Ms. GarrattMs. Garratt

Yalta 1945Yalta 1945 Who participated?Who participated? How was the war progressing?How was the war progressing? What did the US want from the What did the US want from the

Soviets?Soviets?– ??

What did Stalin promise the What did Stalin promise the West?West?– ??– ??

Yalta 1945Yalta 1945

Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War

75 million dead worldwide75 million dead worldwide Cities, factories, roads, Cities, factories, roads,

infrastructure were devastatedinfrastructure were devastated Millions of displaced refugees Millions of displaced refugees Revelation of the HolocaustRevelation of the Holocaust Nuremberg trials – crimes against Nuremberg trials – crimes against

humanity. Location was symbolichumanity. Location was symbolic Political purpose of the trials?Political purpose of the trials?

The United Nations The United Nations

Formed in 1945Formed in 1945 50 countries50 countries Organization – Security Council – Organization – Security Council –

power of veto and General Assembly power of veto and General Assembly – UNESCOUNESCO– World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization– GATTGATT

Disintegration of US-Soviet Disintegration of US-Soviet RelationsRelations IdeologyIdeology Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism PoliticalPolitical US wanted democratic governments & free US wanted democratic governments & free

elections in Eastern Europeelections in Eastern Europe Soviets wanted buffer of pro-Soviet Soviets wanted buffer of pro-Soviet

(communist) regimes. (communist) regimes. EconomicEconomic US wanted open-free trade postwar system US wanted open-free trade postwar system

because it was dominant economic power. US because it was dominant economic power. US not damaged by warnot damaged by war

Stalin wanted closed economic system favoring Stalin wanted closed economic system favoring the Soviets. Took advantage of Eastern the Soviets. Took advantage of Eastern European resources to rebuild GermanyEuropean resources to rebuild Germany

Poland 1946Poland 1946

What two things did the Soviets What two things did the Soviets want in Eastern Europe?want in Eastern Europe?

How did the Soviets treat eastern How did the Soviets treat eastern European countries after they European countries after they pushed back the Nazis?pushed back the Nazis?

How did Stalin justify his goals?How did Stalin justify his goals? What did FDR & Churchill demand What did FDR & Churchill demand

for Poland?for Poland?

Iron Curtain Speech Iron Curtain Speech 19461946 Became a symbol of the Cold WarBecame a symbol of the Cold War Expressed growing fear of Expressed growing fear of

CommunismCommunism Described the division of Europe Described the division of Europe

into an “east” and a “western” bloc.into an “east” and a “western” bloc. ““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste

in the Adriatic, an Iron curtain has in the Adriatic, an Iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”descended across the Continent.”

Containment PolicyContainment Policy

US assumed global role as a US assumed global role as a superpower and bulwark against superpower and bulwark against communism.communism.

This required policy aimed at This required policy aimed at preventing the spread of communismpreventing the spread of communism

That policy was called That policy was called containmentcontainment.. First developed by George KennanFirst developed by George Kennan It was clear that US would not return to It was clear that US would not return to

isolationist policies preceding WWIIisolationist policies preceding WWII

Truman Doctrine 1947Truman Doctrine 1947 ContainmentContainment was enshrined in the Truman was enshrined in the Truman

Doctrine which will guide US foreign policy Doctrine which will guide US foreign policy through the 1973 through the 1973 Nixon DoctrineNixon Doctrine

Pledged US military and economy Pledged US military and economy assistance to “support free people who are assistance to “support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressuresminorities or outside pressures

Events in Greece & Turkey convinced US Events in Greece & Turkey convinced US that Soviets were becoming dangerously that Soviets were becoming dangerously aggressive. aggressive.

Communist rebels in GreeceCommunist rebels in Greece Stalin menacing Turkey over the Stalin menacing Turkey over the

Dardanelles, the strait which linked the Dardanelles, the strait which linked the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

Marshall Plan 1947Marshall Plan 1947

What were the objectives behind the What were the objectives behind the Marshall Plan?Marshall Plan?

What would happen if Europe did not What would happen if Europe did not recover economically from the war?recover economically from the war?

Was it successful?Was it successful? Does the Marshall Plan show bias?Does the Marshall Plan show bias?

Berlin Crisis 1948Berlin Crisis 1948

What ignited the Berlin Crisis?What ignited the Berlin Crisis? What choices did the US What choices did the US

confront?confront? What did the US finally do?What did the US finally do? How was the crisis resolved?How was the crisis resolved? Evaluate US policy? Soviet policy?Evaluate US policy? Soviet policy?

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Formation of NATO Formation of NATO 19491949

NATO 1949NATO 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) This was the first time the US joined an This was the first time the US joined an

alliance since the Revolutionary War.alliance since the Revolutionary War. It was formed in direct response to the It was formed in direct response to the

Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis US dominated alliance in which an attack US dominated alliance in which an attack

upon one member would be seen as an upon one member would be seen as an attack on all of them.attack on all of them.

NATO began with Western European NATO began with Western European countries & Turkey.countries & Turkey.

