mrs. hatcher modern european history mrs. hatcher modern european history
TRANSCRIPT
Mrs. Hatcher
Modern European History
Mrs. Hatcher
Modern European History
V. The Northern Renaissance
V. The Northern Renaissance
A. Christian Humanism:1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform church
a. less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece & Rome
b. many historians today see more continuity between the Northern & Italian Renaissance than contrasts
V. The Northern Renaissance
V. The Northern Renaissance
2. Drew on Hebrew & Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers3. Emphasized education & power of human intellect to bring about institutional change & moral4. Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation
B. Erasmus (1466-1536)B. Erasmus (1466-1536)1. Most famous and celebrated of all
northern humanists2. Master of the Greek lang.; one of
Europe’s foremost authorities3. Made new translations of the New
Testament to create “purer” editions4. He was the first humanist to earn a
living by writing- an extremely impressive achievement.
B. ErasmusB. Erasmus5. In Praise of Folly (1513)
a. Best seller (only Bible sold more by 1550)
* written in Latin not for mass consumption
b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy itc. Satirized people’s worldly ambitions, Incl. clergyd. Criticized immorality & hypocrisy of church leaders and clergy
B. ErasmusB. Erasmuse. The book inspired renewed calls for
reform, and influenced Martin Luther
C. Thomas More (1478-1536)
C. Thomas More (1478-1536)
1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest gov’t position of any humanist
2. Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiecea. mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect society located on an imaginary islandb. More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it – most do not
C. Thomas MoreC. Thomas Morec. in order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good
d. War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th c do not exist in Utopia
F. William Shakespeare (1564-1592)
F. William Shakespeare (1564-1592)
1. Greatest of the English Renaissance authors
2. His works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek & Roman Culture, individualism and humanism
3. Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, and sonnets
G. Miguel de CervantesG. Miguel de Cervantes1. Among the greatest pieces of
Spanish literature2. Critical of excessive religious
idealism chivalric romance
Renaissance Art in Northern Europe
Renaissance Art in Northern Europe
, Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.
, But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was
widely adopted in Italy.
, The differences between the two cultures: Italy change was inspired by humanism
with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.
No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
, More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art
Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art
, The continuation of late medieval attention to details.
, Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].
, Interest in landscapes., More emphasis on middle-class
and peasant life., Details of domestic interiors., Great skill in portraiture.
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)
, More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to
the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.
, The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432Van Eyck -Adoration of the
Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432
Van Eyck:
The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment 1420-1425
Van Eyck:
The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment 1420-1425
Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)
Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464)
The Depositio
n
1435
van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)van der Weyden’s
Deposition (details)
Quentin Massys (1465-1530)
Quentin Massys (1465-1530)
, Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus.
, Influenced by
da Vinci., Thomas More
called him “the renovator of the old art.”
, The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530
Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514
Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514
Renaissance Art in FranceRenaissance Art in France, A new phase of Italian influence in
France began with the French invasions of the Italian peninsula that began in 1494.
, The most important royal patron was Francis I.Actively encouraged humanistic
learning. Invited da Vinci and Andrea del Sarto
to France.He collected paintings by the great
Italian masters like Titian, Raphael, and Michelangelo.
Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525
Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525
The School of FontainebleauThe School of Fontainebleau
, It revolved around the artists at Francis I’s Palace at Fontainebleau.
, A group of artists that decorated the Royal Palace between the 1530s and the 1560s.
, It was an offshoot of the Mannerist School of Art begun in Italy at the end of the High Renaissance. characterized by a refined elegance, with
crowded figural compositions in which painting and elaborate stucco work were closely integrated.
Their work incorporated allegory in accordance with the courtly liking for symbolism.
The School of FontainebleauThe School of Fontainebleau
, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio
, 1528-1537
Germain Pilon (1525-1590)Germain Pilon (1525-1590)
, The Deposition of Christ, Bronze, 1580-1585.
Jean Goujon(1510-1565)Jean Goujon(1510-1565)
“Nymph,”1548-1549
“Nymph & Putto,”1547-1549
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)
, Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553.
, His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).
Lucas Cranach the ElderLucas Cranach the Elder
Old Man with a Young Woman
Amorous Old Woman with a Young Man
Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528)
Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528)
, Converted to Lutheranism.
, Possibly involved in the Peasants’ Revolt on the peasants side.
, Depictions of intense emotion, especially painful emotion.
, The Mocking of Christ, 1503
Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502
Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502
Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517
Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517
The Triumphal Arch, details
The Triumphal Arch, details
The Triumphal Arch, details
The Triumphal Arch, details
Dürer
FourHorsemen
of theApocalyps
e
woodcut, 1498
Dürer
FourHorsemen
of theApocalyps
e
woodcut, 1498
Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)
Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)
, One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.
, While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523
, Henry VIII was his
patron from 1536., Great portraitist noted
for: Objectivity &
detachment. Doesn’t conceal the
weaknesses of his subjects.
Artist to the TudorsArtist to the Tudors
Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.
The English Were More Interested in Architecture
than Painting
The English Were More Interested in Architecture
than Painting
Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more
medieval in style].
