Ms. Buffalino

9AP The content you are being tested on is coming from: this packet, class

notes, quizzes, exams, assigned readings, homeworks and class projects. TBD Exam Format: 55 M.C., 4 SAQs, and an LEQ essay (or a DBQ essay).

This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Final on _____________. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book, Weekly Assignment Book, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review packet.

Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has even referenced page numbers and the recommended reference source(s) for additional assistance! SAVE THIS FOR NEXT YEAR – THIS IS THE FIRST HALF OF NEXT YEAR’S

REVIEW PACKET. You will need this when studying for the AP Examination NEXT YEAR. Sections from this packet will be assigned throughout the remainder of the school year. The first half of this packet was

completed for midterms. The final, completed packet is due Tuesday May 16, 2017.

Students should also be studying sample essays and sample multiple choice questions on their own. Sample questions can be found under Ms. Buffalino’s “Useful links” on her website as well as in the

AP Barron’s Review Book/CD.

Student’s Name (Printed): ______________________________________________

Student’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Assigned Date: __________________ Barron’s 7th Edition Prentice Hall, Pearson Revised Edition

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2

Geography Review

Category Russia India England China Japan Latin America Africa

Important Geographic Features

North Europe and Asia

South Asia

North East Europe

Eastern Asia

Eastern Asia

South America

Sahara Desert Nile river Nile delta

Impact of Features Socially

There is little fertile soil. The climate is cold. Ural Mountains, Strait of Dardanelles

Ganges River, Himalayan Mountains, Deccan Plateau, subcontinent, monsoons, western eastern Ghats

Easy access to water (the temperatures varied). They have a mild climate

Gobi Desert, Himalayas, isolation, monsoons, ethnocentric

Lack of natural resources, island, mountainous

Andes mountains (terrace farming), diverse, rainforest,

Diverse population

Impact of Features Politically

It used to be difficult to trade. Because of the cold, warm water ports had to be made for trade.

Isolated Island Lack of cultural diffusion. Most crops are eastern.

Isolated Diverse population

Diverse population

Impact of Features Economically

Limited cultural diffusion, later gained access to Baltic and Black Sea

Isolated Strong navy Limited cultural diffusion

Isolated, vulnerable to invasion

Diverse population

Increased cultural diffusion

Use class notes

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 3

AP World Regions

These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 4

Technological and Environmental Transformations 10,000BCE to 600 BCE

What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?

The Paleolithic Era means Old Stone Age. Hominids lived during this time. Hominids had smaller noses, less of a sense of smell, and a longer and flattened face. Stone was the primary medium of tool making during the

Paleolithic Era. What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the

Americas?

What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant? Permanent civilizations developed and it paved the paved the way for future civilizations. Social classes

developed (social stratification) such as slaves, the middle class, and elites. Government, religion, and language came about, and they didn’t have to worry about survival.

Define: Pastoralism and give an example of where it was used:

A form of agriculture that raises live stock. Pastoral nomads wandered from place to place in search of food though they brought domesticated animals with them. Animals were also used during the Neolithic revolution.

Neolithic Revolution

How did agricultural

advancements impact society?

Permanent settlements. Social Stratification (slaves, men, women)

Patriarchal societies- women subordinate to men

Prentice Hall, page 3

Barron’s, First Unit Prentice Hall Unit 1: Sections 1 and 2

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 5

Ancient Civilizations Chart

Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions

Egypt

-Sahara Desert -Nile River (fertile land)

-Northern Africa and Middle East

-Nile Delta (flows north)

-Polytheistic -Osiris (God of the Nile) and Amon Re (Sun god) -Pharaohs were gods

-Mummification

-Pyramids

-Pharaoh (God and king)

-Dynasty (blood line)

-Rosetta Stone (translate and decipher hieroglyphics)

-Papyrus -Science -Medicine (mummification)

-Calendar

-Art/ Monuments

-Pyramids (Pyramids of Giza)

Mesopotamia (Sumer)

-Iraq, Iran, Syria -Land between 2 rivers-Tigris and Euphrates River

-Lack of natural barriers

-Settled in a crescent shape (fertile)

-Polytheistic

-Prayed to different gods for dif. Things

-Explained nature and the unexplainable

-Ziggurats: a place of worship, Closer to Gods, protection, levels of power

-City states: self-governing regions

-Decentralize, hereditary ruler

-Walled cities

-Irrigation

-Collected taxes

-Code of Hammurabi (Babylon)

-1st wheeled vehicle -Irrigation systems and canals -Cuneiform: wedged pictograph writing -Algebra and geometry -Astronomy-Scribed and elites and men could write

Indus River Valley

(Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)

-Pakistan and India -Subcontinent -Monsoons plague this region -Floods which fertile the land -Indus River -Ganges River

-Polytheistic -Aryan invaders introduced and laid the foundation for the Hindu faith

-Government is located in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro -Male dominant -Patriarchal

-Plumbing with baths that led to sewers -Wells -First ones to grow cotton and weave cloth -Uniform system of weights: concept of zero -Pottery, weaving, and metallurgy

Prentice Hall, pages 4-8 Barron’s, The Development of Early Societies

Traditions and Encounters, Chapters 2-3

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 6

China

-Yange He River (Yellow/ China’s Sorrow) deposits loess which are yellow silt deposits -Ethnocentric (pride in your culture) -Monsoons

-Dynasty from 2000 BC-1911C -Mandate of Heaven (belief in the right to rule) -Daoism. Taoism -Ying and yang -Confucianism: code of conduct

-Dynasty: ruling family -Shang: first dynasty 1600 BC -1046 BC -Xia was first: 2070BC-1600 -Created the mandate of heaven -Dynasties last from 1949 -patriarchal

-Pictograph with many characters

-Upper class dynasty

-Oracle Bones: form of fortune telling -Respect ancestor Zhou literature- books: Book of songs, Collection of verses

Terms and Concepts Answer/Description

1. What is a nomad?

A person that moves from place to place in search of food, water, and shelter.

