ms mailout: 1996-12-18 (mso #96-30) tamper-resistance ... 96-30_r.pdfmail-out #96.30 pete wilson...

MAIL-OUT #96.30

Pete WilsonGovernor

December 18, 1996James M. Strock

Secretary for

Environmental

Protection

-Cal/EP A

CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtection

Agency

ALL MANUFACTURERS OF UTILITY AND LAWN AND GARDEN

EQUIPMENT ENGINESALL OTHER INTERESTED PARTIES

TO

Tamper-Resistance Requirements for Gaseous-Fueled EnginesAir Resources Board

Haagen-Smit LaboratoryP.O. Box 80019528 Telstar Avenue

El Monte, CA

91734-8001

SUBJECT

The Air Resources Board (ARB) adopted emission regulations and

incorporated test procedures for utility and lawn and garden equipment

(ULGE) engines in March 1992. All California-sold ULGE engines produced

at this time must be certified by the ARB. Certification includes

demonstrating that any adjustable-engine parameters that affect emissions

are designed with adequate tamper-resistance methods for inhibiting

unauthorized in-use adjustments. In-use adjusting of the fuel-system

paramete~s is allowed when the adjustments do not invalidate an engine's

emissions compliance.

Fuel-system regulators and mixers used with gaseous-fueled (i,e,. liquefied

petroleum gas and natural gas) engines typically need in-use adjustments

when compensating for varying fuel compositions and pressures, These fuel-

system components have traditionally been equipped with in-use anti-

tampering safety-related devices because these engines are required to

satisfy existing non-ARB quality- and safety-certification requirements.

such as those imposed by the Underwriters Laboratories. Inc, and the

Canadian Gas Association. Consequently. the engine manufacturers have been

reluctant to develop new. more complex. and expensive anti-tampering

methods needed to satisfy the ARB requirements for such low-volume

production components,

The ARB has always recognized the benefits of in-use engine parameter

adjustments (See Mail-Out No.92-06. issued July 7. 1992). The ARB also

realizes that. while many of these equipment engines already comply with

other non-ARB certification requirements. such compliance does not

necessarily ensure compliance with the ARB emission requirements. or

specifically. with the ARB anti-tampering requirements. (See Item No.12.

Mail-Out No.95-30. issued September 14. 1995). However. recognizing that

engine manufacturers would need additional leadtime to develop and

implement acceptable. cost-effective tamper-resistance methods. the ARB has

permitted certification of gaseous-fueled engine families in the 1996

calendar year on the condition that engine manufacturers continued to make

good-faith efforts towards achieving complete compliance with the tamper-

ALL MANUFACTURERS OF UTILITY AND LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT ENGINES

ALL OTHER INTERESTED PARTIES

resistance method requirements for the 1997 calendar year (See Item No.8.

Mail-Out No.95-45. issued January 10. 1996).

In the past year, the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) has developed

concepts of. various tamper-resistance methods that provide flexibility in

cost and design. The ARB has evaluated these concepts and preliminarily

determined that many may be acceptable for use in actual practice. The

results of these ev9luations are described herein for the benefit of the

entire gaseous-fueled ULGE engine industry.

The ARB will approve for use in production any of the concepts that are

preliminarily determined to be acceptable subject to the following

conditions:

I. Engine manufacturers are expected to utilize good engineering

practice when incorporating any of the preliminarily accepted

conceptual methods into their engine designs. The ARB will be

checking on how successful an engine manufacturer is in implementing

a concept by evaluating actual tamper-resistance method samples.

However, evaluating every method that an engine manufacturer is using

will not be necessary because the ARB believes that an engine

manufacturer's ability to incorporate any of these concepts can be

determined by evaluating the execution of only a single method.

Accordingly, the ARB will randomly select only one tamper-resistance

method from those used in the engine manufacturer's entire product

line. Only one selection and evaluation will be conducted per engine

manufacturer for each calendar year.

A manufacturer can facilitate this annual random evaluation by

submitting a summary (e.g., tabular format. etc.) of tamper-

resistance methods used on engine family models that are expected to

be certified for the current year and on models that were certified

for the previous year. This summary should identify the specific

anti-tampering method used on each engine model, and whether or not

the particular method was previously evaluated and approved by the

ARB. This summary should be submitted prior to the start of an

engine manufacturer's "model-year" certification program (such as an

attachment to the required letter of intent [Ref.: Section 14,

Part I. Test Procedures of Mail-out No.95-29, issued

August 18, 1996]).

.2.



