Particle motion

2. Problem statementIdentify interesting phenomena that are amenable to mechanical modelling.Develop simple but appropriate numerical models to capture the behaviour under consideration.. These models may entail finiteelement models or analytical models.Then validate the models through extensive experimental investigation using high speed photography.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop simple simulation models.

4. Experimental objectivesConduct extensive experimental investigations using digital image correlation or motion magnification using high speedphotography. Focus on interesting phenomena.The experiments must the quantitative and checked against independent measurements (accelerometers or lasers).Demonstrate that your models capture the essential physics.Produce videos that are educational and informative. Upload on Youtube.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results.Do extensive validation and model improvement.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

of 110

500



of 110

Investigations of dynamic phenomena using high speed photographyLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. Background2. Problem statement3. Theoretical objectives4. Experimental objectives5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

1. BackgroundModern high speed photogrammetry allows experimental investigations which were not possible in the past. This could be usedto obtain a better understanding of high speed dynamic responses. This project entails that the student will select a specificphenomenon in collaboration with the supervisor. Projects may however include diverse applications such as:

a) Rotordynamic behaviour of a bladed rotorsb) Impact response of plates of different materials and boundary conditionsc) Dynamic response of rubber buffersd) Flight behaviour of insectse) Human motionf) Wind response of tall stacksg) Motion of materials over vibratory screensh) Particle motion

2. Problem statementIdentify interesting phenomena that are amenable to mechanical modelling.Develop simple but appropriate numerical models to capture the behaviour under consideration.. These models may entail finiteelement models or analytical models.Then validate the models through extensive experimental investigation using high speed photography.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop simple simulation models.

4. Experimental objectivesConduct extensive experimental investigations using digital image correlation or motion magnification using high speedphotography. Focus on interesting phenomena.The experiments must the quantitative and checked against independent measurements (accelerometers or lasers).Demonstrate that your models capture the essential physics.Produce videos that are educational and informative. Upload on Youtube.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results.Do extensive validation and model improvement.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A of 110

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Prof PS Els

Baja suspension systemLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 22 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The car is fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension system on which bothspring and damper characteristics can be easily altered by changing gas volumes or adjusting damper valves. Please note thatthis project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for ResearchProject students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.2. Problem statement: Although the suspension system is adjustable, the team does not know the relationships between springcharacteristics and the gas/oil volume or damping characteristics and the valve flow settingsettings. The objective of theresearch project is to model and test both spring and damper characteristics of the suspension system.3. Theoretical objectives: Analyse the effect of oil and gas volumes on the spring characteristics, as well the flow control valvesetting on the damper characteristic.4. Experimental objectives: Measure spring and damper characteristics for different oil and gas volumes as well as differentvalve settings.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare simulation results to experimental results. Updatethe model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to develop easy-to-use suspension tuningguidelines for the team.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Baja brakesLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 22 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The TUKSBaja team always have challenges to get the rear brakes to lockup on hard terrain as required by the competition rules. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of theTuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will notinterfere with your research.2. Problem statement: Analyse the brake system with the intent to improve the system.3. Theoretical objectives: Model the brake system from the brake pedal up to the brake force that can be applied between thetyres and the road. Determine the critical factors that influence braking performance significantly and suggest improvements.4. Experimental objectives: Test the current brake system to validate the theoretical results.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare measured braking performance with theoreticalpredictions. Update the model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to find the optimalbrakeparameters for the vehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Baja handlingLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 22 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The car is fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension system on which bothspring and damper characteristics can be easily altered by changing gas volumes or adjusting damper valves. Please note thatthis project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for ResearchProject students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.2. Problem statement: Although the Baja suspension system is adjustable, the team does not know which settings will providethe best handling during the competition. The objective of the research project is to recommend optimal spring and dampersettings for best handling.3. Theoretical objectives: Analyse the effect of spring and damper characteristics on the handling of the vehicle using adynamics model.4. Experimental objectives: Measure handling of the vehicle for various spring and damper settings.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare simulation results to experimental results. Updatethe model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to find the optimal settings for the vehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Baja Adams modelLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 22 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. In an effort to streamline the development process, the team needs todevelop a multi-body dynamics model of the vehicle that can be used for suspension, steering and brake development. Pleasenote that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved forResearch Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.2. Problem statement: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate a multi-body dynamics model of a Bajavehicle.3. Theoretical objectives: Develop a multi-body dynamics model of a Baja vehicle that includes suspension, steering system andtyres.4. Experimental objectives: Test the vehicle by driving over obstacles of known shape as well as predefined handlingmanoeuvres. Measure relevant parameters that can be used to validate the model.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare measured and simulated results and determine thevalidity of the model.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Baja CVT tuningLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 22 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The drivetrain of the car relies on a continuously variable transmission(CVT) to match engine speed to vehicle speed. The CVT uses a mechanical control system based on flyweights, springs andcams. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will bereserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.2. Problem statement: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate a model of the CVT used on the Bajavehicle.3. Theoretical objectives: Develop a model (empirical or physics-based) of a CVT that include the effects of springcharacteristics, flyweights, cams etc.4. Experimental objectives: Test the CVT with different combinations of spring characteristics, flyweights, cams etc. Measurerelevant parameters that can be used to validate the model.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare measured and simulated results and determine thevalidity of the model. Find the optimum combination of parameters for best drivetrain performance.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr J Dirker

Renewable energy flow system stability using thermal storageLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. Background

Solar renewable energy plays an important role in the development of energy systems that are more environmentally friendly.Several solar energy systems exist including concentrated solar energy systems. Among these, Direct Steam Generation (DSG)cycles make use of solar collectors in which the working fluid is vaporised directly instead of making use of secondary fluidloops and added heat exchangers. The simplicity of DSG systems can significantly reduce parasitic losses in the power plant andincrease plant thermal efficiency. However, such systems are prone to thermal instability when there is a fluctuation in the solarirradiance. Without increasing parasite losses, an innovative means to increase the thermal mass within the solar collectors toassist in the thermal stability is to integrate the solar collector with a thermal store using an annular geometry with phase changematerials.

2. Problem statement

The technical performance of an integrated solar collector / thermal energy storage system using an annular geometry is not yetfully understood. The influence of the annular geometric dimensions and the type and quantity of a phase change material on thetime domain thermal stability of a flow passage is not quantified when there is a disturbance in the external heat flux (forinstance from solar irradiance).

