Plant Unit Test – Review Answers1. What are the three types of tissue found in a plant?

a. Dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue2. What is dermal tissue responsible for?

a. Protection against injury, herbivores, infection and prevents water loss.3. What does vascular tissue do?

a. Transports materials (water, sugar and nutrients)b. Support plant body

4. What does ground tissue do?a. Support and protectb. Perform cellular processesc. Store carbohydrates

5. What is meristematic tissue? Where it is generally found?a. Tissue consisting of dividing undifferentiated cells(meristematic cells) found in areas of

the plant where growth can take place6. What are the non-vascular plants known as?

a. bryophytes7. What are the seedless vascular plants known as?

a. Lycophytes and pterophytes8. What are the vascular plants with seeds known as?

a. Gymnosperms and angiosperms9. What is the difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm?

a. Gymnosperm- coneb. Angiosperm -flower

10. What is the chloroplast?a. Chloroplasts are organelle’s found in plant cells (mesophyll cells) that are able to

photosynthesize11. What is chlorophyll?

a. A type of photopigment. Green in colour and found in chloroplast. 12. What are photopigments used for?

a. Photopigments are pigments found in plant cells that are able to convert solar energy into chemical energy to make carbohydrates. Most common is chlorophyll

13. What is the equation for photosynthesis? a. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

14. Draw a leafs external structure and label the major components

15. How is the venation different in monocots vs. eudicots?a. Monocots- parallelb. Eudicots - branching

16. Label the following;

17. Why are epidermal cells so tightly packed?a. To help prevent infection and water loss

18. What are stomata and what do they do?a. Stomata are opening in the leaf that control gas exchange

19. What are guard cells and what do they do?a. Guard cells are kidney shaped cells that surround stomata. They contract and relax to

close and open a stoma20. What is turgor pressure?

a. Is the pressure resulting from osmotic flow into the cells vacuole resulting in the plasma membrane being pushed against the cell wall.

21. What cells perform photosynthesis?a. Palisade and spongy mesophyll

22. What is the difference between herbaceous and woody stems?a. Herbaceous =no wood; can perform photocynthesis

b. Woody contains wood (lignins)23. Explain 6 differences between monocots and eudicots******

a. Venation- monocots are parallel and eudicots are branchedb. Cotelydon- 1 in monocots and 2 in eudicots. cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo

within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.

c. Vascular tissue in stems- monocots scattered and eudicots have vascular bundles in a ring

d. Vascular cylinder in roots- monocots have a ring with parenchyma in the centre and eudicots have an x-shaped vascular cylinder

e. Pollen- monocots single furrow and eudicots have three furrowsf. Flowers- monocots have flowers in three and eudicots have flowers in four or five

24. What is a vascular bundle?a. A long continuous strand of vascular tissue that consists of xylem and phloem

25. What is vascular cambium?a. Vascular cambium a layer of meristematic cells in the vascular tissue that divide to form

ne xylem and phloem26. What are the different parts of phloem cells?

a. Companion cells, sieve plates, phloem sieve tube cells27. What is the function of stems?

a. Support, transport of water and nutrients, photosynthesis in herbaceous stems, connect roots to leaves

28. What are 2 different root system types?a. Taproot, fibrous

29. What is a root cap? What does it produce?a. Part of the root tip found on the outermost region. It produces a slippery liquid that

lubricates the root as it moves through the soil and prevents damage.30. What does the root cortex do?

a. A region of parenchyma cells beneath the epidermisb. It stores carbohydrates and transport water from the epidermis to the xylem

31. What is the endodermis? a. The innermost layer of the root cortex and are wrapped in a wax-like substance, forming

a barrier known as the Casparian strip.32. The root tip is made up of which two things?

a. Meristematic cellsb. Root cap

33. Label;

34. What is the Casparian strip. Where is it located and what is its main function?a. Wax-like strip located around the endodermis of the cortex. Provides a continuous

waterproof barrier that prevents movement between endodermal cells and forces substance across the cell membranes

35. What is an adventitious root?a. A root that originates from somewhere other than the root apical meristem

36. Describe the flow of water and nutrients into a plant and describe how and why it is transported to the leaves****

a. Water and nutrientsROOTS

i. Water enters the roots via osmosis and nutrients enter via active transportii. Water can move between cells or through a connected cytoplasm of cells.

Nutrients diffuse through cytoplasm to endodermis where they encounter the casparian strip

iii. Nutrients and water move into the xylem via active transport

STEM

i. As more water builds in the xylem at the roots due to active transport (low to high concentration), pressure builds which helps push the sap up. “called root pressure”

ii. The water and nutrients are able to move due to the capillary action within the stem. Capillary action is a result of cohesion between water molecules due to H-bonding and adhesion to the sides of the wall.