2. Define irrigation:

An unnatural way of bringing water closer to civilizations.

3. Define: social stratification

Separating people into classes based on birth.

4. What role did women play in ancient civilizations?

Women were subordinate to men and were expected to work in the home. Societies were patriarchal.

5. How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social structure/technology)?

Irrigation systems, permanents settlements formed, class systems formed, new technology was created, and specialization of jobs occurred.

6. How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation impact metallurgy?

Agricultural production increased as metallurgy improved. New technology improved and made agricultural quicker.

7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were used.

It affected the positions of power on the battlefield and lead to progress in the Akkadian Empire.

8. Define: Iron weapons and give an example of where they were used.

Iron weapons were lighter and sharper and used in battle. The Akkadians used it.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 7

9. Define: Chariot and give an example of where they were used.

Mode of transportation used in battle by the Chinese and Akkadians.

10. Define: Quipu and include where it was used.

A form of record keeping used by the Incas to keep track taxes, financial items, and stories. It was system of writing.

11. What is the significance of the Vedic religion during this periodization?

Paved the way for Hinduism and the beliefs and practices of the Vedas are in the Hindu’s sacred text.

12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this periodization?

Influenced Christianity, Judaism, and Islam during the Sassanid Empire. The Avesta.

13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this periodization?

The first monotheistic system and paved the way for other religious religions.

14. Why was China known as the “Middle Kingdom?”

They believed that their empire was in the middle of the Earth, surrounded by barbarians.

15. What is a dynasty? What was the mandate of heaven?

A dynasty is a group of rulers that maintains power for a given an amount of time. The Mandate of Heaven was the belief that someone has the god given right to rule.

Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:

Explain the significance of the trade that occurred

between:

Egypt and Nubia • Trade brought them together. • Nubia provided Egypt with

natural resources

Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley

• Cultural Diffusion occurred and ideas spread

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 8

Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh was a figure of Mesopotamian mythology and he became the center of poems and legends, was the central figure of the Epic of Gilgamesh. They focused on friendship, loyalty, and most importantly the fear of death, and longing for immortality. (2750 BCE)

2. The Rig Veda: A collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals that honored gods of the Aryans. The earliest and most important was the Rig Veda. It was a collection of 1,028 hymns addressed to their gods. During the Vedic Age, the Vedas reflected a boisterous society, in which the Aryans conflicted with the Dravidians and others in India. The Vedas mentioned Indra, the god of war often during these times.

3. The Book of the dead: Description of the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 9

Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BCE – 600 CE

Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)

Belief System

Approximate Date, Place of Origin and/or Place Worshiped

Founder, Beliefs and Sacred Text

Animism

- No founder - No place of worship

- Worshipped nature - Polytheistic

Shintoism

- 500 BCE - Japan - Evolved from tribes - No place of worship

- Form of Animism - Ancestor worship - Polytheistic - Kojiki and Nihong-ji

Prentice Hall, pages 21-27 Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Barron’s 73-75; 90-97

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 10 Taoism

- 500 BCE - China - Temple

- Lao-Tzu - Daoism - Monistic - Way of life - Analects

Hinduism

- 500 BCE - India - Temple

- Aryan tribes - Monistic - Mahabharata, Vedas, etc.

Buddhism

- 566 BCE - Nepal - Temple - Spread to China because of rigid

caste system in India

- Siddhartha Gautama - Nirvana - 4 noble truths - Eightfold paths - Monistic - Way of life

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 11 Judaism

- 1000 BCE - Israel - Synagogue

- Monotheistic - Abraham and Moses - Torah

Christianity

- 30 CE - Palestine - Church

- Jesus - Bible - Monotheistic

Islam

- 622 BCE - Saudi Arabia - Mosque

- Muhammad - Qur’an - 5 pillars of islam

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 12 Confucianism

- 1050 BCE - Temple

- Confucius - Monistic - Analects

Zoroastrianism

E

Chapers 7-12

- 600 BCE - Middle East - Temple

- Zoroaster - Polytheistic - Avesta

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 13

Sikhism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

- India and Pakistan - Temple

- Monotheistic - Guru, Ghanth, and Sahib-

sacred texts

Baha’i

T& E

Chapers 7-12

- Iran - Temple

- Unity - Baha’i world faith- text

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 14

Legalism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

- China - No place of worship

- Han Fei Tzu - Book of Shang

Jainism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

- India - Temple

- No killing - Agman Sutras- text

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 15

Important Concepts

Response

Why were the early faiths polytheistic? Explain.

They used their Gods to explain the unexplainable

List the polytheistic religions: Shintoism, Daoism, Zoroastrianism

List the monotheistic religions: Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Baha’i

faith

Give three examples of places in the world that practiced ancestor

veneration:

East Asia, China, India, and the Mediterranean

How did Buddhism change as it spread from India to China?

As it spread, the ways of Confucianism influenced Buddhist’s views of women. This is known as the 5

Relationships.