Burghley House for William Cecil
Burghley House for William Cecil
The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Cureof Folly
1478-1480
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Cureof Folly
1478-1480
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Temptation of St. Anthony
1506-1507
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Temptation of St. Anthony
1506-1507
Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562
Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568
Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568
Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568
Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568
Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559
Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559
Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562
Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562
Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565
Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565
Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565
Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565
Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565
Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565
Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco)
Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco)
, The most important Spanish artist of this period was Greek.
, 1541 – 1614., He deliberately distorts & elongates
his figures, and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere.
, He uses an agitated, flickering light., He ignores the rules of perspective,
and heightens the effect by areas of brilliant color.
, His works were a fitting expression of the Spanish Counter-Reformation.
VI. Women during the Renaissance
VI. Women during the Renaissance
A. Wealthy Women1. Querelles des Femmes (“The
Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women - debate cont. for 600 years!!!
2. Women enjoyed increased access to education
3. Lost status from the women of the Middle Ages
4. Women to make themselves pleasing to man (upper class only)
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…5. Sexual double standard: women
were to remain chaste until marriage, men permitted to “Sow their wild oats”
6. Important Ren. Womena. Christine de Pisan (1363?-1434?) The
City of Ladies; The Book of Three Virtues Chronicle of acc. Of great women in
historyWomen’s survival manual of the
RenaissanceFirst feministWell – educated
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…b. Isabella d Este (1474-1539) “First
Lady” of the Renaissancewanted women to break away, no
longer to be ornaments to menRuled Mantua after husband diedWell educatedPatron of the artsFounded a school for young girlsWrote 2000 essays – provide window in
to life of royalty & politics
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…c. Artemesia Gentilleschi
Considered a Baroque painterFirst women to paint religious and
historical scene
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…C. Peasant and lower-class women1. Status did not change much
compared to Middle Ages2. Marriagea. European Family Pattern
Nuclear family – poor people tended to be unable to support extended families
Wealthier people tended to have extended families
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…b. Based on economic considerations;
not loveDowries were extremely important in
wealthy familiesWomen tended to play a more
significant role in the economy in Northern Europe
c. Average age for women: less than 20 (men mid-late 20s)Class issues: rich tend to marry earlier
than middle class, poor tend to marry earlier as well
Large age gap in Italian marriages
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…d. Increased infanticide and
abandonment (poor) Increased of foundling hospitals (2/3
abandoned babies were girlsLow rate of illegitimate births
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…e. Dramatic population growth until
1650why?
-divorce b/c somewhat available-Rape not considered a serious
crime-increase in prostitution
C. Important Female Rulers:1. Caterina Sforza: Milan2. Isabella I: Spain3. Mary I: England4. Elizabeth I: England5. Catherine de Medicis: France
VI. Women cont…VI. Women cont…D. Women were also persecuted as
witches
VI. Women Cont.VI. Women Cont., E. Joan Kelly (historian): Did Women
have a Renaissance? 1977
, 1. noble/middle class women social status declined during the Italian Ren.
, 2. Middle class women kept in private sphere while men worked outside
, 3. Sexual chastity for women but not men
, 4. as feudalism died so did women’s role in political power
, 5. tutors-once been female changed to male…
El Greco
Christ in
Agony on the Cross
1600s
El Greco
Christ in
Agony on the Cross
1600s
El Greco
Portrait of aCardinal
1600
El Greco
Portrait of aCardinal
1600
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588
(details)
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-1588
(details)
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,
1578-1580
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,
1578-1580
El Greco
The View
of Toledo
1597-1599
El Greco
The View
of Toledo
1597-1599
ConclusionsConclusions
, The artistic production of Northern Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and complex.
, The Northern Renaissance ended with a Mannerist phase, which lasted a generation longer in the North than it did in Italy, where it was outmoded by 1600.
Giovanni Arnolfini and His
Wife
(Wedding Portrait)
Jan Van
Eyck
1434
Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife
(details)
Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife
(details)
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
, The greatest of German artists.
, A scholar as well as an artist.
, His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I.
, Also a scientist Wrote books on
geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.
, Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.
, Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.
Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500
Dürer
The Last Supper
woodcut, 1510
Dürer
The Last Supper
woodcut, 1510
Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533
Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533
A Skull
Multiple PerspectivesMultiple Perspectives
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
, A pessimistic view of human nature., Had a wild and lurid
imagination. Fanciful monsters &
apparitions., Untouched by the
values of the Italian Quattrocento, like mathematical perspective. His figures are flat. Perspective is ignored.
, More a landscape painter than a portraitist., Philip II of Spain was an admirer of his work.
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Garden
of Earthy
Delights
1500
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Garden
of Earthy
Delights
1500
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Garden
of Earthy Delights(details)
1500
Hieronymus
Bosch
The Garden
of Earthy Delights(details)
1500
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)
, One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age.
, Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels.
, In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.
, Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies.
, A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. People in his works often have round, blank,
heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and
sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message.
Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563
Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563
Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa
Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa
Leonardo da VinciLast Supper
Leonardo da VinciLast Supper
BrunelleschiDome
BrunelleschiDome
Michelangelo“David”
Michelangelo“David”
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
MichelangeloCeiling of the Sistine
Chapel
Raphael“School of Athens”
Raphael“School of Athens”
Renaissance Artist Test
Renaissance Artist Test
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