Today it includes many eastern European Today it includes many eastern European countriescountries

Warsaw Pact 1955Warsaw Pact 1955

Soviet dominated allianceSoviet dominated alliance Nations did not have a choiceNations did not have a choice Was Soviet response to NATOWas Soviet response to NATO Warsaw Pact would also be used Warsaw Pact would also be used

by Stalin against any eastern by Stalin against any eastern European country that rebelled European country that rebelled (Hungary 1956 and (Hungary 1956 and Czechoslovakia 1967)Czechoslovakia 1967)

Loss of China 1949Loss of China 1949

Nationalists vs CommunistsNationalists vs Communists Japanese occupationJapanese occupation Mao ZedongMao Zedong Chiang kai-ShekChiang kai-Shek Taiwan/FormosaTaiwan/Formosa Communists win, Mao launches Communists win, Mao launches

major economic push involving major economic push involving “collectivization”“collectivization”

Hungary 1956Hungary 1956 Imre NagyImre Nagy gained power in Hungary and gained power in Hungary and

ended one-party rule, ejected the Soviets ended one-party rule, ejected the Soviets and withdrew from the and withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.Warsaw Pact.

Soviets responded with tanks & troopsSoviets responded with tanks & troops Hungarians resisted the onslaught and Hungarians resisted the onslaught and

called on the West to help them.called on the West to help them. That help never cameThat help never came Failure of US to help has been interpreted to Failure of US to help has been interpreted to

mean that the US accepted that eastern mean that the US accepted that eastern Europe was a Soviet sphere of influence.Europe was a Soviet sphere of influence.

Occurred shortly after the Suez Crisis which Occurred shortly after the Suez Crisis which complicated US policy – to be discussed complicated US policy – to be discussed shortlyshortly

Nagy was tried and executedNagy was tried and executed

Suez Crisis 1956Suez Crisis 1956 What were the chain of events that led to What were the chain of events that led to

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis Aswan Dam >Czech Arms Deal>Renege Aswan Dam >Czech Arms Deal>Renege

on Aswan Dam > on Aswan Dam > NationalizationNationalization of the of the Canal >1956 Suez Crisis.Canal >1956 Suez Crisis.

How did the Suez Crisis threaten US How did the Suez Crisis threaten US interests in the Middle East?interests in the Middle East?

Why did the US try to distance itself from Why did the US try to distance itself from Britain and France?Britain and France?

What were American objectives behind What were American objectives behind the the Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine 1957 1957

Berlin Wall 1961Berlin Wall 1961

Built to keep East Germans from Built to keep East Germans from fleeing in the West.fleeing in the West.

Wall literally sealed off West BerlinWall literally sealed off West Berlin Became a symbol of the Cold WarBecame a symbol of the Cold War Many died trying to escapeMany died trying to escape

Checkpoint CharlieCheckpoint Charlie

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

Castro overthrows the corrupt Bastista regime Castro overthrows the corrupt Bastista regime during Cuban Revolutionduring Cuban Revolution

Castro nationalizes American businesses without Castro nationalizes American businesses without compensation.compensation.

US then breaks diplomatic relationsUS then breaks diplomatic relations 10% of Cubans left for US10% of Cubans left for US They formed La Brigada to go back & overthrow They formed La Brigada to go back & overthrow

CastroCastro They were supposed to have American air supportThey were supposed to have American air support The entire mission went wrong from the beginning.The entire mission went wrong from the beginning. It was major US foreign policy debacle and very It was major US foreign policy debacle and very

embarrassing to the Kennedy administrationembarrassing to the Kennedy administration Would lead to Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962Would lead to Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Brinkmanship -closest we ever came to nuclear warBrinkmanship -closest we ever came to nuclear war Result of Bay of PigsResult of Bay of Pigs Soviets attempted to install 42 missiles and present Soviets attempted to install 42 missiles and present

the US with a fait accomplithe US with a fait accompli US reconnaissance discovered the missiles.US reconnaissance discovered the missiles. US quarantined the area – refused to let Soviets US quarantined the area – refused to let Soviets

ships through the blockadeships through the blockade SS Dean Rusk makes famous comment “We’re SS Dean Rusk makes famous comment “We’re

eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just blinked” Soviets backed offblinked” Soviets backed off

Krushchev was seen as weak and removed as Krushchev was seen as weak and removed as premierpremier

Leonid Brezhnev, a hardliner, will replace himLeonid Brezhnev, a hardliner, will replace him

Czechoslovakia 1967Czechoslovakia 1967

Alexander Alexander DubcekDubcek announced liberal announced liberal reforms in Czechoslovakia and called reforms in Czechoslovakia and called for “socialism with a human face”for “socialism with a human face”

““Prague Spring” was period when Prague Spring” was period when reforms were blooming.reforms were blooming.

Soviets responded again with tanks Soviets responded again with tanks & force & ousted Dubcek& force & ousted Dubcek

Put the Put the Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine to use to use (right to intervene in the affairs of (right to intervene in the affairs of any communist nation)any communist nation)

Six Day War 1967Six Day War 1967 Represents the failure of the UN and Soviet Represents the failure of the UN and Soviet

willingness to exploit regional tensions in order to willingness to exploit regional tensions in order to gain more influencegain more influence

In order to enhance his power regionally the leader In order to enhance his power regionally the leader of Egypt focused attention on Israel.of Egypt focused attention on Israel.