3. Theoretical objectives

Understand the thermal charging and discharge process of a phase change material. Implement the enthalpy method, energyequation and Navier-Stokes equations in a numerical CFD simulation model to predict the temperature response of an annulargeometry containing phase change material and a water stream for both steady state and transient state scenarios. Parameterisethe model in terms of the annular dimensions (inner and outer diameters, eccentricity, and length), the type of phase changematerial, the water flow rate, inlet water temperature and applied thermal heat flux on the outer surface. More than one annularconfiguration exists which are to be analysed by different students. In one configuration, the water is in the inner tube and thephase change material is in the annulus, while in the other configuration the opposite is true.

4. Experimental objectives

Design and construct sections to experimentally investigate the temperature response of the relevant flow system with phasechange material. Inlet and outlet water temperatures as well as strategic phase change temperatures are to be monitored forsteady state and transient state scenarios with different mass flow rates. Parameters that are to be changed (and which will beinvestigated by different students) include the inner diameter, outer diameter, eccentricity, and the lay-out configuration.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Compare experimental and theoretical results with each other and comment on whether CFD analyses could be suitable tocapture the impact of each geometric parameter. After adjusting the CFD model, extend the CFD analysis to be able tocharacterise the effect of the geometric parameter (i.e. perform several more analyses for different values of the geometricparameter).

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A

of 110


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Mass flow meter, thermocouples, pump, DC power supply

of 110

Parabolic through solar collector for direct steam generationLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. Background

Many industries require steam in several thermal processes. The steam can be produced via flow boiling by making use ofseveral energy sources such as the burning of fuel (gas, coal etc), electric heating if a suitable electric energy supply is available,or via renewable energy such as concentrated solar power (CSP). The use of solar renewable energy can assist in reducing theburden on the power utility companies and reduce the impact on the environment. The use of Fresnel type solar concentrators orparabolic trough solar concentrators are suitable to direct reflected light onto a collector tube in which water flows. The flowboiling process inside this tube is influenced by transient solar irradiance and flow instabilities and could impact on the heattransfer efficacy, pressure drop and end use performance.


Flow boiling under non-uniform heat flux applications such as found in parabolic trough and Fresnel collectors are not yetinvestigated significantly and the impact that the non-uniform incident radiation heat transfer has on the internal flow boilingprocess is not yet fully understood.


Use a suitable ray-tracing technique to determine the heat flux distribution on the outside of a collector tube which receivesreflected solar radiation from a parabolic through. For a particular reflector type consider different parameters such as the tubediameter, heat flux intensity, defocusing of the solar reflector and times of the day. Construct a first order thermodynamic modelof the collector tube to help predict the steady state operating point of the collector tube.


Two students will be responsible to do lab tests under controlled conditions and two students will conduct onsite test with anactual parabolic trough. 1) In the lab: design and construct a horizontal test section with which the outer heat flux distributioncan be dynamically modified such that flow boiling on the inside of the tube can be maintained. Perform experiments atdifferent tube geometries, heat flux distributions and different water flow rates and determine the heat transfer coefficient 2)On-site tests: Improve an existing parabolic trough reflector system by rebuilding / adjusting the parabolic shape to ensurefocussed solar reflection onto a horizontal collector tube. Improve the existing sun-tracking system. Perform a number of test ondifferent days with different reflector conditions and characterise the collector behaviour. For both lab tests and on-site testsuitable temperature probes are to be designed installed to monitor the wall temperature and fluid temperature in the collectortubes.


Compare experimentally and theoretically obtained trends with each other. Comment on observable trends and the possibleexistence of an optimised operating state.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A

of 110


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Flow meter, thermocouples, data logger, power supply

of 110

Thermo-fluid optimization of a domestic hot water storage to enhance end-useperformance

Lecturer, Dr J DirkerMax students, 4

Project Description

1. Background

Domestic hot water systems account for approximately 40% of the electricity consumption of a household and significantlycontribute to peak electricity demand. Conventional hot storage tanks with internal heating elements make use of temperaturestratification to deliver hot water at a temperature above the average temperature inside the tank. As hot water is drawn from thetop, it is replaced with cold water at the bottom. Internal mixing of cold and hot water can weaken the thermocline (thermalstratification) and result in a premature drop in outlet water temperature. By maintain a consistent outflow temperature forlonger, the peak load demand of the water heater can be reduced. This can be done by altering the orientation of the storage tank(vertical orientations are better), by modifying the internal geometry of the tank by including baffles, or by including asecondary thermal storage material inside the tank such as phase change materials.


Due to space constraints and other reasons, most domestic hot water storage tanks are installed in a horizontal orientation whichleads to a weakened thermocline. There is a need to strengthen the thermocline and to maintain hot outlet water temperature forlonger periods in time during water discharge. However, the impact of the inclination, internal geometry and the inclusion ofsecondary thermal energy storage materials have not yet been fully characterised of optimized.


Understand the thermal behaviour of a thermocline during dynamic flow conditions. Implement the relevant energy equationand Navier-Stokes equations in a numerical CFD simulation model to predict the temperature response of a hot water storagetank while water is drawn from it as well as its standing heat loss rate when there is no flow. Parameterise the model in terms ofthe tank dimensions (inner diameters and length), placement of the heating element, placement of the inlet and outlet ports,gravitational orientation of the tank, and the internal geometry. The latter could either be baffles or the inclusion of a highenergy density thermal storage material.


Design and construct an experimental test section of suitable scale to allow for the modification of some of the parameterisedvariables. Construct, calibrate and install suitable thermal probes and monitor the transient thermal response for differentgeometric cases and different water draw rates. Different students will consider the effect of different aspects and could, wheresuitable, share the responsibility of constructing the test sections.


Compare experimental and theoretical results with each other and comment on whether CFD analyses could be suitable tocapture the impact of each geometric parameter. After adjusting the CFD model, extend the CFD analysis to be able tocharacterise the effect of the geometric parameter with the intension of optimisation (i.e. perform several more analyses fordifferent values of the geometric parameter).

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

Dr. Peter Klein


CSIR, Pretoria

of 110


CSIR Energy Centre, Renewable Energy Technologies

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


thermocouples, AC / DC power supply, datalogger

of 110

Rib heat transfer enhancement in water systemsLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. Background

Improved thermal systems required innovative enhance heat transfer mechanism to reduce entropy generation. Several enhancedheat transfer systems exist, which increases local heat transfer coefficients. One such method makes use of ribbed walls on aheat transfer surfaces. These ribs disturb boundary layer development.