Who was Asoka and what faith did he help to spread?

He was the last major emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty. He supported Buddhism and furthered it throughout

India. How did Daoism develop Chinese

culture? Explain and provide specific examples.

Daoism is a religion that promotes a positive active attitude.

Define filial piety: The honoring of one’s ancestors and parents from

Confucianism

Which two faiths are known for their Ms.ionary work?

Christianity and Islam

Is religion unifying or divisive? Explain.

Religion is divisive because the different groups of religions create many problems. Some religions have

similar beliefs and fight over the rights. Racism of religions also occurs.

Why is Jerusalem considered to be a turbulent city?

Because many belief systems believe Jerusalem is their homeland. They fight over the dominance of it. Islam,

Christianity, and Jerusalem.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 16

EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE

Assyrians

Location: Mesopotamia through Turkey Merchants traded there and the city grew and prospered. They were Semitic people who spoke and wrote in Akkadian. They were one of the greatest Mesopotamian empires.

Babylonians

Location: Mesopotamia through Turkey The most powerful state after the fall of the Assyrian Empire. It’s capital was Babylon and it was adorned by King Nebuchadnezzar, who built many buildings. Important cultural center.

The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the

growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.

[Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.]

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 17

Parthian

Sassanid

Achaemenid

Describe the significance of

the Persian empires:

550 BCE – 330 BCE -Largest Persian Empire was the largest that the ancient world had seen -Anatolia and Egypt -Had a successful centralized, bureaucratic administration through satraps under a king -Built a postal service and road system

224 CE – 651 CE -Last Pre-Islamic Empire -Over thrown Arab Caliphate -Reinstated the values of Iranian culture -Zoroastrianism -Accepted other religions -Sustained relations with the Tang Dynasty

247 BCE - 224 BCE -Southeast of the Caspian Sea in Asia -Warriors, but lived a simple life -Hecatomplyos was the capital -Cyrus the Great of Persia and Alexander the Great conquered it

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 18

Greece

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socratic Method of questioning as a learning

tool.

Wrote The Republic Favored a strong,

controlling government

Developed ideas on government

Favored the one strong and wise rule as best form.

Considered to be first western philosopher

Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers,

and Workers

Human Reason was the key to learning

Athens Sparta

Prentice Hall, 9-17

-Limited democracy -Laws made by assembly -Only male citizens in assembly -Traded with other city-states -Education for Boys -Women were inferior

-Common language -Olympic Games -Same gods and religious beliefs

-Monarchy with 2 kings -Military society -Trade and travel was not allowed -Military training for all boys -Girls trained to be mothers of soldiers -Women obey men -Women own property

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 19 Re

Rome

What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What were the accomplishments? Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire. Augustus established it. Accomplishments- Parthenon for Athena, Acropolis the heart of Athens, Erechtheion, Temple of Nike, and Doric columns

Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description

1. Define a direct democracy: Citizens have a direct vote on laws and how the government operates (Greece)

2. Define a republic: Up top^^^^^

3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians- Wealthy class in Roman society Plebeians- Ordinary Roman citizens

4. Who was Pericles? Athenian leader noted for advancing and promoting democracy

5. What was the Peloponnesian War? Ancient Greek War with Athens and Sparta. Sparta won due to their advanced military

6. What was the Delian League? Association of Greek city-states to continue to fight the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in Battle of Plateau

How did I, Julius Caesar pave the way for the

Roman Empire? Reforms, and helped conquer lands.

I am considered to be the first Roman

Emperor. Who am I?

Octavian/Augustus Caesar

Republic- Aristocratic Roman Senate governed Rome. Citizens voted on representatives into power

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 20

Accomplishments During the

Pax Romana

What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur? Who was the leader that began it?

Pax Romana is Roman peace. It lasted for a 200 year period. It occurred in Rome. The leader who started the Pax Romana was Augustus, or Octavius Caesar.

Prentice Hall, 15-17

Architecture

Culture

Trade

Art

Law

Aqueducts

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 21 Why was Rome, considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of government? Rome was considered this because they had an emperor. Emperors had power over the whole empire. What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for? It paved the way for new inventions, and new civilizations and times, such as the middle ages and the Renaissance.

What lead to the fall of the Roman

Empire?

Prentice Hall, 18-20

Taxes

Army lacked discipline

Strict government

Invasions

Split of Empire/ too much land

Population decline

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 22 Who was Shi Huangdhi? First emperor of China in 221 BCE. Started great wall. What dynasty is he from? Qin dynasty Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:

What is the significance of the Silk Road? Used for over land trade. Connected Europe and Asia. Led to cultural diffusion. Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?

First Emperor of Han Dynasty. Started Han Empire

Geographic Study (This means study this )

The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.

Key States/Empires Approximate Location

Southwest Asia: Persian Empires

(Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid)

Persia = Iran today

Prentice Hall, 18-20

Barron’s, pages 100-101

- Han Wudi - In control

of military - Silk Road - Education

- Disciplined army - Augustus Caesar - Pax Romana - Mediterranean

trade

- Civil service - Good

government - Fell due to

economic causes, and invaders

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 23

East Asia: Qin and Han Empires

South Asia: Maurya and Gupta

MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan (Tenochtitlan), Maya city-

states

Andean South America: Moche

Civilization from 100-700 CE

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 24

Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:

1. Define: Corvée Unpaid labor owed by a vassal to his feudal lord within the system of Feudalism. Forced labor

that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on the roads and other public projects. 2. Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:

The Han Dynasty succeeded the Qin Dynasty and was the longest lasting dynasty in Chinese History. Han Wudi was the greatest emperor who strengthened the centralized rule in China and expanded China’s borders. The Xiongu were the nomadic people who lived in the steppes above China. They constantly raided through China but were China’s only connection of trade to the west Han Wudi ended the threat of the Xiongu by establishing colonies in the Central Asia steppes and stealing the Xiongu’s trade.

3. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns: The Guptas were the second Indian empire, Hindu, founded during the 4th century CE; extended

to all but the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent and was less centralized that the preceding empire.

4. Define: paterfamilias The Paterfamilias was a roman family. They consisted of an entire household, including slaves,

free servants, and close relatives who lives together. Usually the eldest mail ruled the household as paterfamilias. Roman law gave the paterfamilias the authority to arrange marriages for his children, determine in the work or duties they would perform, and punish them for offenses he saw fit.

5. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history? New technologies such as yokes, saddles, and stirrups altered world history by permitting the use

of domesticated pack animals such as horses, oxen, llamas, and camels to transport goods across longer trade routes.

6. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history? The use of domesticated pack animals such as horses, oxen, llamas, and camels allowed people

to transport goods across longer trade routes 7. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?

Dhows were traditional sailing vessels with lateen sails that were used in the Indian Ocean. These innovations allowed for advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia.

8. Define: qanat system A water management system that originated in Persia thousands of years ago. It provided water

to people even in hilly, desert, hot, and arid areas (like Iran).

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 25

600BC – 600 CE

Climate and Geographic Location:

Typical goods traded:

Ethnicity of people involved: Significance of trade route:

Eurasian Silk Roads

China to the Roman Empire Deserts Oceans and Seas Central Asian and Mediterranean Long Distances Land and Sea Many Routes

Manufactured Goods Agricultural Items Spice Oil/Cinnamon Silk (Fabrics) Drugs & Perfumes Horses and Tools Jewels (Jade) Pearls, Coral, Ivory Cotton Textiles

Chinese Central Asian Romans African Indian Persian Iranian Greek Mediterranean Mesopotamian

Linked much of Eurasia to North Africa Included a sea lane that linked much of the eastern hemisphere Spread deadly diseases Cultural Diffusion of ideas, religions, & technology

Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Across the Sahara connecting West Africa, North Africa, and East Africa Dry/Desert

Salt Gold Ivory Animals

African West Africa North Africa East Africa

Connected trading centers in Africa Exchange of salt and gold Mansa Musa- gave out gold made the value drop The Ghana Empire flourished and brought many people to it Domesticated animals Cultural Diffusion

Indian Ocean Trade

Southern China to Eastern Africa Africa Middle East South Asia Ocean and Winds

Luxury Goods Bulk Goods Ideas Crops Similar to the Silk Road

Chinese Indians African Muslim

World’s largest sea-based systems on communication and trade (before 1500’s) Cultural Diffusion Islam spread along the trade route

Mediterranean Trade

Mediterranean Eastern and Western Europe

Olives Pottery Glass Woodwork Leather Wool Textiles Gold and Salt Ivory and Copper

Egyptians Phoenicians Greeks Romans Byzantines African

Lasted a long time Spread Christianity Cultural Diffusion

Barron’s, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 26

Regional and Transregional Interactions 600 CE – 1450 CE

Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad,

Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia

City #1 Timbuktu

City #2 Swahili City-States

Port city in Mali Located near a flood plain in Niger Africa Had a library and university City on Niger River in the modern Mali Founded by the Tuareg in 1000 Part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu was a major terminus of the trans-Saharan Trade Center of Islamic learning

Wealthy city by controlling taxes on trade East Africa Powerful city states with a king who supervised trade and organized public life in the region Speak Swahili- an Arabic influenced language that is spoken in Africa East African shores of the Indian Ocean between Horn of Africa and Zambezi River

Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: China

Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure: People could get paper money for cash and it was used to buy items in exchanges. Facilitated commercial transactions. Eventually almost all of China used it despite problems in counterfeit. Paper money helped ease and regulate trade under unified systems.

Barron’s, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 27

The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about 1453.

What was Justinian’s Code and who was Justinian? Collection of Roman laws organized by the byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the catholic church and medieval monarchs Eastern Roman emperor between 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire extended later Roman architecture (ex. Hagia Sopia)

Orthodox Christian Church After the Great Schism the church spilt. The Eastern Orthodox Church broke away from the Catholic Church. The cause was disputes over the Pope’s claims of authority or supremacy over the whole church.

Great Schism Period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Cyrillic Alphabet Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages

Orthodox Christianity A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader

Autocratic Government Strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Effect On Russia

Byzantine Empire

Roman Empire

Prentice Hall, 44-47

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 28

Caliphates

Geographic

Location Time

Frame Significance

Umayyad caliphate

Spain West Europe India

661-750 CE

The dynasty caliphs whose capital was Damascus, one of the largest empires Spanned large areas of land that facilitates trade and brought unity

Abbasid caliphate

Iraq Baghdad

750-1258 CE The dynasty that came after the Umayyad’s, devoted their energy to trade, scholarship, and the arts Ushered in an era of flourishing of the dar al-Islam

Delhi Sultanates

India 1200’s Claimed authority over all of northern India. Several of the Delhi sultans planned to conquer southern India and extend Muslim rule there, but they were unable. The faced constant challenges from Hindu princes and had to defend their northern frontier from Turkish and Mongol invaders

Barron’s, Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 29

China

Sui Dynasty Accomplishments

Tang and Song Dynasties

What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Typography and Compass- Helped improve literature. Compass helped with navigation.