The anti-tampering method that has been specifically approved and any

other acceptable methods used in production by an engine manufacturer

that were not selected for evaluation, are not required to be

reevalu'ated (or evaluated, as applicable) in later years if the

approved method remains the same (i.e., the anti-tampering method(s)

may be "carried over"). If the currently approved method is changed

in later years. then the ARB may do another random selection in order

to evaluate one of the tamper-resistance methods from those used in

an engine manufacturer's entire product line. Engine manufacturers

may request permission to "carry across" an approved tamper-

resistance method from one engine family to another engine family

without an ARB evaluation.

A previously approved tamper-resistance method may be reevaluated in

later years if in-use surveillance, or other information. reveals

that the method is failing to provide satisfactory in-use anti-

tampering deterence.

II.

III. The ARB will evaluate the randomly selected anti-tampering method

using the tamper-resistance provisions in Part I, Section 18(d), of

the "California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures For

1995 and Later Utility and Lawn and Garden Equipment Engines,"

amended May 26, 1995 [Mail-out No.95-29]). The methods will be

evaluated to determine their ability to deter improper in-use

adjustments. In making this determination, the ARB will consider

whether the manufacturer makes information about procedures for

circumventing and/or disabling an anti-tampering method generally

availability. If such information is generally available, the ARB

will find that these systems do not adequately deter tampering.

Accordingly, engine manufacturers should not make information about

circumventing or disabling a particular tamper-resistance method

available to unauthorized parties. This .information should not be

contained within the engine or equipment (as applicable) technical

service manuals and owners' manuals.

An engine-family certification application must provide a description

of the adjustable engine parameters and the anti-tampering methodCs)

used on the engine family models.

IV.

-3-



PRELIMINARILY ACCEPTABLE TAMPER-RESISTANCE CONCEPTUAL METHODS

1.

2.

Aluminum PluQAluminum plugs can be used to cover recessed adjustment screws on

regulators and carburetors. The plug thickness is a function of the

corresponding diameter: however. a minimum thickness of 0.060 inch is

required. Plug~ should be installed with a press-in operation that

provides an interference fit. See Figure F-l. Attachment A.

Steel PluQSteel plugs can be used to cover recessed adjustment screws on

regulators and carburetors. The plug thickness is a function of the

corresponding diameter: however. a minimum thickness of 0.030 inch is

required. Plugs should be installed with a press-in operation that

provides an interference fit. See Figure F-2. Attachment A.

3. Rubber. Plastic. and RTV PluQ

Form-in-place and premolded plugs of polymers (e.g.. thermoplastics.

thermosetting plastics, elastomers, etc.) may be acceptable for

covering recessed adjustment screws on regulators and carburetors only

if the plug material has sufficient strength, hardness and adhesive

properties. In other words, the plug must be of a very robust

material that is not easily penetrated and/or pulled out of the

recessed hole. Additionally. a plug may be of a material that

"softens" after applying a solvent so that removing the plug is easier

during authorized servicing. A plug should be installed flush with.

or recessed below, the surrounding surface (See Figure F-3.

Attachment A). Listings of examples of commercially available

premolded parts that may be suitable for plugs are in Tables T.1

through T.5 of Attachment A.

4. Screw-In Plua with SQecial Head

Adjustment screws with speclally machined heads are! acceptable. The

various special-head designs of the fasteners shown in Figure F-I0 of

Attachment A may also be used for the special-head designs of screw-in

adjustment plugs. Installing and removing these screw-in plugs should

require using a special tool. Also. installing a screw-in plug should

include specifying a torque value. See Figure F-4. Attachment A.

5. Lockina-Steel Cag or Cover

Locking-steel caps consist of a collar held in place by a lock nut

screwed onto the adjustable parameter. A cap having a minimum of four

lugs covers the collar.lock nut assembly. The lugs are pressed into a

circumferential groove on the collar (See Figure F..5. Attachment A).

Steel is the preferred material.

.4.



6. Alternate Steel Pluq

Alternate steel plugs can be used to cover recessed adjustment screws

on regulators and carburetors. These plugs are steel caps with

compressible prongs extending from the caphead (See Figure F-6,

Attachment A). Also, these plugs could possibily be used in

conjunction with plastic. elastomers, etc., materials to further

enhance the tamper-resistance ability.

7 Cover Plate

Cover plates can be used to conceal an adjustable parameter. These

plates may be attached to either the engine or a bracket. Special-

headed screws, such as the fasteners illustrated in Figure F.I0 of

Attachment A, should be used to fasten a cover plate (See Drawing D.l,

Attachment A). Installing and removing the screw should require using

a special tool. The screw installation should specify a torque value.