The local heat transfer coefficients on a ribbed wall with water as the fluid (having a relatively high Prandtl number) are to bedetermined experimentally and numerically for different water flow rates and ribbed geometric parameters (such as rib shape,size and orientation ) for chamfered patterns.


Set up a numerical model which could be used to predict the wall heat transfer and temperature distribution on a ribbed wallwith a uniform heat flux imposed on it. The flow is to flow perpendicular to the rib direction. Local heat transfer coefficients areto be determined for different flow rate and geometrical parameters of the ribs.


Use an existing experimental test section which employs among others, crystal thermography (a paint layer that will changecolour in terms of temperature) to measure the local base wall temperatures of a ribbed wall. Modifications are to be made basedon recommendation from a preceding study. The test section is to be transparent to allow for visual recording of the colourresponse of the paint using a digital camera. Based on the imposed heat flux and the energy balance principle, determine thelocal heat transfer coefficients for different flow rates and rib dimensional parameters. (Each student is to investigate a differentgeometrical parameter).


Compare experimentally and theoretically obtained trends with each other. Comment on observable trends and the possibleexistence of an optimum rib parameter.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Mass flow meter, thermocouples, pump, DC power supply of 110

Natural renewable cooling using phase change material with finsLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. Background

Significant amounts of thermal energy are absorbed or released when a substance undergoes phase change. This latent effect canbe used in a wide range of application including passive cooling systems that store the “coolness” of the atmosphere bysolidification during night (charging phase) and releases the “coolness” by melting during the day (discharging phase) whencooling is needed. Several materials (such as paraffin-waxes) exist that undergo phase change in the thermal comfort range ofhumans. Unfortunately, many of these substances have low thermal conductivities, which inhibit the absorption and release heatrates. However, when harnessed correctly, this can dramatically reduce energy consumption of an air-conditioning plant.


Characterise a simple phase-change latent storage geometry (such as plates or cylinders) in different gravitational orientationsand fins. Due to gravity, denser solid phase molecules will drop to the bottom of the phase change cavity. This will alter thetransient thermal response of the module. It is unknown what impact the geometry and orientation have on the discharging(melting) rates.


Understand the enthalpy method for predicting the phase-change process. Implement this method in a CFD program (such asAnsys Fluent) for one predefined geometric lay-out with the effect of gravity and by making the fluid density temperaturedependent. Perform a set of discharging (melting) transient state analyses for different geometrical parameters (widths and/ordiameters) and low temperature phase change materials.


Design and construct a set-up to match the predefined geometric lay-out selected. At least three test modules must beconstructed (ie. one reference case without fins and two others with chosen geometric parameters). Construct, calibrate andinstall suitable thermal probes. Track the internal temperature response inside the phase change material during discharging totrack the phase change process for at least 3 gravitation orientations (including vertical and horizontal orientations). Make videorecordings of melting progression.


Compare experimental and theoretical results with each other and comment on whether CFD analyses are suitable. Describeobservable experimental trends and comment whether the orientation of the modules and the presence fins have an influence onthe discharge rates.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR) of 110

500


Thermocouples, DC power supply, data logger

of 110

Prof KJ Craig

Optimization of Tesla no-moving part valve (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

a) BackgroundNikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit (see http://fluidpowerjournal.com/2013/10/teslas-conduit/) that acts as a one-way valvebut has no moving parts. This project will optimize the geometry of this patent through CFD modelling and experimentation.This project extends the initial work done by students in 2018 to other applications.b) Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the valve conduit. The 3 students will consider differentgeometrical parameters and optimization methods. Manufacture and test the valve for the two flow directions to assess thenon-return capability.c) Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the valve. Perform flow analysis. Optimize the valve by varying the geometry using either shapeoptimization, topology optimization or adjoint optimization. Export modified geometry for manufacturing.d) Experimental objectivesConstruct a base model of valve for initial testing (all 3 students). Development measurement system. The 3 students willcollaborate on the common components (e.g. inlet/outlet piping, supply and instrumentation). Manufactured optimized geometryand test.e) Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Study of air flow around a Formula 1 vehicle to optimize different components (3students)

Lecturer, Prof KJ CraigMax students, 3

Project Description

a) Background:2 students have already been reserved for this topic. Formula 1 is the pinnacle of open wheel motor sport and is the forefront ofmotor vehicle technology advancement. The cars achieve incredible cornering speeds due to their aerodynamic complexitywhich generates tonnes of down-force, most of which is generated from the large rear wing on the car. In a straight line, the carsposes complex geometries which manage the flow of air around the car to increase down-force efficiency which reduces overalldrag. This is mainly achieved by vortex generators which are placed all over the car to direct flow through and around the car.Since 2017, there have been drastic regulation changes to make the cars safer for drivers and more appealing to spectators,which has brought along big changes in the way the aerodynamic devices on the cars would require functioning.b) Problem statement:Asses how the major aerodynamic components (such as the rear wing) of the car will have to adapt to the new regulations andhow these changes have affected the performance of these components. Students will consider different methods of managingflow around the car to increase efficiency of the new adapted components.c) Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the car pre and post adaptation to the new regulations (by simply changing major component sizes andposition without much consideration). Perform flow analysis and confirm a negative change in the efficiency of the new car.Optimize the flow by varying generic sections of the car (such as air intake geometry). Conclude on an improved geometry.d) Experimental objectivesConstruct a base model of the car as per the old regulations and modify as per the new regulations. Prove experimentally thatsimply changing the major components of the car to suit the new regulations degrades their efficiency. Test the optimizeddesign by modifying the model to the improved geometry.e) Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Heat transfer enhancement using jet impingement (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

a. BackgroundExtension of 2018 project. A novel receiver is being developed by CERG that uses jet impingement heat transfer of the heattransfer fluid. The receiver traps solar energy by reducing the re-radiating surfaces’ view factor back to ambient. A small dish isavailable as heat source. The jet used for heat transfer enhancement is influenced by the nozzle design, the impact region’sshape and other features like passive and active excitation of the jet to recycle the thermal boundary layer for increased heattransfer. Different students will consider different geometry and excitation mechanisms but will collaborate on the experimentalsetup.b. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of a jet impingement setup. Construct receiver components and testusing solar dish or dedicated lab-scale setup (depending on different sub-topic). Investigate relevant parameters.c. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the receiver. Determine thermal efficiency and heat transfer profiles and compare with base performance.d. Experimental objectivesConstruct a receiver for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors, instrumentation and datacapturing.e. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Shape optimization using adjoint method (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