Gunpowder- Alchemists discovered it. Used in warfare. Spread to Europe b/c of trade routes.

Tang Grand Canal: Linked original centers of Chinese civilization.

1.

Grand Canal

2.

Reunified China

3. Chinas boundaries

are extended

Prentice Hall, 40-43

Barron’s, Unit 3 and page 120

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 30

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 31 Geographic Location/

Environmental Adaptation Significance and notable

accomplishments:

Scandinavian Vikings

Sweden Denmark Norway 1700-1000

Independent farmers ruled by land-owning chieftains Skilled sailors Began raiding and pillaging communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe Engaged in trade and exploration in northern Europe, the Mediterranean, and even North America (established a colony)

Berbers

Mountains North Africa Mountains and Deserts

Converted to Islam & independent desert and mountain dwellers They accepted Islam as their faith, Two groups- the Almoravids and the Almohads that united the Maghrib under Muslim rule

Bantu

Sub-Saharan Africa 500 BCE – 1500 CE

Large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages Bantu means people Early Bantu speakers settled on banks of rivers Cultivated yams and oil palms

The following groups developed diasporic communities:

• Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean • Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia • Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia • Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road

What is a diasporic community? Explain.

Immigrants relocated from ancestral homelands that retain their cultural identities as ethnic minorities in their home countries.

Barron’s, Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 32 Explain: Dar-al-Islam

Religious conceptualization of the world as belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory, exists within Islam. Allowed for expeditions from other countries to be facilitated. What are the characteristics that make up a “Golden Age?

A Golden Age is a time of peace, stability (not always though), and prosperity. Societies prospered in great wealth and ideas. List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam:

Art was used to decorate pottery, textiles, and paper, etc. Education Systems and academic break troughs, Writing systems, Philosophies, Values and Achievements How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics?

The Greeks and the Indians, laying down basic rules, theorems, wrote many books and that was the foundation of Muslim mathematical rules. Islamic scholars, who possessed a passion of gaining knowledge, imported books from Greece and India, whose subjects covered a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy and, especially, mathematics.

Prentice Hall, 48-53

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 33

III. The Middle Ages What years are considered the “Middle Ages”? 500- 1500 CE

Feudalism Manoralism Catholic Church

How did feudalism operate? The political system that provided local stability after the Fall of Rome. It was rigid and birth determines your place. Items were created and made on their land they didn’t trade or have to leave.

How were manors self

sufficient? Serfs who works on the manors were not allowed to leave the land. The Serfs farmed the land and allowed the manors to be self-sufficient.

What was chivalry? Code of bravery taken by the knights. Similar to Japanese seppuku. If you were captured during battle, you would commit suicide

The Catholic Church was a unifying force in a time

of political instability after the fall of the

Roman Empire.

How did the Church

assert authority over rulers?

The Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in Western Europe during the time. People were religious and people felt united under their faith. Nobles left the land to the church and the church gained a lot of land. The Church was made up of the most educated people.

POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 34

THE CRUSADES

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 35

Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain. The Crusades were considered a successful failure because trade increased and cultural diffusion

occurred. Though Christians lost the holy land of Jerusalem.

During what years were the Crusades fought? 1099 CE - 1291 CE

Causes 1. Get rich- New land 2. Free Holy Land from Seljuk

Control 3. Pope- More Land 4. Serfs got out of Feudal

oppression 5. Some wanted to see new places

Effects 1. Trade 2. Popes- More Power 3. Freed Serfs 4. Europe- Travel interest

sparked 5. Religious tensions

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 36

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

ISLAM SPREAD TO

AFRICA - Muslim armies in

600’s - Fought, then joined

forces to defeat Spain

ASIA - Northern India in

1200 - Carried to

Southeast Asia - Cause- Trade - Ocean Trade-

Indian Ocean

EUROPE - Muslim Arabs

attacked Spain in 700’s

- Muslims seized control of Sicily while Europe suffered from Middle ages

DIFFERENCES

SUNNIS Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead.

SHIITES Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.

Prentice Hall, 48-53 Barron’s, Unit 3 (several sections)

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 37

Describe Japan’s geography: Archipelago Mountainous Lacks natural resources Impact of geography on the people: Isolated Limited cultural diffusion

Geography

Shintoism • Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature • Shrines are located in places of natural beauty

Religion

Cultural Diffusion List two ways in which Japan was influenced by Korea or China

1. Chinese Confucianism influenced them

2. Koreans brought Chinese writing to Japan

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 38

How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?

Founded in 1603 when Tokugawa Shogunate was made shogun by Japanese emperor. Ended the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan. Japan became isolated because after he died, Japan did not have a leader and they closed all relations in order to protect themselves.

What was Heian Japan?