8. Roll Pin

A small-diameter steel pin mounted crosswise within a recessed hole

will bar access to an adjustment screw (See Figure F-8. Attachment A)

The pin should be installed with an interference fit. The exposed

head of the adjusting screw should be a hex-head insert type.

Otherwise, all other types of special-headed adjustment screws should

be covered by a steel plug.

9 SQecial-Headed Lockinq Set-Screw

A special-headed screw (e.g., Torx~ head, etc.) for locking the

setting of adjustment is acceptable (See Figure F-9, Attachment A, and

Acceptable Concept Method No.4). The various special-head designs of

the fasteners shown in Figure F-I0 of Attachment A indic.ate acceptable

special-head designs for a locking set-screw. Installing and removing

the set-screw should require using a special tool. Installing a set-

screw should include specifying a torque va]ue.

10. Limited Adiustment Ranqe on A Requlator

Acceptable.

11. SQecial Screw Adhesive and Solvent

Acceptable (Ref.: Acceptable Concept Method No.3.).

12. Pressed-In Orifice

Acceptable.

-5-



13. Adiustment Usinq Internal SQecial-Headed Screw and Insert

Acceptable when used with a friction-inducing insert, or with Loctite~

or similar compound. This method is similar to Acceptable Concept

Method No.9.

NOT ACCEPTABLE TAMPER-RESISTANCE CONCEPTUAL METHODS

1. Circular Rinq ..CircliQ

Not acceptable (See Figure F.ll. Attachment A). Pliers used for

removing and installing these clips are readily available at retail

outlets.

2. Polyurethane Foam AQQlication and Solvent Removal

Not Acceptable. Suggest using the method described in Acceptable

Concept Method No.3.

3. Other Screw or Screwhead Desiqns

Lefthand screw threads. and roundhead square-drive and clutch-head

screw head designs are not acceptable for use in anti-tampering

methods.

4 Different-Colored ReQlacement Pluq

The use of different colored plugs solely as an anti-tampering method

is not acceptable. Plugs of different colors may be used; however.

one of the acceptable concepts must be used to provide the anti-

tampering method.

The EMA proposal also included suggestions about other possible areas or

sources for additional anti-tampering method concepts. These other sources

include:

1 Increased Usaqe of Plastic Materials

The ARB recognizes that plastic materials may offer significant

advantages over metallic materials in anti-tampering applications.

Accordingly. a continued investigation of the availability of such

suitable polymer materials is encouraged.

SAE J2317 --Tamger Resistance For Diesel Fuel Iniection Pumgs

The Society of Automotive Engineers' (SAEs') Document J2317, "Tamper

Resistance For Adjustable Parameters On Diesel Fuel Injection Pumps,'

issued August 1996, provides information that may be applicable for

anti-tarnpering methods used on gaseous-fueled ULGE engines.

2.

.6.

All MANUFACTURERS OF UTIlITY AND LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT ENGINES

All OTHER INTERESTED PARTIES

Any requests for addtional information regarding this subject should be

directed to Mr. Duc Nguyen. Manager. Certification Section. or

Mr. Ronald Haste. Staff ~ngineer. at (818) 575-7067.

Attachment

7

ATTACHMENT A

Aluminum Plug

Adjusting Screw

~/

/

""

+~-//

"'

1"

/1

/

/

~~'"'

j I

FIGURE F-1: ALUMINUM PLUG

FIGURE F- 2: STEEL PLUG

A-1

ATTACHMENT A

Plug

/;/'

~:::%:1:::%: .

~ I~

~ i~

~~% [?ff

~

Body

\~

...

Adjusting Screw

d(i~" '""

FIG.URE F-3: PLASTIC PLUG

A-2

ATTACHMENT A

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Rea..

"-;~,

PARTHO.

1'4

5/16

5/16

29/64

7/16

29/64

9116

1-1

1-1

1.9

1-1

1-1

1-1

118

5132

3116

114

114

114

1'4

13/16

118

1

1-318

1-5/16

1-1/16

1-5 '16

1149

15!0

854

1025

!35

1027

114!L::;~

MANY PARTS ARE: AVAIL.ABLE: ~CM STOCK13308 W CREE!<SIDE OR.

LOO<PO-E;;!::.60441(3121 4-7904000TEl.f:< 265661FAX 4-79~3

ALL STATES RUBBER & TOOL CORP

TABLE T-1: PLASTIC PLUGS

A-3

1

18

14

116

/2

14

12

ATTACHMENT A

STEM BUM~ERS

D

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L.~9't.