a. BackgroundExtension of 2018 project. Shape optimization using conventional methods like a parameterized geometry and optimizationalgorithm is time consuming and limited by the number of parameters. The adjoint method allows for a free-form geometricsolution that can lead to much higher gains in performance through less computation. Different students will look at differentapplications of shape optimization, e.g., wind deflectors, wind barriers, spoilers, etc.b. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of aerodynamic/wind device and determine an optimized shape usingthe adjoint method in ANSYS Fluent. Test the base and optimal model in the wind tunnel. The 3 students will consider differentgeometries.c. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the device. Perform flow analysis and adjoint solutions for different observables (objectives). Combine inmulti-objective solution and export modified geometry for manufacturing.d. Experimental objectivesConstruct a base model of geometry for initial wind tunnel testing. Development measurement system using load cells andpressure taps. The 3 students will collaborate on the common components (support structure and instrumentation).Manufactured optimized structure (option of 3D printing) and test.e. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Natural convection cooling of solar tower receiver (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

a) BackgroundNatural convection occurs naturally when heated surfaces are exposed to a cooler fluid. For solar tower receivers, naturalconvection plays a critical role and can be one of the major heat loss contributors. Natural convections combined with wind(force convection) to make the situation complex to predict. Open as well as cavity receivers will be investigated. Differentstudents will investigate different geometrical setups and parameters.b) Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the natural convection geometry. This will be done on anaxisymmetric model The 3 students will consider different geometrical parameters and optimization methods to limit the effectof natural convection heat loss. Manufacture and test the cooling setup.c) Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD/theoretical model. Perform flow analysis for different heat rates, surface temperatures, inlet temperatures, andenvironmental conditions.d) Experimental objectivesConstruct a model of the tower receiver. Development measurement system to quantify convection heat losses and test. The 3students will collaborate on the common components (e.g. inlet/outlet piping, heat supply and instrumentation).e) Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Development of anemometer mast for island wind measurement (2 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 2

Project Description

a) BackgroundA 2018 research team installed an initial set of sonic anemometers on Marion Island to start with a measurement campaign tomodel wind patterns on the island for study of the ecological impacts of wind (on plant life, bird life, etc.). These masts need tobe extended to measure at higher heights. Given the severe conditions on this sub-Antarctic island, extreme conditions need tobe evaluated using CFD and wind-tunnel tests for operation and survival. Two students will be assessing different parts of thestructure.b) Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the wind mast. Manufacture mast setup and test in wind tunnel.c) Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the system. Perform flow analysis for different wind speeds and directions and determine optimal designsto limit cross-influence of anemometers as well as wind loading and vibration.d) Experimental objectivesConstruct a model of the mast. Development measurement system and test. The 2 students will collaborate on the commoncomponents (e.g. pressure and force measurement, data analysis, testing procedure).e) Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Development of wind break for studying wind effect on Marion island (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

a) BackgroundA 2018 research team installed an initial set of sonic anemometers on Marion Island to start with a measurement campaign tomodel wind patterns on the island for study of the ecological impacts of wind (on plant life, bird life, etc.). Part of the windimpact is at local level, e.g., due to detail topographical features and wind pattern changes due to global warming. In an attemptto provide a “lab” condition on the island, a porous wind break is suggested that can control the local wind patterns withoutimpacting other conditions for plant growth (like sunlight and temperature). Three students will be assessing different differentwind break structures (porous, angled, etc.) depending on the specific island site.b) Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the wind break and region of the island. Manufacture setup and testin wind tunnel.c) Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the wind break system. Perform flow analysis for different wind speeds and directions and determineoptimal designs to create a calm, wind-less environment.d) Experimental objectivesConstruct a model of the wind break and partial island topography. Development measurement system and test. The 3 studentswill collaborate on the common components (e.g. pressure and force measurement, data analysis, testing procedure).e) Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Ms B Huyssen

Dihedral Effect Evaluation on the Gull-Wing LayoutLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThis project relates to the research on the gull-wing configuration. Good handling qualities on an aircraft require a suitabledihedral effect. The combination of sweep and dihedral will determine the resultant effect on rolling moment produced byside-slip angles.2. Problem statementDevelop a wind tunnel model on which the wing sweep and dihedral angles can be adjusted to find the best dihedral effect.Develop also a method to observe yaw stability and the dihedral effect.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict a suitable combination of sweep and dihedral angles by means of a panel method which would give the desired dihedraleffect.4. Experimental objectivesBuild an adjustable wind tunnel model of a complete wing. Observe the lateral stability properties by allowing motion aroundthe yaw and roll axis and by measuring yaw and roll moments.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the measured dihedral effect to the one predicted. Modify if necessary the sweep and dihedral angles to experimentallyobtain the desired result.Experimental RequirementsWind tunnel model, wind tunnel, force balance, sting, data acquisition equipment.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Wing Twist Evaluation on the Gull-Wing LayoutLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThis project relates to the research on the gull-wing configuration. For best flight efficiency an aircraft has to induce the bestdownwash distribution along the wing span. This can be controlled by the wing twist distribution. For each angle of attack aslight adaptation of the wing twist is necessary to maintain the ideal distribution. This changes the trim angle, which can then beadjusted by changing wing sweep angle.2. Problem statementDevelop a wind tunnel model by which the wing twist and the outer wing sweep angel can be adjusted and observe the trimangle on a pitch axis in the centre of gravity.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict a twist distribution by means of a panel method which would give the desired lift distribution.4. Experimental objectivesBuild a wind tunnel model of a complete wing of which the trailing edge and the sweep angel can be modified to the shapepredicted by the numerical investigation. Find the trim angle for various settings of twist and sweep.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the observed and the predicted trim angles for different twist distributions. Modify if necessary the twist arrangementto experimentally obtain the desired result.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Flow Field Visualization behind an AircraftLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe quality of an aircraft can be assessed by observing the wake behind it. Flow vectors can be measured by means of a 5-holeprobe. A wake scan can then be used to gather a large array of flow vector data. The University has recently acquired such aprobe which now needs to integrated with the close-loop wind tunnel.2. Problem statementDevelop a probe positioning facility, a means for probe calibration and a procedure for data visualization.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict a flow field behind a simple reference model by means of CFD for different model angles.4. Experimental objectivesTest the probe manipulator, data acquisition system and visualization technique to show the flow fields behind the referencemodel.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the measured and predicted flow fields.Experimental RequirementsWind tunnel model, wind tunnel, probe manipulator, data acquisition equipment.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dynamic Model Support for the close-loop Wind TunnelLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundAircraft stability properties can be investigated by placing a model on a dynamic model support. By disturbing it off its balanceangles one can observe the static or the dynamic response. For the static response one needs to measure the moment or at leastknow its direction.2. Problem statementDevelop a model support which would give rotational degrees of freedom to model motion on any or all three axes. The systemmust allow for disturbances to be induced from outside the tunnel while the tunnel is running. Model angles must be adjustable,observable and moments must be measurable.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict dynamic responses for a simple reference model by means of a panel method for different model angles of disturbance.4. Experimental objectivesTest the model support and observation facility.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the measured and predicted model responses for different model disturbances.Experimental RequirementsWind tunnel model, model support, wind tunnel, load sells, data acquisition equipment.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr H Hamersma

