Ms. SheetsMs. Sheets

AP World HistoryAP World History

Chapter 18: Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia The Rise of Russia

1480: Russia gained independence 1480: Russia gained independence from Mongol control (Golden Horde).from Mongol control (Golden Horde). Led by Duchy of Moscow and Ivan Led by Duchy of Moscow and Ivan

IIIIII Mongols left Russia weak and Mongols left Russia weak and

isolated in connections, especially isolated in connections, especially with Western Europe.with Western Europe.

Mongols reduced vitality of Russian Mongols reduced vitality of Russian culture.culture.

Economic life was slow.Economic life was slow. Trade was down, limited Trade was down, limited

manufacturingmanufacturing Purely an agricultural economy Purely an agricultural economy

reliant on peasant laborreliant on peasant labor

A Newly Independent A Newly Independent RussiaRussia

Ivan III

Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (reign 1462-1505)Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (reign 1462-1505) Makes Russian rule legitimateMakes Russian rule legitimate Organized a strong military to push Organized a strong military to push

Mongols backMongols back Gained territory for MoscowGained territory for Moscow Asserted control over all Orthodox Asserted control over all Orthodox

churcheschurches Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) (reign 1547–1584)Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) (reign 1547–1584)

Continued territorial expansion into Continued territorial expansion into SiberiaSiberia

Killed supposed opposition through the Killed supposed opposition through the Oprichniki (police group)Oprichniki (police group)

Establishes absolute monarchy while Establishes absolute monarchy while weakening authority of weakening authority of boyarsboyars

Dies without an heirDies without an heir

Emergence as a New Emergence as a New PowerPower

Territorial expansion pushed Mongols back. Territorial expansion pushed Mongols back. Recruited Cossacks (Russian peasant Recruited Cossacks (Russian peasant

pioneers/military) to aid expansion.pioneers/military) to aid expansion. Took over sparsely populated regionsTook over sparsely populated regions Expansion leads to addition of Muslims Expansion leads to addition of Muslims

in Central Asia to Russian territoryin Central Asia to Russian territory Expansion offered rewards; Tsars gave Expansion offered rewards; Tsars gave

nobles and bureaucrats estates on new land. nobles and bureaucrats estates on new land. Tsars had contacts with Western Europe.Tsars had contacts with Western Europe.

Ivan III: diplomatic missionsIvan III: diplomatic missions Ivan IV: established trading contacts Ivan IV: established trading contacts

(traded fur and raw materials for (traded fur and raw materials for manufactured products)manufactured products)

Expansion Under the Expansion Under the IvansIvans

Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars

From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions (N; W; S); the move into Siberia under Ivan the Terrible involved pioneering

new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward.

Quick Review QuestionQuick Review Question What is an accomplishment of Ivan III?What is an accomplishment of Ivan III? What is an accomplishment of Ivan IV?What is an accomplishment of Ivan IV?

Who are the Cossacks and how did Who are the Cossacks and how did they affect Russian history?they affect Russian history?

Time of TroublesTime of Troubles Ivan IV died without an heir. Ivan IV died without an heir. New claims to power by New claims to power by boyarsboyars. . Weakness leads to attacks from Weakness leads to attacks from

Sweden and Poland.Sweden and Poland. Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917 CE)Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917 CE)

Mikhail Romanov (1Mikhail Romanov (1stst Romanov) Romanov) reestablished internal order.reestablished internal order. Drove out invaders.Drove out invaders. Expanded borders up to Expanded borders up to

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Alexis Romanov (2Alexis Romanov (2ndnd Romanov) Romanov)

Put state in control of Russian Put state in control of Russian Orthodox Church. Orthodox Church.

Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty

Peter I (Peter the Great) (reign 1689-Peter I (Peter the Great) (reign 1689-1725)1725) Built up tsarist control over Built up tsarist control over

bureaucracy and military; absolute bureaucracy and military; absolute monarchmonarch Chancery of Secret PoliceChancery of Secret Police

Wanted to move Russia into Western Wanted to move Russia into Western sphere, but didn’t want Russia to sphere, but didn’t want Russia to become entirely Westernbecome entirely Western

Expanded territoryExpanded territory Shifted focus westward:Shifted focus westward:

Attacked Sweden in the Great Northern Attacked Sweden in the Great Northern War; secured an ice-free port on Baltic War; secured an ice-free port on Baltic Sea and created a navySea and created a navy

Moved capital from Moscow to the new Moved capital from Moscow to the new St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

Opens Russia up to Western influenceOpens Russia up to Western influence Improvements in political organizationImprovements in political organization

