msc program - renewable energy in central and eastern europe univ.prof.dipl.ing.dr. hermann hofbauer...

MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe

Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization

Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization

(Grundlagen der thermischen Nutzung von Biomasse)

Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer

Vienna University of Technology

(TU Wien)



Content

A Definitions and Energy Units

B Overview about Biomass Utilization (Austria, Europe, World)

C Fuel Related Characteristics of Biomass

D Fundamentals of Thermal Conversion of Biomass

E Principles of Energy Transformation



Chapter B: Overview about Biomass Utilization

Questions to be answered:

• Are there life cycles for energy carriers ?

• How much biomass is used in Austria, Europe, World ?

• Future of bioenergy ?

• Energy (Biomass) utilization per capita ?



Life Cycles of Energy Carriers

Year

%

Traditional Biomass

Coal

Oil, Gas

RenewableEnergy

Nuclear

Still open



Gross primary energy consumption in Austria (2007) Total energy demand: 1421 PJ

Electrical energy

Oil

Oil, non energetic use

Gas

Gas, non energetic use

Coal

Coal, non energetic useRenewables (25 %)



Renewable energy in Austria (2007)

Bioenergy

Hydro power

0,1 Photovoltaic4,8 Thermal solar4,4 Geothermal and heat pumps7,6 Wind



Development of Bioenergy in Austria 1970 - 2006

Fuel wood

Wood chipsWood pelletsBark, Biodiesel

Bio-residues



Amount of renewables without hydropower in Austria (primary energy, 2007)

Fuel wood

Wood chipsResidues from saw millsBark

Energy cultures (e.g miscanthus), 0,2

Bone meal, sewage sludge, others, 2,0Straw, 2,0

Biogas, landfill gas, 5,0

Biodiesel, ethanolPellets

Forest wood chips

Black liquor

Burnable waste



Structure of Gross Energy Consumption

of

Different Countries (2007)



Shares of renewable energy for the year 2020 (source: EU-directive)



World Energy Consumption, Quantitative Presentation after Nakicenovic



Share of biomass of national energy consumption



IEA-Forecast of the development of energy supply until 2030 (reference scenario)

1 Mtoe = 42 PJ



Primary energy forecast according to Shell study, 2000

Year

Ene

rgy

in E

J

Renewable Energy

Scenario: Sustainable Growth Still open

Geo / Ocean

Solar

New Biomass

Wind

HydroTrad. BiomassNuclear

Natural Gas

Oil

Coal



Energy Consumption per Capita, 2000



Conversion of Units from „toe“ to „MJ“

USA:

8,3 toe/a.c = 8,3x42.109 J/a.c (1 toe = 42.109 J)

= 348,6.109 J/a.c (1 a = 365 d)

= 955.106 J/d.c

= 955 MJ/d.c

Austria:

3,6 toe/a.c = 414 MJ/d.c



0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Early agriculture

Advanced agriculture

Industrial society

Technologicalsociety

Food Household Agriculture and industry Transport

Energy Consumption versus State of Development in MJ/day.capita



Multiple Choice Test

Austria is one of the leading countries for biomass utilization in Europe. What is the share of biomass of the total primary energy consumption in Austria ?

a) about 6 %;

b) about 12 %;

c) about 24 %;

d) about 36 %;



Multiple Choice Test

Energy demand per capita for food in relation to total energy demand per capita in technological society is

a) < 5 %;

b) 5-10 %;

c) 10-20 %;

d) >20 %;



Energy Consumption versus State of Development

msc program - renewable energy in central and eastern europe univ.prof.dipl.ing.dr. hermann hofbauer...

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