Terramechanics modelling and validationLecturer, Dr H Hamersma

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundTerramechanics is the study of the interaction of mechanical systems with soil. The Vehicle Dynamics Group wants to expandits expertise in terramechanics, specifically with regard to the interaction between a tyre and soil.

2. Problem statementA validated soil model is needed that can be used to accurately predict the behaviour of the soil when loaded. The exact problemstatement will be finalised after consultation with the candidate, but there are several areas to be investigated:• The use of a cone penetrometer to model the soil properties• The use of a bevameter to model the soil properties• The development of a tyre pressure-sinkage model

3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical objectives of this study will entail researching existing soil models and the selection of an applicable one or thedevelopment of a new model to be characterised with the identified experimental approach.

4. Experimental objectivesExperimental objectives include the parameterisation and validation of the theoretical model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental validation of the theoretical results is essential to the successful completion of this project.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Rubber friction testingLecturer, Dr H Hamersma

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe Vehicle Dynamics Group (VDG) is interested in modelling the friction between rubber and different surfaces. This relatesto the VDG’s interest in modelling the tyre-road interface.

2. Problem statementThe need exists to theoretically model and experimentally investigate the friction mechanism between rubber (a tyre in thiscase) and several surfaces, ranging from (but not limited to) steel to concrete.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical objective of this project entails the fit or development of a theoretical model that accurately captures the frictionbehaviour between a rubber tyre and another surface of interest.

4. Experimental objectivesThe experimental objectives include the parameterisation and validation of the theoretical model.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Baja tyre test trailerLecturer, Dr H Hamersma

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe Vehicle Dynamics Group has a tyre test trailer designed to parameterise and validate tyre models of the tyres used on theUniversity of Pretoria’s Baja vehicles. There are several research and development projects to be performed on the tyre testtrailer.

2. Problem statementThree categories can be defined within this project, with the exact problem statements of each to be refined in consultation withthe student. The categories are:• modelling of the tyre test trailer,• modelling the tyres used on the Baja vehicle and• improving the longitudinal tyre slip actuation and control during longitudinal tyre testing

3. Theoretical objectivesEach of the abovementioned categories will include a good dose of theoretical work, such as:• designing suitable experimental setups to determine mass and mass moments of inertia properties• tyre modelling• brake system modelling and control

4. Experimental objectivesThe experimental objectives include parameterisation and validation of the developed theoretical models.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr W LeRoux

High-temperature solar receiver testingLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA solar receiver captures heat from a solar concentrator. The tubular solar cavity receiver heats air for the operation of amicro-turbine as used in a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycle. The solar receiver operates at very high temperatures andloses heat mostly due to radiation heat loss.

2. Problem statementA tubular solar cavity receiver should be tested at high temperature to determine its heat losses, especially due to radiation heatloss. The solar receiver is mounted at the focus point of a small-scale solar dish which follows the sun during the day. Thereceiver is thus mounted at different angles throughout the day. Depending on the wind direction and receiver angle, heat lossdue to convection can also be significant.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe heat loss from the solar cavity receiver at high temperature should be modelled.

4. Experimental objectivesConvection, conduction and radiation heat loss rates at high receiver temperatures should be measured.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe theoretical and experimental results should be compared and discrepancies should be explained.

A small solar tracking system and dish are available for the experiments.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Testing and development of a solar still for alcohol distillation/fuel productionLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundAlcohol can be purified by boiling it and capturing the condensate. By doing this, all the heavy ingredients stay behind and canbe separated from the pure condensate. Boiling can be done with concentrated solar heat from a solar dish reflector. Adistillation unit can be placed at the focus point of a small-scale solar dish which tracks the sun. Alcohol can be used in theproduction of fuel.

2. Problem statementFuel is an important resource world-wide but is also expensive. The production of solar fuels in South Africa would be usefulsince South Africa has a good solar resource.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe unit should be modelled mathematically. The amount of fuel created per minute should be anticipated.

4. Experimental objectivesA dish-mounted solar still unit should be built and tested. The amount of fuel created per minute should be measured. Asmall-scale solar tracking system and dish is already available and can be used for the testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared, typically in terms of litres of fuel per hour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Micro-turbine testing for a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycleLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. BackgroundA micro-turbine can be driven from the heat of burning fuel or the heat from concentrated solar power. A number ofturbochargers from the motor industry are available to act as micro-turbines in a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycle.

2. Problem statementTurbochargers have to be tested on a test-rig, using a gas burner, for performance experimentally before operation in a solarthermal Brayton cycle can take place.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe performance of a micro-turbine and the heat input from the fuel burner should be modelled mathematically.

4. Experimental objectivesA test-rig should be further developed and used for testing. A gas burner provides heat for the turbine to simulate the solar andrecuperator heat input of a typical solar thermal Brayton cycle. To simulate the compressor, air should be pressurised before it isheated by the fuel burner. The turbine in the turbocharger drives a compressor which can be used to measure the power outputof the turbine.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental results of the gas burner and turbocharger performance should be compared with the anticipated results asobtained theoretically.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


N/A

of 110

Testing and development of a small-scale solar still for water desalination/purificationLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundWater can be purified by evaporation and condensation. By doing this, all the heavy ingredients in the water stay behind and canbe separated from the pure water condensate. Water can be evaporated with solar heat.