-794-1185 CE -City named capital of Japan in 794 and now modern Kyoto -The seat of a refined and sophisticated society that drew inspiration from China but also elaborated distinctively Japanese political and cultural traditions. -Local rulers on the island of Honshu mostly

Japanese Feudalism

All members of society had a distinct place. Result due to fighting between local warlords. (1100’s)

Define Bushido Code of Japanese Samurai. Stressed courage, loyalty, simple living, and self- discipline

Pages 107-111

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 39 Compare and Contrast

European Feudalism Japanese Feudalism

-Christianity -Occurs after the fall of Rome and diffuses to Asia -King, Vassals, Lesser Lords/ Nobles, Knights, Surf -Did not last as long -Technologically advanced

-Shintoism -Spreads to Asia from Europe due to cultural diffusion -Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants -Lasted long because of isolation -Technologically behind

-Decentralized -Emperor and King don’t have the most power -Same time period -Code of Chivalry and Bushido (seppuku) -Rigid Class Systems (based on birth) -Black Death -Political Systems -Shogun and Vassals really have the most power

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 40

Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of the world in one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of Europe. His armies were made up of skilled horsemen and bowmen. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Approximate dates: 1279-1368

The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign contact with other.

Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia

Who was Genghis Khan? Khan- ultimate leader Unified tribes in 1206 and mad himself leader

Who was Kublai Khan? Pax Mongolia Horses Take in Ideas of places he conquered New military weapons

Prentice Hall, 76-79 Barron’s Unit 3, Section 7

Feudalism in Russia occurred and the Serfs wanted to continue for protection from the Mongols

The Golden Horde- a name given to the tribute the empire set up in Russia.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 41

Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:

1. Hanseatic League:

The Hanseatic League is a trade network that is also known as Hansa. It is an association of trading cities from Novgorod to London, and it included places in Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia. Grain, fish, furs, timber, and other things were traded along the route

2. Grand Canal: The Sui Dynasty built The Grand Canal, which facilitated trade and integrated the economy of northern and southern Chin

3. Marco Polo: Venetian traveler that had lived at Kublai’s court for 2 decades and had served as administrator for Kublai Khan

4. Ibn Battuta: Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan traveler who went across the Sahara desert. He visited in 1331 a city called Kilwa

5. Xuanzang: Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China (629 C.E.) He made Buddhism popular in China.

6. Neoconfucianism: The resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian Scholars during the Tang dynasty. It demonstrated Buddhist influences in China.

7. Toltecs: The Toltecs maintained close relations with societies on the Gulf coast as well as with the Maya Empire. They believed in multiple gods and pleased them through bloodletting ritual

8. The significance of bananas in Africa: Bananas spread from Southeast Asia to Madagascar and Africa where they were easily grown. Bananas were a new source of nutrition in Bantu diets, increased the supply of food, allowed them to expand more rapidly, and increased their population.

9. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin: Cotton, sugar, and citrus spread throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean by and because of their equivalent climate, Muslims introducing cotton, sugar, and citrus, and by trade. Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean had about the same weather year-round, so these things can grow in the same climate. It also made growth increase throughout those areas. Muslims brought sugarcane, which is where sugar came from, to southwest Asia and North Africa. Europeans brought sugarcane to Mediterranean islands of Sicily, Cyprus, and Crete. This led to the use of slave labor and increased trade and movement. Overall, cotton, sugar, and citrus was made and spread with a lot of help from the Muslims

10. Tributary system: After land or a civilization was conquered, the conqueror would allow the civilization to keep their beliefs most of the time, and the society would have to pay a tribute or tax to the conqueror.

11. Waru waru agriculture: Agricultural techniques of South American that combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion.

Barron’s Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 42 12. Ethiopian Christianity:

Ethiopian Christianity retained basic Christian theology and rituals. They built churches out of rock. Also, Islam appealed to the ruling elites in some African societies. Mosques and Muslim schools were built throughout sub-Saharan Africa

13. Oligarchy: A government ruled by a few powerful people. Greek monarchy, then oligarchy, that eventually led to Athenian democracy.

14. Holy Roman Empire: Roman Empire that was led by Catholicism. Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 43

The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.

Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political

Change Confusion and

Disorder

Great population losses. Almost 25 million people died in Europe. Killed thousands of Chinese. Periodic outbreaks occurred in the years to come.

The Black Plague was causing many people to die and so many people were poor. Eventually things changed.

The Black plague reduced the population so there was a smaller labor pool, which changed the economy. This eventually led to disposable income and spurred a demand for eastern luxuries and eastern ideas. This eventually led to the Renaissance.

People did not realize that rats were spreading the plague so they were really never successful in stopping it.

List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution

Why is the rat the animal chosen to represent the Black Death? The Black Death was caused by a rat carrying fleas that spread the disease.

B L A C K P L A G U E

EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 44

What is a guild?

1

2

COMMERICIAL REVOLUTION

LED TO

Rise of towns

List three new

businesses

1. Banking 2. Partnerships 3. Joint Stocks

Type of trade association where all of the people who worked in one craft would join together. Merchant guilds had great power. Guilds protected the interests of their member.

Trade

Growth of Cities

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 45

Global Interactions 1450 - 1750

The Renaissance:

A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on Human ability, potential, and achievement

During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1450-1750

List Three Artists One work for each

List Three Writers

One work for each

1. Leo Da Vinci Last Supper

1. Dante The Divine Comedy

2. Michelangelo

Creating of Adam 2.Shakespear

Julius Caesar

3. Raphael

Madonna, Mother of Jesus

3. Machiavelli

The Prince

Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg What are three effects of the printing press? More books, literacy increased, and ideas spread quicker than ever.

Define: Humanism During the Renaissance it was the focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

I wrote that the end

justifies the means.