LEAVES

i. Water is lost through the stomata via transpiration (evaporation from leaves)

ii. As water exits, this causes the following molecules to be pulled after it. This effect continues down the ylem, causing the xylem sap to move upward to the leaves

b. Sugar transporti. Source to Phloem- active transport moves sugar from the source (cell that

produces extra carbohydrates) to the phloem through a companion cell. Angiosperms: sugar from source to companion cells to sieve tube

elements Gymnosperm: sugar transported from source cells to sieve cells directly As sugar concentration increases in the phloem water enters from the

xylem and drives the movement of phloem sapii. Phloem sap moves through living cells, not hollow tube like in xylem. Long

distance movement through the phloem is known as translocation. Sugar travels faster through the phloem than any other cell type. Thought to be a result in differential turgor pressure between source and sink.

iii. At the sink sugar leaves the phloem and enters the sink via passive transport (diffusion). As the sugar exits, water exits back to the xylem.

37. What is transpiration?a. Evaporation from the leaves that is one of the driving forces behind water and nutrient

transport38. What is capillary action? How does it happen? What two forces are involved?

a. The water and nutrients are able to move upward due to the capillary action within the stem. Capillary action is a result of cohesion between water molecules due to H-bonding and adhesion to the sides of the wall.

39. What is root pressure? How does it build and what does it help do?a. Pressure that builds up in the xylem tissue at the roots as a result of active transport.

Helps provide a push to move water and nutrients upward.40. What is phloem?

a. Vascular tissue. Living cells at maturity. Transport sugars.

41. What is xylem?a. Vascular tissue. Dead at maturity. Hollow tubes that transport water and nutrients.

42. What do they each transport?a. Phloem-sugarb. Xylem- water and nutrients

43. What is turgor pressure?a. Pressure exerted on the plants’ cell wall by the vacuoles within the cells when they are

full of water44. What is a source and what is a sink?

a. Source- cells that produce more carbohydrates than they use (ex. leaves in the summer)b. Sink- cells that use more sugar than they produce/have stored. (ex. Stems ad roots in

summer)

45. Describe the difference in seed structure between a monocot and a eudicot?a. Monocot-1 cotyledonb. Eudicot(dicot) -2 cotyledons

46. What is a cotyledon?a. A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon

germination, it may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling47. What is pollination? Cross-pollination?

a. The transfer of pollen grains to an ovule48. What is the function of a seed?

a. Protect and nourish the enclosed embryo b. Carry the embryo to a new location

49. How does fertilization happen?a. Pollination transfers pollen to the ovule. In gymno this happens by wind in angio it can

be by insects, animals, wind etcb. Gymno- a sticky resin guides the pollen to the ovule by growing a pollen tube down to

the ovule. Haploid nucleus divides by mitosis, producing two haplod sperm nuclei. Meets the egg and one combines with the ovule making it diploid.

c. Angio- Cross or self- pollinates. The anther releases many pollen grains and the pollen is carried to a stigma. Pollen tube grows down the style. 2 haploid nuclei reach the ovary and BOTH sperm fertilize. Double fertilization event. 1 unites with the egg and the second fuses with two polar nuclei forming a triploid (3n) cell, which becomes the endosperm.

50. What is meristematic tissue?a. The tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in

zones of the plant where growth can take place. b. Primary meristems: found at the tip of stems and roots (apical meristems)- elongation

i. Root apical meristem- control root growthii. Shoot apical meristems- control stem growth

c. Secondary meristems: growth that increases diameter (lateral meristems)

51. What is a photometer? How does it work? What does it measure?a. A device used to measure transpiration rates.b. Consists of:

i. A leafy shoot in a tubeii. A reservoir

iii. Graduated capillary tube with a bubble marking zero

52. Draw xylem

EpidermisCortexPhloem VascularXylem BundleCambium

53. Draw phloem

54. How does xylem withstand low pressure without collapsing?a. Lignin reinforced cells

55. Describe how active transport happens in the roots. What is it bringing in?a. Proton pump uses energy from ATP to pump H+ out of the cell.b. Higher [ H+] outside the cell than inside creating a negative charge inside the cell and

an ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT. Now the sugars can move into the cell via diffusion. Brings in sugars.