Began to violate international law which provided Began to violate international law which provided causus belli for warcausus belli for war

Closed the Straits of TiranClosed the Straits of Tiran Ordered the removal of the UNOrdered the removal of the UN Mobilized troopsMobilized troops Finally Israel launched “preemptive strike” & Finally Israel launched “preemptive strike” &

destroyed Egyptian, Jordanian & Syrian air forces destroyed Egyptian, Jordanian & Syrian air forces and gained substantial territories including the and gained substantial territories including the Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Israel vowed not to return territories until Arabs Israel vowed not to return territories until Arabs were willing to recognize its right to exist.were willing to recognize its right to exist.

DetenteDetente

Recognition that nuclear war was a Recognition that nuclear war was a very real possibility the 2 very real possibility the 2 superpowers pursued a policy of superpowers pursued a policy of “détente” or a lessening of Cold War “détente” or a lessening of Cold War tensions.tensions.

Policy was prompted by a Realpolitik Policy was prompted by a Realpolitik approach to politics which was much approach to politics which was much more pragmatic then ideologically more pragmatic then ideologically dogmaticdogmatic

Nixon Doctrine 1973Nixon Doctrine 1973

Reversal of Truman Doctrine.Reversal of Truman Doctrine. Instead of the US providing soldiers Instead of the US providing soldiers

to combat spread of communism to combat spread of communism the US will not supply “regional the US will not supply “regional superpowers” (e.g. Israel & Iran) to superpowers” (e.g. Israel & Iran) to police regions.police regions.

Nixon Doctrine was result of Nixon Doctrine was result of quagmire in Vietnam and desire not quagmire in Vietnam and desire not to get sucked into regional disputesto get sucked into regional disputes

Yom Kippur War 1973Yom Kippur War 1973

Both superpowers were content to allow the Both superpowers were content to allow the status quo to continue in the AICstatus quo to continue in the AIC

Sadat was not howeverSadat was not however Successfully broke the stalemate by Successfully broke the stalemate by

attacking Israel by surprise on YKattacking Israel by surprise on YK As Israel began to successfully push back As Israel began to successfully push back

the Egyptians and Syrians USSR warned the Egyptians and Syrians USSR warned Israel to stop or threatened they would Israel to stop or threatened they would interveneintervene

US went on high nuclear alert (Def Con US went on high nuclear alert (Def Con Three)Three)

Oil Crisis 1973Oil Crisis 1973 First time that oil was successfully used First time that oil was successfully used

as a political weapon.as a political weapon. Any nation (US & Netherlands) that Any nation (US & Netherlands) that

supported Israel during YKW was supported Israel during YKW was embargoed by OAPEC. embargoed by OAPEC.

OAPEC also cut back supplies to put OAPEC also cut back supplies to put pressure on the internat’l community to pressure on the internat’l community to negotiate a favorable solution to AICnegotiate a favorable solution to AIC

Caused a serious “recession” worse since Caused a serious “recession” worse since Great Depression.Great Depression.

Extensive elaboration on this subject Extensive elaboration on this subject during class discussions during class discussions

Vietnam 1954 - 1975Vietnam 1954 - 1975

US involvement began after French US involvement began after French defeat at Dien Bien Phu 1956defeat at Dien Bien Phu 1956

Eisenhower invoked Domino theory Eisenhower invoked Domino theory (fear that the fall of Vietnam would (fear that the fall of Vietnam would lead to the loss of other nations to lead to the loss of other nations to Communism)Communism)

Elections between No & So Vietnam Elections between No & So Vietnam were to take place which would have were to take place which would have resulted in Communist victoryresulted in Communist victory

Iranian Revolution & Hostage Iranian Revolution & Hostage Crisis 1979Crisis 1979

Carter calls for greater “human Carter calls for greater “human rights” in Iranrights” in Iran

ShahShah

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TerrorismTerrorism

On the rise since the 1970sOn the rise since the 1970s Attempt to gain recognition for Attempt to gain recognition for

causecause Willingness to kill civiliansWillingness to kill civilians More laterMore later

GlasnostGlasnost Realization that the Soviet command Realization that the Soviet command

economy was not workingeconomy was not working Gorbachev believed that economic Gorbachev believed that economic

decisions needed to be made at the local decisions needed to be made at the local level by individuals not the state including level by individuals not the state including non-socialist ideas.non-socialist ideas.

This called for “Glasnost” or free exchange This called for “Glasnost” or free exchange of ideas of ideas

The results of Glasnost included opening The results of Glasnost included opening of churches, end to censorship, freeing of churches, end to censorship, freeing jailed dissidents, allowing ownership of jailed dissidents, allowing ownership of private businesses and free votingprivate businesses and free voting

Change was in the airChange was in the air

PerestroikaPerestroika

Restructuring of the social and Restructuring of the social and economic conditions in Soviet lifeeconomic conditions in Soviet life

Fall of the Soviet UnionFall of the Soviet Union

19911991 TBCTBC