E I PART O-rall Ha.

Tl.lckn...

BUSHINGS

13308 w. CREEKSIDE OR.

~60441(3121 47904000mE< 265661F~ 479-4003

ALL STATES RUBBER & TOOL CORP.

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A-O

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2S'WCX)5 RIV 6 .ces (2.'61 .'47 3.731 .058 ('.471 7"6 (,'."-H~ ~IV007 RIV 7 .~ {2.'6) .147 !3.731 .058 1'.471 ,f2. (,2.7t

.~=~are~ ~, RIV1' .125 (3.1e) .2SJ (6.35) .(S {'.731 '/8 13.,\fb"~raJaDS.e::. ~12 RIV,2 .'2S {3.'e) 2SJ {6.35) .(S ('.731~6 (4.7f

'S'IN013 RIV'3 .12S (3.'e) 2SJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 '14 (~~4 RIV'4 .'2S (3.1e) 2SJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 ~6 C7.9t.~s RIV1S .'2S (3.'e) .2SJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 ~ (9.S:~1VO'6 RIV16 .'2S (3.1e) .2SJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 7"8 (".,.~'7 RIV'7 .'2S (3.1e) 2SJ {6.35) .(S ('.731 'f2. (12.7t~,e RIV,e .'25 (3.1e) 2SJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 ~8 ('42.2S'\JVO'9 RIV'9 .125 (3.'e) BJ (6.35) .(S ('.731 :.9 (15.S1~ Rr.."2Q .125 (3.1e) .2SJ (6.3.5) .!))8 (1.731 ""6 (17.4l~ RN"21 .12S (3.'S1 21e (5.541 .C9:) (2.2J) ,/8 (3.,:~1VCI22 R/V2Z .125 (3.1S1 218 {5.54) C9:) (~) ~8 (4.7.~ RIV23 .125 (3. ,e) 218 (5.54) .CB) I~) '14 (6.J.~IVQ24 RlV24 .'2S (:!.'8) 21e (5.54) !00 (2.2J) ~6 C7.9~1VQ2S R/V25 .'25 (3.1e) 218 (5.54) .CB) ,~) ~ (9..5~IV02S RIV26 .'2S (3.'e) 2'e (5.54\ .CB) (2.2J) ,f2. (12.725RIV~ RIV:i) .'25 {3.1e) .255 i6.48\ 051 ('.:JO) '14 (6~~ RIV5S .i25 (3.'e) 255 (6.48) .051 ('~1 ~~ (9.:

1- MO~DED PLASTIC DOWELS j ~

Uses irDl.de da.I,IBj ~ Stt:c ~ ~ ..2ITm ~ Desc'm' I 0; o.c. Le«rni 5WItd1 ~rs. arxj keys. NaII.JraJ roKJr aceIaI ~

~70'2S 047'2S .047 1'.19) ,/8 (3.'S) ~ !tnq1 !t1ey may be rTOOed otat'e'maIen.;

~~ 04~ .047 1.19) '/4 (6.35) \.JII-= ~areavaBa!je.

~7tXJ7S 047'J75 1)47 1.'9) 3IB (9.53\~~ 047500 1)47 '.191 ,f2. (12.7C)~12S ~25 .~ 1.571 1/8 !3.1e) ~ ~ .!m (1.571 '/4 6.35)

~75 ~ .!m (,.571 3IB (9.5312~ CS2&X) .~ (,.571 'f2. ('2.7C1~'2S CS3'2S .CS3 I~ 1/8 (3.1e);C i:."'--~ CS32SO !S3 I~ '/4 (6.35)~ cm375 .rm I~ 3IB (9.53)~ CS3SX) !S3 I~ 1f2. (12.7C)~2S0'2S 12S12S .i2S (3.1S1 1/8

! 3.1e\

~12S0'S7 12S1S7 .12S 13.1e) 3'16 4.76)

~25:)2S) 1~ .12S (3.1e) '/4 (6.35)~1~ 1Z375 .12S (3.1e) 3IB (9.531~~ ,~ .12S {3.1e) 1f2. (',7C1~S7C12S '8712S .1S7 14.7S) 1/8 !3.1e) ~1S7D2S) ,~ .:.S7 4.7S) '/4 6.35)

~,S7tX375 187'375 .1S7 4.7S) 3IB 9.53)~~ 1a7:aJ .1S7 A;7S) 1f2. !,2.7C)~S7C750 '87750 .1S7 4.751 ~4 19.05)~4S12S0 2420 24S 62ZJ '.'/4(31.751~(X)5X) 21~ 210 '5.:D) ,f2. (12.7C)~125 2SO125 BJ (6.3.5) 1/8 !3.1e) ~ 2SO2;i) BJ ( 5.3S1 , /4 6.3S1

~ :5I375 BJ (6.35) 3IB 9.53)~ ~ BJ (6.3S1 ,f2. !12.7C) !