Who am I? Machiavelli

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 46 The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation

1. Martin Luther 2. John Calvin

What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose? The Catholic reformation. Strengthen Catholic Church and keep people away from Protestantism When did the Reformation occur: 1517-1648 (95 Theses of Martin Luther) When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545- 1648 (Council of Trent and Thirty Years War)

CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Long Term 1. Roman catholic church- worldly 2. Humanists- threatened to revert

to simpler religions 3. Strong Kings emerged and

didn’t like church’s power

Short Term 1. Indulgences in Germany 2. Martin Luther’s 95 theses 3. Bible translated into German 4. Printing Press 5. Reformers- change

The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:

Long Term 1. Catholic Reformation 2. Religious wars that lasted for

more than 100 years 3. Loss of religious unity in West

Europe

Short Term 1. Protestant churches were founded 2. Holy Roman Emperor weakened 3. Peasant revolts

EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 47

West African Kingdoms (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)

Controls trade in gold and

salt across West Africa. Women work in business and

government. King has Muslim advisors.

Mali conquers kingdom of Ghana.

Mansa Musa becomes great emperor.

Mali controls gold trade routes.

Timbuktu becomes a great trading city and center of learning.

Songhai grows into largest West African state.

Controls important trade routes.

Emperor sets up Muslim dynasty.

Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule? Most powerful ruler in Mali. Extended its borders and dominated West Africa. His army kept order in the Empire and protected it from attack. He ran efficient government and converted to Islam. He made the city of Timbuktu a center of Muslim learning.

My Hajji is one of the most famous in history.

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 48

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 49

LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)

OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS

WHERE FOUND

AND WHEN? (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Gulf of Mexico Guatemala Mesoamerica Andean region

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

(gov’t)

Multiple people lead gov’t Religious leaders had high positions

God like Monarchy Gov’t in Cuzco Tawantinsuyu Harsh punishments

ROLE OF

RELIGION

Religion and gov’t tied together Jaguar- main god

Nature gods 5 tries to create world monarchy

One creator

ACHIEVEMENTS

Stone heads- leaders

Pyramid Math Glyphs Pictographic writing

Math Calendar Chocolate

Terrance farming

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 50 CHINA

1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433?

After Zheng He’s death in 1433, the Ming Emperor banned the building of large ocean going ships and China halted its voyages. Confusion scholars taught that China had the most advanced civilization in the world. This limited contact with foreign influences and preserved ancient traditions.

2. How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation? Long distances and physical barriers separated]. The isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center of earth. These beliefs in turn led the ancient China to call their land the Middle Kingdom. To the west and southwest of China, brutal deserts and high mountain ranges-the Tian Shan (tyen shahn) and the Himalayas-blocked the easy movement of people. To the southeast, thick rainforests divided China from Southeast Asia. To the North awaited a forbidding desert, the Gobi. To the east lay the vast Pacific Ocean.

Korea - Porcelain - New Glaze - Civil Service system

West Europe - Guns - Gunpowder - Porcelain - Trade

Japan - Buddhism - Writing - Painting - Technology

Asia - Buddhism - Hinduism - Islam - Vietnam

o Civil Service system o Bureaucracy

CHINA IMPACTS THE WEST AND ASIA

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 52

Capital City: Istanbul Religion: Islam Successful because of: Militaristic achievements. Cannons. Allowed leaders to assume position as leaders, and conquer land.

Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN: List two accomplishments:

1. Strengthened Gov’t

2. New territories

How did the Ottomans treat different ethnic and religious groups? How did cultural diversity and nationalism impact the Ottoman Empire? They ruled a vast area, with a vast and diverse amount of people. Held empire together, and ensured Islam as main religion.

How did Europe contribute to Ottoman decline? 1571- Ottomans lost a battle between Spain and their Italian allies. They were cut off from trade. European economy eventually became stronger and over powered them.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

YEARS: 1400-1500’s

Define: janissary

Elite force of people from Ottoman Empire. Boys converted to Islam and trained for military

service Define: devshrime

Boys from Christian communities were taken and converted to

Islam, and served as Janissaries for the Ottoman Empire

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Traditions and Encounters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 53

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION What were the reasons for European exploration?

Three advancements 1. Navigational Instruments

2. Gunpowder

3. Printing Press

How they were useful for exploration 1. Better maps. Compass for direction. Astrolabe for

latitude. 2. Brought by Arab traders. Europeans lined ships

with cannons that used it for defense. 3. Allowed for information to spread quicker.

EXPLORERS Vasco de Gama - Traveled

around Indian Ocean.

- Followed Dias’s route around Africa.

- Lost half of his ships

- Came back with Asian spices

- Helped expand Portuguese empire by establishing an all-water trade route.

Christopher Columbus - Sailed for

Spain - Attempted to

find an ocean route to Asia in 1492

- Reaches Caribbean sea, thought he was in Asia

- Later found out he discovered America Ferdinand Magellan

- Sailed for Spain - First

circumnavigator - Claimed

Philippines for Spain, 1521

- Helped spread Catholic teachings to East Asia

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 54

Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?

HERNANDO CORTES

- Defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

- Cruel tribute system allowed him to act as a liberator - Disease among the Aztecs - He had translators

FRANCISCO PIZARRO

- Conquered the Incas and modern day Peru

- Founded the city of Lima

-Columbian Exchange gave Pizarro a vital advantage in his conquest of the Inca Empire -Smallpox outbreak in 1525 killed nearly a quarter million Inca, including the emperor and powerful aides/ generals, leading to a power struggle among survivors that led to civil war -When Pizarro invaded a few years later, he faced much less resistance than he would have prior to the epidemic.