2. Problem statementWater is an important resource, especially for the water-scarce Southern Africa. Water is often dirty and not safe for drinking.The small-scale purification of water is also expensive. The solar desalination and purification of water in South Africa wouldbe useful since South Africa has a good solar resource.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe unit should be modelled mathematically. The amount of water purified per minute should be anticipated.

4. Experimental objectivesA cost-effective solar water purification/desalination unit/s with automatically controlled water inlet and outlet should be builtand tested. The amount of water treated per minute/hour/day should be measured and the long-term effects of different types ofcontaminated water on the unit should be investigated.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared, typically in terms of litres of water purified per hour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


N/A

of 110

Testing and development of Stirling cooler componentsLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundStirling engines are typically characterised by their robust nature and potentially high efficiency. The use of a reverse Stirlingengine design for liquefaction of natural gas has the potential for a locally-built system which can produce LNG (LiquefiedNatural Gas) at a competitive price.

2. Problem statementDifferent Stirling cooler components (like the regenerator and the heat exchangers) have to be modelled and tested for optimumperformance in a locally-built Stirling cooler which can extract methane from a local gas mixture.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe specific Stirling cooler unit should be modelled so that the amount of LNG production over time can be anticipated.

4. Experimental objectivesDifferent versions of Stirling cooler components should be tested in an experimental setup to determine whether it will functionas expected in a Stirling cooler setup. Initial testing willallow for further improvements to be made.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

Mr Grant Emslie


13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark, Centurion


EPCM Holdings

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Experimental prototypes will be investigated and tested at UP or EPCM Holdings

of 110

Integration of desalination with power generationLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. BackgroundSea water can be desalinated in a boiling process. In the boiling chamber, the seawater splits up into pure water vapour and theremaining brine. The pure water vapour can be used to expand through a turbine for power generation whereafter the waterliquid can fill a reservoir for drinking water.

2. Problem statementSouth Africa has a problem of energy starvation and water shortage. More research is required into the field of simultaneousdesalination and power generation.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel a cycle that can achieve a solution in terms of simultaneous desalination and power generation.

4. Experimental objectivesAn experimental setup has to be built, from which results can be found for validation of the theoretical model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe theoretical and experimental results should be compared and discrepancies should be explained so that the theoretical modelcan be validated.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


N/A

of 110

Dr LJ duPlessis

Boerewors preparation for an automated ‘Boerie machine’Lecturer, Dr LJ duPlessis

Max students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe research question that will be answered here is: ‘Is it possible to prepare Boerewors for an automated “Boerie-machine”?’

Boerewors rolls are tasty, popular and well known in the South African context.

2. Problem statementIn many cases where boerewors rolls are offered, there are a specific problems that will be addressed by the foreseenBoerie-machine. These problems include the following:• long waiting times where people just stand in lines (the Boerie-machine will offer spectator value where customers can seehow this automated machine manoeuvres to produce boerewors rolls. Apart from the automated manoeuvres of the machine,there will be other audio visual effects such as music, lighting and count-down timers to entertain the customers while they waitfor their order to be processed)• you can only pay cash / or need to buy tickets at a separate stall where you again need to stand in line and wait to be helped(the Boerie-machine will have the latest technology with touch screens and payment options so that customers can pay usingtheir smart devices)• hygiene challenges: keeping everything clean is difficult (The Boerie-machine will be designed to adhere to the most stringentlocal and international food preparation regulations. These will be easy to implement, because the machine will function as avending machine, i.e. it is sealed off. Furthermore, because it is an automated machine, it will be easy to implement asterilization function as part of the boerewors roll preparation sequence)

3. Theoretical objectives• Investigate the different techniques available to cook Boerewors and search for measures that quantify the readiness of thecooked Boerewors.

4. Experimental objectives• It is envisaged that the cooked Boerewors must be straight after its preparation so that it can repeatably be handled in the restof the Boerie machine.• The preparation of the Boerewors must be quick and hygienic.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results• Validate the predicted preparation time against the actual time• Validate the variation in straightness

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

of 110

500



of 110

Bread bun preparation for an automated ‘Boerie machine’Lecturer, Dr LJ duPlessis

Max students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe research question that will be answered here is: ‘Is it possible to prepare bread bun for an automated “Boerie-machine”?’

Boerewors rolls are tasty, popular and well known in the South African context.

2. Problem statementIn many cases where boerewors rolls are offered, there are a specific problems that will be addressed by the foreseenBoerie-machine. These problems include the following:• long waiting times where people just stand in lines (the Boerie-machine will offer spectator value where customers can seehow this automated machine manoeuvres to produce boerewors rolls. Apart from the automated manoeuvres of the machine,there will be other audio visual effects such as music, lighting and count-down timers to entertain the customers while they waitfor their order to be processed)• you can only pay cash / or need to buy tickets at a separate stall where you again need to stand in line and wait to be helped(the Boerie-machine will have the latest technology with touch screens and payment options so that customers can pay usingtheir smart devices)• hygiene challenges: keeping everything clean is difficult (The Boerie-machine will be designed to adhere to the most stringentlocal and international food preparation regulations. These will be easy to implement, because the machine will function as avending machine, i.e. it is sealed off. Furthermore, because it is an automated machine, it will be easy to implement asterilization function as part of the boerewors roll preparation sequence)

3. Theoretical objectives• Investigate the different techniques available to prepare a bread bun (i.e. collect, cut, spread and apply sauces).• Investigate the variables that are present in the cooking of the buns and attempt at quantitatively specifying a recipe

4. Experimental objectives• The preparation of the bread bun must be quick and hygienic, and there must be zero waste.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results• Validate the predicted preparation time against the actual time• Validate the bun preparation variations that must be catered for in the automated Boerie-machine

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Design and optimization of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collectors (PV/T) to improveits efficiency

Lecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekaniMax students, 8

Project Description

1. BackgroundHybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors (PV/T) are integrated systems which combine photovoltaic (PV) panels and a solarthermal component/system to simultaneously generate electricity and heat. A significant amount of research and developmentworks have been conducted on the PV/T technology since 1970s. In terms of the amount of generated energy per unit surfacearea, PV/T systems are more efficient than PV panels and solar thermal collectors side by side. In addition, these systems canpotentially generate energy at a lower installation cost. Efficient heat sink design, splliting solar spectrum, cooling panels,concenterating solar rays and .... are among the approaches in PV/Ts to improve both thermal and electrical efficiencies ofPV/T.