1- L -j~ ~ BJ (6.3S1 314 '9.05) -1-

~'Z!12S 31212S .312 C7.92! ,/8 ~ 1S1 O o D ~~ 3122:i) .312 (1.92! 1/4 6.3S1 --.:- .

[ J ~Z1375 31Z375 .3'2 .92) 3~ 9.S31~~ 31~ .312 ~ SZJ 1f2. !,,7C) t~Z:S2S 3'2S2S .3'2 C7SZJ 5/8 1sm~'2:mi) 3'~ .312 (i.92! ~4 19.05)~ ~ .437 (1'.!01 1/4 (6.3S1

TELE.°HONE (501) 453~611-=53.22S' micro plastics, a inc. FAX (SO,> 453.a84'


~

I

~~~

MOLDED PLASTIC DOWELS

~~~~~~~~~~~

A-7

~~

ATTACHMENT A

Special-headed screw p!ug ~

! I ~

Adjusting Screw

:;;1,..,-,,"'77, -

II~

s

-

FIGURE F-4: SPECJAL-HEADED SCREW-IN Eb.!::!.Q.

FIGURE F-5: LOCKING STEEL COVER

A-8

/..1

Vj

~

ATTACHMENT A

Stimpson Go., Inc.

900 Sylvan Ave.Bayport, NY 11705-1097

FIGURE F-6: AL TERNA TIVE STEEL PLUG

A-9

AT

TA

CH

ME

NT

A

A-10

w...-9~

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a ~

:

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l~

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w

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~

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N

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g-:u ~

~~

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~

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In ~

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UW

-~

-....:

-.J-:=~

R

:;.;...<

w.-c~z§<"c

ATTACHMENT A

SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW

FIGURE F-8: ROLL PIN

FIGURE F-9: SPECIAL-HEADED LOCKING-SET SC~

A-11

ATTACHMENT A

F1at-Head Drilled Spanner'w STAINUSS ~t -

-II -In8 ~ -m-.-In .c- no18. He~~ IS a2.. L...,u. surea IromtI\8 tOD 01 tn. -S~ .IU ana-=. Ir8 \I\e .-.

1~8n-Head Tri-W1ng, ST AIHt.ESS STEEl.. L..-

~-. I~ head -y- ..ca-. dr1Yw'9 P-. ~IS "-SUt.o from uno., ,n. -=

Break-Off Head

.r1Ie -he- r.-n ~ 8a.--10 lna8II-,.- tlq..- -.~ 01' ~ n 0I'W8& otf u.~ -.M .Iowo(;.w:-.Io. -h.-18lil a..t -Th.~ C8.-not D8 -unI8U It IS a- .,.., ...~ WItn .SCf8W ..Ir8ctDt. M- franb.- .1... -..n a~ hnosn. LanqUI.. ~-Iran una. tn. ne-.

Flat Pln-in-Head Phillips1... aT AlNL£SS STCEL The flat -

-1\..,. W1UI -Iwtace 01 .--II-.

-Inq.. IS 82" .Lenqtll.s me ,ban too at lIe8Q.

Pan Pln-in-Head Phi/lips1- ST AI~ STEE1.. n.. -

~.. l--.er ,,- --dmw,g ~ ~.. 1-

~ IS "'.uurea f~..-In. ,..80.0 e

Rat Head and Button HeadPfn-in-Head Torx

Pan Head

Notched Spanner

mtc-pl.Arm STt;£1.. Lenqtn IS"-"'80 rn,m una« In. ne~

FW- 0 8-.-

,- STAIN~ STEEl.. ~ is m- from In. \oQ 01 \11.~ P8Ck898 quanaty IS a

FIGURE F-10: SPECIAL-HEADED FASTENERS

A-12

ATTACHMENT A

Circular Ring ~

:0

Disc

Adjusting Screw

~

FIGURE F-11: CIRCULAR RING --NOr ACCEPTABLE

A-13

ms mailout: 1996-12-18 (mso #96-30) tamper-resistance ... 96-30_r.pdfmail-out #96.30 pete wilson...

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