How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and influenza? Explain. When they traveled to the Americas many diseases, measles being one of them, came with them. Europeans were familiar with the measles, such that they had built up an immunity to them. They were used to sailors bringing back this disease and other epidemic diseases from years and years of travel. Because the Europeans had been long exposed to measles, the disease was no longer life threatening. Most of the population had been wiped out by epidemic diseases brought over from Europe during the beginning of the Age of Exploration, making it easier to conquer.

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 55

Land Empires Geographic Location Significance/Impact

Manchus

- Overlooks the Ming Empire - Beijing taken over - Conquered China and the Mongols

Mughals

- Southeast Asia/ India - 1556-1707

- Gunpowder Empire - Efficient Bureaucracy - Religious turbulence

Traditions and Encounters Barron’s Units State building, Expansion and Conflict 137-154; 285-287

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 56

Europeans gained power over others and kept it. No one could stop them because they had neither money nor power to do so.

Europeans born in Spain

European descent, born in the colonies

A mix of European and Native American or African

How does the hierarchy reflect eurocentrism?

Prentice Hall, 150-151

Peninsulares

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 57

THE SLAVE TRADE

Prentice Hall, 175-176 Traditions and Encounters

Causes: What did the Europeans need? Europeans viewed enslaved Africans as the most valuable good from African trade. They were used to help the labor shortages on American plantations.

Effects: List two negatives of the slave trade

1. Local wars in Africa

2. African societies

were deprived of talents of strong, intelligent people.

Which country was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery and in what year? Brazil- 1888

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 58

Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific) • Maize (corn) • Pumpkins • Tomato • Chili pepper • Tobacco • Avocado • Cocoa • Potatoes • Beans • Quinine (medicine) • Peanuts • Squash

• Chicken • Smallpox • Measles • Typhus • Cattle, Pig, Horse • Dandelion • Grapes • Wine • Rice • Banana • Sugar • Wheat

Define MERCANTILISM: A new policy that Europeans developed as trade increased due to the Columbian Exchange. This was an economic policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build a national wealth. WHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY? Raw Materials WHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY? Manufactured Goods

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 59

Monarch Country Facts

Akbar the Great India

- Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Charles V Spain

- Holy Roman Emperor at the time of the Reformation, he was involved in allowing Luther to live as well as granting Protestant princes the right to choose the religion of their lands. He retired to a monastery

Philip II Spain

- Spanish king who used the Inquisition to enforce religious orthodoxy. He sent a massive fleet of ships against England in 1588.

Louis XIII France

- King of France from 1610 to 1642 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu Grandson of King Henry IV

Louis XIV “The Sun King” France

- "Sun King" of France in the 17th century; ruled with a sense of divine right, caused many conflicts but a stronger economy

Louis XVI France

- French king who had Versailles built. Revoked the Edict of Nantes. Tried to expand France's borders but failed because of Britain's naval strength and

The Age of Absolutism

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When was the Age of Absolutism?

1550- 1800

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 60 the land armies of Austria and Prussia

Peter the Great Russia - Czar of Russia who

introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Catherine the Great Russia

- The empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Henry VIII England

- King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England, he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce

Elizabeth I England

- Protestantism became dominant under her throne (1588), intensified the rivalry between England and Spain, encouraged by her English buccaneers swarmed out to sea to promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish ships and raiding Spanish settlements

Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

- The most distinguished sultan of the Ottoman Empire; also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver". He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean

- 149-1566

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 61

1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England: A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was

replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. 2) Define Limited Monarchy:

A system in which absolute monarchs shared their power with Parliament and the people. 3) What was the Magna Carta?

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.

4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:

The crown should have no interference with the law The crown may not create new taxes without approval of Parliament Parliament may sign petition the crown to do something without fear of the crown

retaliating against them No army may be kept during peace time without consent of Parliament Limited monarchy

1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution? The Renaissance opened people up to embrace new ideas and new ways of thinking. This enlightenment included science so scientific discovery was encouraged during this time.

2) Scientists and their accomplishments:

Copernicus: Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe Galileo: Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries

concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work Newton: English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world? The Scientific Revolution began to disprove past ideas. Advances in medical theory proved that there were serious misconceptions about the human body. Europeans had turned to the church for guidance, and the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution overturned the traditional belief system. The Scientific Revolution would prove that their goals or traditions were no longer valid, and this was something they didn't take lightly.

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When was it? 1543-1700

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 62

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs

John Locke

-Natural Laws -All people are born with certain rights such as life, liberty and property

Montesquieu

- French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) -Federal govt., powers divided among 3 branches, Checks and balances. Rousseau: Public election of president and Congress

Voltaire

- French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. -Bill of Rights provides for freedom of speech and religion

Rousseau

-French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. (Social Contract) -Public election of president and Congress

What are natural Rights?

When was it? 1700’s

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Ms. Buffalino, APWH 63

Focus points for essays:

1. Geography 2. River Valleys 3. Belief Systems 4. Classical Civilizations 5. Mesoamerica 6. African Kingdoms 7. Chinese Dynasties 8. Middle Ages 9. Renaissance 10. Crusades 11. Trade 12. Cross-Cultural Interactions 13. Patriarchal Societies 14. Past College Board Essays

Study: the intro cue card, essay guides, essay graphic organizers and rubrics on the website.

GOOD LUCK!