Mrs. Newman

US History 11

Pres. Eisenhower1953-1961

Cold War How was WWII a “hot war” and the Cold

War a “cold war”? ~approx. 1945-1991 economic/diplomatic struggle b/w the U.S.

and the Soviet Union/satellite nations

Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945) Yalta, Ukraine (part of the USSR in

1945) U.S., G.B., USSR destroy German militarism and

Nazism ensure that Germany will never again

be able to disturb the peace of the world

bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment

reparation for the destruction wrought by the Germans

divide Germany into three zones of occupation and to govern it through a central control commission, situated in Berlin;

Assist countries in the formation of democratic governments.

Churchill, FDR, Stalin

USSR expands and closes off Satellite nation- a political term

that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country i.e. the USSR

Iron curtain- symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from 1945 -1991

“An iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind.”- Churchill

Blue- democraticRed- communist

Alliances (again!) NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

April 4, 1949-present 1st goal- "to keep the

Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down”

Warsaw Pact organization of

communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.

Warsaw, Poland 1955-1991

Potsdam Conference July 17 to Aug. 2,

1945 GY divided into 4

zones controlled by USSR, G.B., FR, U.S.

Outlawed the Nazi party

Question of Poland Attlee, Truman, Stalin

Germany divided Berlin divided

GY divided into 4 zones Berlin divided into 4 zones

Containment & George Kennan Containment- U.S.

govt. policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain any further spread of communism in the world George Kennan (1904-2005) was

the author of the Long Telegram that spelled out the intellectual basis of containment.

Domino Theory If one country fell to communism, others would also “You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the

first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences.”— D. D. Eisenhower

The U.S. loves to help! Marshall Plan primary plan of the United

States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II

July 1947

Truman Doctrine May 1947 request by Truman for $400

million in aid to Greece and Turkey, as well as authorization to send American economic and military advisers to the two countries.

Truman argued that the U.S. should support Greece and Turkey economically and militarily to prevent their falling under Soviet control

Green- countriesthat received aid by the MarshallPlanRed- How muchreceived

Berlin Airlift 1948-1949- the Soviet

Union blocked roads to & from Berlin to drive out Western Powers (West Berliners cut off from food, supplies, etc)

Western allies flew in supplies

SU gave up its blockade

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-

Shek in 1949 leader of the People’s Republic of China- 1954-1959 Executed or starved to death b/w

14-20 million Chinese over two decades in order to bring China the “joys” and “advantages” of Communism

Korean WarKorea divided at the 38th parallel

North Korea- communist South Korea- democratic North Korea invaded South

Korea in 1950 with the hope of uniting it under communism

As UN troops pushed N.K. troops towards Chinese border, China warned not to come any farther or it would invade & help the N.K. troops

Korean War MacArthur and Truman

had different ideas on war strategy & MacArthur was fired after saying bad things about the president.

War ended in 1953 w/ a truce & stay divided at almost the same line as before

“The Forgotten War”

Numbers 1957 .03- 1st. Class stamp .19- loaf of bread .25- issue of Sports

Illustrated .35- movie ticket .50- gallon of milk

(delivered) $2.05- avg. hourly wage $2,845- new car $19,500- new home

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2010 prices today?

Cold War Events

Oct. 4, 1957- Soviets launch Sputnik I, first artificial satellite to orbit the earth

U.S. creates NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)- coordinate research in rocket science & space exploration

NDEA (National Defense Education Act)- provided funds for education & training in science, math, & foreign languages

Sputnik I

Cold War Events…

1956- Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union (3 years after Stalin’s death)

Jan. 31, 1958- U.S. launched its own satellite (Explorer I) from Cape Canaveral in Florida

Wars- Korean War Eisenhower was president-elect (elected in

1952) when the armistice was signed in 1953.

Home Life 1956- Federal Hwy. Act- $25 bil. for 10 yr. effort to build more than 40,000 miles of interstate highways

Minimum hourly wage increased from .75 to $1.00

Growth of suburbs & the Baby Boom- Between 1945-1961, more than 65 mil. children born in the U.S.

Home Life…

Polio vaccine developed 1955 By 1957, 40 mil. T.V. sets in use Rock & Roll- Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry,

Ray Charles, Little Richard, Supremes

Pres. EisenhowerCivil Rights Movement events

Plessy vs. Ferguson - 1896 “separate, but equal” clause

Comparison

2 schools in VIRGINIA

Comparison

Auditoriums in VIRGINIA

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

In 1951, Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas, wanted his daughter to be able to attend an all-white elementary school near his house rather than a black school several miles away.

The case— Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas —eventually worked its way up to the Supreme Court, where Thurgood Marshall argued that racial segregation relegated black Americans to second-class citizenship.

Chief Justice Earl Warren in May 1954,announced that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. A subsequent ruling a year later ordered local school boards to

desegregate schools but set no specific timetable for doing so. “Desegregate with all deliberate speed.”

AFTER the ruling

AND YET…..

Eisenhower & Civil Rights

Part II

Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott

December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Seamstress Rosa Parks, sitting in the “colored” section of a city bus, refused to give up her seat to a white man who was looking for a seat because the “white” section was full.

Parks was arrested for disorderly conduct.

Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Martin Luther King Jr., organized the Montgomery bus boycott

Participants refused to ride any city buses and crippled the bus company financially.

The boycott continued for more than a year, ending when the Supreme Court issued a ruling in December 1956 declaring segregated bus seating unconstitutional.

Martin Luther King, Jr. King’s education, position

within the Baptist church, and unmatched oratory skills made him an inspiring leader as the movement grew.

The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.

In 1957, King joined with nearly 100 other black ministers in founding the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

Whereas the NAACP attacked segregation via the law, King intended to use various forms of nonviolent protest to provoke segregationists and win support from the moderate majority of southern whites. He drew much of his inspiration from the nonviolent tactics

of Mohandas Gandhi, who had used nonviolence to protest against British colonial rule in India.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

The first major civil rights legislation passed since Reconstruction, and its passage was symbolic because it signified the growing importance of the civil rights movement at the federal level. Had little impact in the lives

of southern blacks.

The Little Rock Crisis- 1957 Arkansas governor Orval

Faubus defied the federal court order to desegregate public schools.

Faubus positioned Arkansas National Guardsmen outside Central High School in Little Rock to prevent nine black students from entering. He then organized an angry white mob outside the school to protest integration and attack black reporters.

The Little Rock Crisis Eisenhower placed the

National Guard under federal authority and sent 1,000 U.S. Army troops to disband the mob and escort the students to class.

Still defiant, Faubus closed all public schools in the city for the remainder of the year to prevent “disorder.” Gov.

Faubus

The Greensboro Sit-In

On Monday, February 1, 1960, four black students from the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro sat down at the whites-only counter at a local Woolworth’s and ordered lunch.

The clerk refused to serve them, but the four men remained sitting at the counter until the store closed. The men returned the following day with more than a dozen fellow black students and again remained quietly at the counter until the store closed.

Non-violent form of protest (civil disobedience)

SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- 1960

The SNCC’s greatest advantage was its youthful membership—students were always willing to pack up and move to fight the next fight.

The SNCC members organized hundreds of protests throughout the South in the 1960s and participated in every major campaign.