56. What is the difference between symplast movement and apoplast movement?a. Can travel between cell spaces (cytoplasm)- symplastb. or through the cell wall apoplast

57. Describe 2 example of plant adaptations for water conservation.a. Reduced leaves – smaller surface area reduces transpirationb. Rolled Leaves – reduces stoma exposure to air and sun thus reduces transpirationc. Spines – decrease in surface aread. Thickened waxy cuticle – less water can escapee. Low growth form – closer to the ground and thus less wind exposure f. Fleshy stems – with water stored from rainy seasonsg. Reduced number of stomata h. Sunken stomata in pits surrounded by hairs – the water vapour stays in the pit reducing

the concentration gradient.i. Hair like cell on leaf surface – trap a layer of water vapour maintaining a higher humidityj. Shedding leaves in driest months k. CAM photosynthesis – stomata are open at night when it is cooler so less water loss.l. C4 photosynthesis

EpidermisCortexPhloem VascularXylem BundleCambium

58. Describe translocation and the process of phloem loading.a. At the source, sugar is brought into the phloem by active transportb. Water follows, moving into the phloem (from the adjacent xylem) via osmosis

(remember H2O follows solutes) to produce sap High pressure created in this area of the phloem

c. The sap will be pushed to a lower pressure area, a sinkd. At the sink, the presence of sap now creates a high pressure situation. Phloem cells

move the sugar out.e. Water will also move out of phloem following osmotic gradient (H2O will move back

into xylem) Low pressure recreated in the sink, resulting in more sap flowing to the area.

59. How does pressure influence movement of sap?a. Sap moves from areas of high to low pressure “the pressure flow hypothesis”

60. What are phloem sieve tubes?a. The sieve tubes are composed of columns of specialized cells called sieve tube cells are

closely associated with companion cells. (They are daughter cells from a mitotic division of one same parent cell)

61. Describe the role of auxin in root apical meristemsa. Inhibit growth

62. Describe the role of auxin in shoot apical meristemsa. Promote growth

63. Describe the role of mitosis in meristemsa. Cells in meristems undergo division constantly via mitosis and cytokinesis

64. Describe the role of auxin in axillary budsa. Growth at nodes is inhibited by auxin produced by shoot apical meristem (apical

dominance65. What is phototropism and how does it affect plant growth?

a. Phototropism is the growth a plant in response to the direction of lightb. Phototropism starts by the protein phototropin absorbing light, causing a

conformational changec. They then bind to receptors within the cell, which control transcription of genes for

glycoproteins (PIN3) that transport auxin cell to celld. Auxin efflux pumps can set up concentration gradients of auxine. If phototropins in the tip detect a greater intensity of light on one side of the stem

compared to the other, auxin is transported laterally to the shaded sidef. Higher concentrations on shadier side increase growth there, so the stem curves toward

the light66. What is gravitropism and how does it affect root growth?

a. Gravitropism is the growth of a plant in response to the direction of gravity.

b. If roots are placed on their side, gravity causes organelles called statholiths to accumulate on the lower side of cells

c. This leads PIN3 transporter protein to move Auxin downwardd. High auxin levels in this case reduce root cell growth, so the tops elongate and the root

bends downward

67. What factors affect flowering?a. Temperature- limited effect and varies based on plantb. Day length (length of darkness)- greatest effect

i. Short day plants: flower when darkness lengths increaseii. Long day plants: flower when there is decreased length of darkness

c. Light- can inhibit or activate genes controlling flowering

68. Draw a flower and its reproductive structures

69. Describe the role of phytochrome in long day and shot day plantsa. Phytochrome is a photoreceptor and a pigment- it absorbs light and can be in 2 forms

Pr – absorbs red light and Pfr – absorbs far-red light/darknessb. Long day/short night = lots of Pfr – long day plants flower and short day plants inhibitedc. Short day/ long night= lots of Pr- short day flowers and long day plants inhibited

70. Describe an example of mutualism with plantsa. Pollination by butterflies or bees benefits the plants by dispersing pollen and the insects

get food (nectar)71. What is pollination?

a. The process in which pollen (which contains the male sex cells –sperm) is placed on the female stigma.

72. What is fertilization? What happens?a. When the male and female sex cells unite to form a diploid zygote

b. Pollen attaches to stigma and begins to grow a pollen tube through the stylec. Within the growing pollen tube is the nucleus that will produce the sperm.d. The pollen tube completes growing by entering an opening at the bottom of the ovarye. The sperm moves from the tube to combine with the egg of ovule to form a zygote.

73. What is the purpose of seed dispersal?a. Reduces competition between offspring and parent and helps spread the species

74. Draw a seed

75. What factors affect germination?a. Water- rehydrates dried seeds, swells the seeds/cracks the seed allowing hydrolytic

enzymes to be activatedb. Oxygen- needed to perform cellular respiration for growthc. Temperature- important for enzyme activity for growth. Ensures plants don’t germinate

in winter (seedlings are fragile).

76. What is gibberellin?a. Gibberellin is released after the uptake of waterb. Gibberellin – plant growth hormonec. Gibberellin triggers the release of the enzyme amylased. Amylase causes the hydrolysis of the starch into maltosee. Maltose is hydrolyzed into glucose which can be used for cellular respiration or

converted into cellulose to build cell walls for new cells