2. Problem statementDesign and model PV/T system by using Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) software, analytical methods and correspondingengineering tools. Then the proposed design is optimized in ANSYS DX to maximize the thermal and electrical performance ofthe PV/T. Construct the PV/T and then test it.

3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the PV/T. Perform CFD model to find thermal efficiency of system from the first and second law ofthermodynamic viewpoint. Using analytical methods and other engineering toos to find the electrical performance of the system

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the PV/T for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate instruments fro testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against the experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

4000



of 110

Design and construction of solar air heaterLecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundSolar air heater is a renewable equipment that can be designed for heating air getting into rooms and spaces such as barn, stableand so on. This equipment can lead to a huge saving in fuel costs especially in cold seasons or in rural areas. In addition, it is agood step towards less carbon foot print and a greener world. The design of solar air heaters is interesting and can be consideredfrom different thermo-fluid viewpoints e.g. cycling air, pressure drop of air, heat gain and heat losses of the equipment and …2. Problem statementUsing Ray-tracing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to model solar air heaters. Construct the solar air heaters.Investigate various parameters to improve its efficiency.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a raytracing model of the air heater to captured absorbed heat flux, patch the heat flux on the CFD model and run the CFDmodel to get the numerical performance of the heater. Determine the efficiency of the heater.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the solar air heater for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors , instrumentation anddata capturing5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

3000



of 110

Design and construction of solar water distillerLecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundProviding clean fresh water is crucially important for communities face with water shortage. This shortage usually takes placedue to drought, disaster and so on. Water distiller is a solution to this problem. Water distiller naturally occurs when rainproduces in nature. Water from any undrinkable sources (polluted water, salty sources, dirty ground water and so on) evaporatesand then condenses in clouds and returns to the ground in the form of rain (clean drinkable water). This project is going todesign and construct a cheap, efficient and practical solar water distiller which could provide enough drinkable water for peopledo not have access to this vital life element.2. Problem statementModel a water distiller using Ray-tracing software as well as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) if required. Construct thedistiller and test it. Determine the efficiency of unit.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a raytracing model of the distiller and if required build a CFD model as well. Perform ray –tracing and find the absorbedheat flux on the walls of distiller. Determine the efficiency of the unit.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the solar distiller for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors , instrumentation anddata capturing5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

3000



of 110

Dr T Botha

Development of Strobe Light System for Digital Image Correlation systemLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundDigital Image Correlation (DIC) is used to take images of surfaces to determine the strain in the surface. It is used duringmaterial testing to measure strain in a specimen undergoing tensile tests. In Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system a highspeed strobe light is required to illuminate a surface for as quickly as possible to avoid motion blur in the images. A high speedstrobe light will need to be developed, manufactured and tested with a camera to optomise the most illuminated images with theshortest shutter time of the camera.

2. Problem statementDevelopment, manufacturing and testing of strobe light and camera system

3. Theoretical objectivesTesting in simulation using LTspice (electronic simulatio) software to optomise the speed of the strobe system

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture and test strobe light and camera as a system to validate simulation and provide the fasted shutter time whilemaintaining well illuminated images

This project requires an understanding of electronic components and use of oscilliscopes.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Electronic components, oscilliscope

of 110

Autonomous Path Control of a Soft Target PlatformLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA soft target is a small electric robot with a foam body. The soft target is used during vehicle testing to test collision avoidancesystems. The soft target represents an actual vehicle during testing, however if struck during a failed test there is minimal risk toeither vehicles as the soft target is made of foam. The soft target has electric steering and drive and requires control systemswhich uses high accuracy GPS for position to follow a prescribed path at a set speed. This requires that the steering and drivemotors be controlled to obtain the correct speed as well as follow the correct path.

2. Problem statementDevelopment of autonomous robot control system for path following.

3. Theoretical objectivesIt is required that a simple simulation model of the platform be created which can be used to develop the controller beforeimplementing on the actual system.

4. Experimental objectivesImplement the controller of the platform and perform tests to determine how accurate the system follows a prescribed path andcompare system with simulation results.

The project will require sound understandiing of control and vehicle dynamics.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


GPS, Control System

of 110

Devlopment of small load cell for vertebraeLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundDuring vertabrae testing of spines it is desirable to have the loading between vertabrae. In order to achieve this a small load cellis required which can measure the required forces in a small as possible package such that it can be placed within a spine.

2. Problem statementDevelop, build and test a small load cell for vertabrae tests.

3. Theoretical objectivesPerform literature survey on all suitable sensors which can be used for the load cell. Simulate the results of the load cell in asuitbale simulation environment before the final design in finalised

4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally test the accuracy and sensitivity of the load cell to different loading coditions and temperatures.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Signal Conditioning of strain gauge

of 110

Development of a vehicle detection using line scan lidarLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundDuring collision avoidance tests it is required to know whether an object such as a vehicle or pedestrian is in the path of thevehicle. Thus, a system is required which can determin realtive to the sensor where is a obejct located and how far is it from thesensor. It is reuired to ohieve this goal using a relatively inexpensive line scan LIDAR.

2. Problem statementDevelopment, coding and testing of an algorithm which uses a line scan lidar to deremine where and how far an object is fromthe sensor.

3. Theoretical objectivesA suitable simulation environment needs to be created which can be used to simulate the LIDAR measurements to build and testthe algorithm before deployment on the actual LIDAR sensor.

4. Experimental objectivesTranfer code on embedded system and test the system using a suitable testing procedure to evaluate the accuracy and robustnessof the sensor. Compare deviations between simulated and experimental results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


LIDAR, Stepper motor

of 110

Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of Small Robotic ArmLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA robotic arm consists of multiple single degree of freedom actuators. When these actators are coupled together the robotic armcan move an object within a large area and reach an object in many ways. A kinematic and dynamic analysis of the robotic armis required suc that the motion of the end effector (gripper) is a smooth and precise as possible. This entails simulation andtesting of the arm to determine suitable kinmatic controllers which can control the individual actuators to get the desired motionfrom the end effector, as well as, determine the dynamics of the control arm to better improve control to reduce vibration of thearm.

