2.- Telecom Networking

ramon.palacio@gmail.com October 2014

Barcelona School of ManagementMaster of Science in IT Strategic Management – MSCIT

Networking Services & Infrastructures

Network Infrastructures and Internet Technologies overview Index

Networks types Map of networks Network backbones: Ethernet, ATM, IP Network access: Adsl, Wifi, Fttx Networks for mobility: Gsm & gprs, Umts & Edge,

LTE Networks for sensors: Zigbee, 6lowpan

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork ranges

LAN Local Area Network MAN Metropolitan AN WAN Wide AN PAN Personal AN VLAN Virtual LAN

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork topologies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork functions Access…. Switching,….Transport…..Management

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork types

POTS, Plain Old Telephone Service: full duplex, circuit switched, cupper pair access

TV Broadcast: simplex, radio / cable / IP based, high power stations

Internet: Data and multimedia, full duplex, ATM core, IP protocols on top, fixed and mobile access

Mobile Communications: Full duplex, telephony and data, full duplex, low power stations

Internet of Things – IoTh- or Machine to Machine - M2M- for sensors & devices

New Generation Nets to substitute POTS.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTV Broadcast Networks

Contribution

Distribution

Broadcast

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTV Broadcast Nets

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDTT – Digital Terrestrial TV Net

Analog “classical” Net

Digital Production

Digital Contribution

Digital Distribution

Analog Broadcast to users

Digital TV (both satellite & terrestrial)

Digital Production

Digital Contribution

Digital Distribution

Digital Broadcast to users

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDTT – Digital Terrestrial TV Net

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDTT – Digital Terrestrial TV Advantages & disadvantages

Advantages

More quality in broadcast

Flexibility in using Bandwidth

4 times more efficient in broadcast

Evolution to High Definition and 3 D TV

Disadvantages (real world)

Need for a new network

Need to have more quality productions

Time to synchronize channels at receiver

Perception of quality

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCable Broadcast Net

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIP TV Broadcast Net

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM Network - core network

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU (formerly CCITT) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals. 

ATM was designed for a network that must handle both high-throughput data traffic and real-time, low-latency content such as voice and video

ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints. These virtual circuits may be “permanent”, or “switched”

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM Cells

ATM is a connection-orientated technique that uses cells of 53 bytes as the transmission unit

ATM provides cell sequence integrity Cells are much smaller than standard packet-switched

networks The quality of transmission links has lead to the

omission of overheads There is no space between cells

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM Virtual path & virtual circuits

Virtual path is a rigid partition of the transmission circuit bandwidth

Virtual channel is a dynamic allocation of the virtual path bandwidth

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM Virtual path & virtual circuits switching

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM cells in virtual path & virtual circuits

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM The (switched) virtual circuit operation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresThe ATM cell, user to network, network to network

GFC = Generic Flow Control (4 bits) (default: 4-zero bits) VPI = Virtual Path Identifier (8 bits UNI, or 12 bits NNI) VCI = Virtual Channel identifier (16 bits) PT = Payload Type (3 bits) CLP = Cell Loss Priority (1-bit) HEC = Header Error Control (8-bit CRC, polynomial = X8 + X2 + X + 1)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM Adaptation layers

The physical layer describes details like the electrical characteristics of the physical connection, the transmission techniques used, and the setup, maintenance and clearing of physical connections.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresATM & OSI Layers

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresThe IP Network – access & metro network

The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks.

It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols defined in this standard.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIP Network

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIPv4 Header

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIP stack

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTCP Header – Virtual circuit

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresUDP Header - Datagram

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIP Network transmission

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIP Stack (detailed)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIPv4 vs. IPv6 Headers

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet – access & metro network

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area (LAN) and larger networks.

It was commercially introduced in 1980 while it was first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet transmission CDMA-CD

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet topologies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet LLC & MAC

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresIEEE 802 networks

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet frame

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEncapsulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet evolution

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet evolution & Moore’s Law

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl – access network

xDSL – Digital Subscriber Line- is a set of different techniques to carry data on copper pair cables

The most known are HDSL (High Speed DSL), SDSL (Synchronous DSL), and the adsl (Asymmetric DSL) family

adsl family shares band with voice telephone

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11172000-16550058/unrestricted/kphanse_thesis.pdf

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl access to core network

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl spectrum

4 25,875 138 1104 KHz

PSTN DownstreamUpstream

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl sub-carriers

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl 2+

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl – Discrete Multitone Modulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl family

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresadsl standards

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWi-Fi – access network

Wi-Fi, also spelled Wifi or WiFi, is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves. 

The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". 

However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general as a synonym for "WLAN".

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresEthernet & WiFi frame formats

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWi-Fi at user premises

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWi-Fi outdoor. Multi-access points

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresBarcelona free wifi

MSCIT – NetworkingServices & InfrastructuresNYC free wifi

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWiFi Standards

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresfttx access network (node, curb, building, home)

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresfttx dimensions

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresfttx + xdsl

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresactive & passive fttx

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresfttx- Active ring - GigaEthernet

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructuresfttx – GPON (passive)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresGSM – mobile network

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.

This was expanded over time to include data communications by packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution).

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresGSM characteristics

Digital, Cellular, with BTS – Base Transmission

Stations- Circuit-switched network optimized for full

duplex voice telephony. Localization with HLR & VLR - Home Local

Register & Visitor Local Register

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresGSM Architecture

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresGSM Spectrum

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures GPRS – 2.5 G (on top of GSM)

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on top of GSM

GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time.

GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently,

GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures GPRS – 2.5 G

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures GPRS – 2.5 G

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresUMTS – 3G – mobile network

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks .

UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators.

UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network, or UTRAN),

the core network (Mobile Application Part, or MAP)

and the authentication of users via SIM (subscriber identity module) cards

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresUMTS – 3G

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresLTE Long Term Evolution – 4G – mobile network

LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards.

The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations

A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture.

The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate wireless spectrum.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresLTE Long Term Evolution Spectrum

The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network.

LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams.

LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD).

LTE has an IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core(EPC)

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures2G to 4G evolution

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMobile technologies, from 2.5 G to 4 G

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOperators and assigned spectrum in Spain

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresBluetooth - PAN

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz from fixed and mobile devices,

Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with minimal configuration

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage.

Wi-Fi is usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth devices.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresBluetooth master & slave operation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresZigbee – Internet of Things

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios.

Transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics,

ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones.

ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data transmissions from a sensor or input device.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresZigbee characteristics

ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard. Operates in ISM Unlicensed Bands (Industrial,

Scientific & Medical) 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps 868 MHz European Band at 20kbps 915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps

Low data rate Low power consumption Small packet devices

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresZigbee topologies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWireless protocol comparison

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresWireless protocol detailed comparison

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures6lowpan - IoTh

6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks.

The Internet Protocol could and should be applied even to the smallest devices, and that low-power devices with limited processing capabilities should be able to participate in the Internet of Things.

The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. 

IEEE 802.15.4 devices provide sensing communication-ability in the wireless domain.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresThe 802 wireless Space

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTelecom Networking

End of Telecom Networking…..