Specialization of Russian bureaucracySpecialization of Russian bureaucracy Revision of law codesRevision of law codes Improved weaponry and navyImproved weaponry and navy Revised tax system (lower peasant taxes)Revised tax system (lower peasant taxes)

Economic developments (inherited a Russia that was Economic developments (inherited a Russia that was largely agricultural)largely agricultural)

Built up mining industries so Russia will not need to Built up mining industries so Russia will not need to import metal for weaponsimport metal for weapons Used Western technology knowledgeUsed Western technology knowledge

Landlords rewarded for using a serf systemLandlords rewarded for using a serf system Cultural change from his trips to Western EuropeCultural change from his trips to Western Europe

Brought Western science, technology, ballet, gender Brought Western science, technology, ballet, gender attitudesattitudes

Encouraged Western-styled clothing among boyars Encouraged Western-styled clothing among boyars Limited to the elite; no wide-spread cultural changeLimited to the elite; no wide-spread cultural change

Peter the Great’s Peter the Great’s WesternizationWesternization

Russia Under Peter the Great

From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he pursued war. By the end, he had

established territory on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.

Quick Review QuestionQuick Review Question What was the Great Northern War? What was the Great Northern War?

What does it accomplish?What does it accomplish?

What was included in Peter the What was included in Peter the Great’s Westernization program?Great’s Westernization program?

Peter the Great died in 1724Peter the Great died in 1724 Several decades of weak ruleSeveral decades of weak rule

Peter III took the throne in 1761; Peter III took the throne in 1761; he was assassinated and his wife he was assassinated and his wife Catherine II rulesCatherine II rules

Catherine II (Catherine the Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (reigned 1762-1796)Great) (reigned 1762-1796)

Defender of monarchical Defender of monarchical powers; strict interpretation powers; strict interpretation of absolute monarchyof absolute monarchy

Continues expansionist Continues expansionist trends and westernization of trends and westernization of Peter the GreatPeter the Great

Interested in EnlightenmentInterested in Enlightenment

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Supported Supported boyarsboyars: gave them : gave them new powers over serfs and new powers over serfs and their estatestheir estates

Pugachev Rebellion (1773-Pugachev Rebellion (1773-1775)1775) Claims she needs greater Claims she needs greater

military and judicial military and judicial powerspowers

Instruction of 1767Instruction of 1767 Selective WesternizationSelective Westernization

Patronized Western-style art Patronized Western-style art and architectureand architecture

By 1798, Russia had the By 1798, Russia had the largest land empire in the largest land empire in the world and is one of the great world and is one of the great powers of Europe.powers of Europe.

The Catherinian EraThe Catherinian Era

Russian AmericaRussian America Catherine the Great

continued Russian expansion into Siberia; Alaska; N California

Used for the Russian fur trade

Russian population was 700

1860s: Overhunting had reduced available furs; distance from Russia made it difficult to supply

Sold in 1867 to the U.S. for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre)

Quick Review QuestionQuick Review Question What was the Instruction of 1767?What was the Instruction of 1767?

How does Catherine the Great use the How does Catherine the Great use the Pugachev Rebellion to her advantage?Pugachev Rebellion to her advantage?

1717thth and 18 and 18thth: serfs’ rights decreased.: serfs’ rights decreased. 1649: serfdom becomes 1649: serfdom becomes

hereditaryhereditary By 1800, ½ people in Russia were By 1800, ½ people in Russia were

serfs. serfs. Struggling Russian economy leads Struggling Russian economy leads

peasants to fall into debt and peasants to fall into debt and accept serf status.accept serf status.

Subordinate to western economySubordinate to western economy Power of nobles over serfs steadily Power of nobles over serfs steadily

increasedincreased Way for government to satisfy the Way for government to satisfy the

nobility and regulate peasantsnobility and regulate peasants Serfs paid high taxes, were illiterate Serfs paid high taxes, were illiterate

and poor and poor Recurring serf rebellions Recurring serf rebellions

Russian SerfdomRussian Serfdom

95% of Russia was rural. 95% of Russia was rural. Russian economy produced enough money to Russian economy produced enough money to

support an expanding state and empire. support an expanding state and empire. Agricultural methods were highly traditional and Agricultural methods were highly traditional and

limited (old technology)limited (old technology) Serfs were unmotivated because extra production Serfs were unmotivated because extra production

was taken by landlordswas taken by landlords No merchant class; most merchants are Westerners No merchant class; most merchants are Westerners

stationed in Russiastationed in Russia Government has greater role in economy than Government has greater role in economy than

West because of lack of merchantsWest because of lack of merchants

Economics in RussiaEconomics in Russia