2. Problem statementPerform kinematic/dynamic analysis of a robotic arm to improve performance

3. Theoretical objectivesSimualted the iinematics/dynamics of the robotic arm in a suitablee simulation environment to determine develop kinematiccontrollers or to analyse the dynamics of the system.

4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally test the kinematics/dynamics of the robotic arm and compare the experimental results to the simulations results

This project will require the use of C program of a PIC micro controller.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Robotic Arm, PIC micro controller

of 110

Development of a control system for a small robotLecturer, Dr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA small robot in used in the mines to determine whether any loose rocks are present after blasting before workers can enter. Therobot has multiple actuators which need to be controlled for steering and rock climbing.

2. Problem statementDevelop electronics and control system for a small robot.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop and test control systems in a suitable simulation environment before manufacturing and testing on actual actuators

4. Experimental objectivesBuild and test electronics and control system of actuators and determine the degree of accuracy of the controllers

This project will require the design of electronics and the coding of embedded systems.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Embedded system

of 110

Prof JFM Slabber

To Be Specified At a Later StageLecturer, Prof JFM Slabber

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background2. Problem statement3. Theoretical objectives4. Experimental objectives5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Dr A Lexmond

CondenserLecturer, Dr A Lexmond

Max students, 3

Project Description

In 2016/2017, Dr Le Roux and I designed an industrial-sized Stirling cooler to liquefy natural gas for a South Africanengineering company. The machine has been build over the last year, but we know almost for sure that the heat exchangers needoptimisation. There are 3 heat exchangers; one to cool the natural gas (the condenser), one for internal thermal energy storage(the regenerator) and one to emit the hat to the surroundings (the air cooler). The 3 units will have to be redesigned, optimisedand tested; first off line and then as part of the Stirling cooler for the customer. I will supervise the teams working on thecondenser and the regenerator, dr Le roux will supervise the team working on the air cooler. All 3 teams will receive weeklysupervision and have regular contact with the customer, who will cover all equipment cost. Note that these are very challengingtopics and require students who are good in both thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. I would advise students with marksbelow 70% in these subjects not to choose this topic.

CondenserCompressed natural gas at 10 bar will condensate at a temperature of about 100K. The condensation is a complex process, buthas very high heat transfer rates. As a result, the highest heat transfer limitation is in the Helium, which is the Stirling coolerworking fluid. In the original design, the condenser was attached to the cold cylinder of the Stirling cooler. However, modellingof the cylinder has revealed that the effective heat transfer coefficient in the cylinder is too low, and excessively highirreversibilities can be expected. It is expected that a milli/microchannel heat exchanger will perform best for removing heatfrom the Helium with minimal irreversibility. You will have to design and test this unit.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Regenerator (full)Lecturer, Dr A Lexmond

Max students, 3

Project Description

In 2016/2017, Dr Le Roux and I designed an industrial-sized Stirling cooler to liquefy natural gas for a South Africanengineering company. The machine has been build over the last year, but we know almost for sure that the heat exchangers needoptimisation. There are 3 heat exchangers; one to cool the natural gas (the condenser), one for internal thermal energy storage(the regenerator) and one to emit the hat to the surroundings (the air cooler). The 3 units will have to be redesigned, optimisedand tested; first off line and then as part of the Stirling cooler for the customer. I will supervise the teams working on thecondenser and the regenerator, dr Le roux will supervise the team working on the air cooler. All 3 teams will receive weeklysupervision and have regular contact with the customer, who will cover all equipment cost. Note that these are very challengingtopics and require students who are good in both thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. I would advise students with marksbelow 70% in these subjects not to choose this topic.

Regenerator (full)The regenerator is a metal device with small pores. On one side, gas flows into the regenerator at room temperature, and comesout at the other side 100K. As the flow reverses, gas flows in on the cold side and comes out at room temperature. To achievethis, heat is extracted from the gas and stored in the metal walls of the regenerator. As the flow reverses, the heat is transferredback into the gas. Redesign of the regenerator is of critical importance for the success of the Stirling cooler. The reason for thisis that for every kW of heat removed from the natural gas, about 20kW of heat has to be stored and extracted from theregenerator. Therefore, a regenerator with an efficiency of 95% (5% irreversibility) will consume 20x5%=100% of the usefulenergy of the cooler; the efficiency of a Stirling cooler with a 95% efficient regenerator would thus be 0% at best. Since this isunacceptable, a highly efficient

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Swimming pool water surface cleanerLecturer, Dr A Lexmond

Max students, 8

Project Description

Almost no country in the world has a many swimming pools as South Africa. That makes pool upgrades relevant for thiscountry. Removal of debris from the surface of pools has received relatively little attention so far. This is more challenging thanwould be expected; the surface of the pool is in contact with the air, flow of surface water will also result in air flow. As a result,surface water flow, which is necessary to clean the water surface, is a multi-phase flow topic. There are various ways to achievethis; the cleaning device can be hooked up to the suction side of the pump, or a Ventury effect can be used to suck in surfacewater at as the water from the filter re-enters the pool. On top of this; the cleaning unit can be attached to the pool wall, or canbe free-moving. This allows for 4 slightly different topics, with 2 students staffed per topic:Free moving devise, filter suction sideFree moving device, pool re-entry sideStationary devise, filter suction sideStationary device, pool re-entry side

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

Boiler development for a small-scale solar thermal Rankine cycleLecturer, Dr A Lexmond

Max students, 5

Project Description

This topic was developed to help generate knowledge to limit global warming and increase living standards in ruralcommunities. A Rankine cycle uses superheated steam to generate electricity. In 2018, a group of 4 students have designed andbuild a test rig to generate superheated steam using solar energy. Although the unit worked, it did not perform as expected. Forexample, the current boiler design does not reach stead-state ever, but alternates between phases of high and low heat transfer.Also, the solar dish does not work optimally, and fails to concentrate light onto the boiler coil properly. Even so, first lawefficiency seemed to be above 100%, which is highly unlikely. The challenge for 3 of the 2019 students is to fix the issues of theexisting experimental test rig and re-design the unit. 2 students will build and test a trough-based boiler. All student should becomfortable with thermodynamics and fluid mechanics and have an affinity for experimental work.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 110

mrn412 - research project (2019) project list€¦ · the existing pool boiling test apparatus can...

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