mse 303_note8_calculating phase diagrams (gaskel chap10).pdf
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MSE 303_Note8_Calculating Phase Diagrams (Gaskel Chap10).pdfTRANSCRIPT
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MSE 303, Fall 2012 1
MSE 303
Thermodynamics & Equilibrium Processes
Calculating Phase Diagrams
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Temperature, T1
Calculate the Gibbs free energy G as a function of composition at T = T1 for liquid and solid phases
Liquid has lower energy over entire composition range
Hence at T1, our phase diagram must show liquid phase across entire composition
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Temperature, T2
This equivalence of Gibbs free energy indicates a phase transition from liquid to solid state
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Temperature, T3
This indicates that two phases: Liquid and solid are in equilibrium
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Temperature, T4
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Based on the free energy curves we have generated, we can now construct the phase diagram
A B
L
S
L
L+S
S S
L
L
S All temperatures between T2 and T4 are have similar curve
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Actual Example
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Binary Solution with Miscibility Gap
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Binary Solution with Miscibility Gap
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Eutectic Phase Diagram
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Eutectic Phase Diagram
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Gibbs Free Energy Curve vs Composition, GM(Xi)
Partial molar Gibbs Free Energies of component in different phases
The partial molar Gibbs free energy change due to introduction of component i into the solution
General principles of calculating phase diagrams:
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Gibbs Free Energy Curve vs Composition, GM(Xi)
The curve relating Gibbs free energy to composition if solutions exhibit ideal behavior:
To be able to calculate partial molar free energy of a component I (or A or B), It is convenient to choose a standard state at which we define Gi0 as zero
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Gibbs Free Energy Curve vs Composition, GM(Xi)
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Figure 10.2 The activities of component B obtained from lines I, II, and III in Fig. 10.1.
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Figure 10.8 (a) The phase diagram for the system AB. (b) The Gibbs free energies of mixing in the system AB at the temperature T.
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Check at XA =1, XA=0
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Check at XB =1, XB=0
liquid
Similarly at The formation of an ideal solid solution from liquid A and solid B
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At any composition the formation of a homogeneous liquid solution from pure liquid A and pure solid B can be considered as being a two-step process involving 1. The melting of XB moles of B, which involves the change in Gibbs free energy 2. The mixing of XB moles of liquid B and XA moles of liquid A to form an ideal liquid solution, which involves the change in Gibbs free energy,
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ideal liquid solution from liquid A and solid B
Similarly, at any composition, the formation of an ideal solid solution from liquid A and solid B involves a change in Gibbs free energy of
( l ) 10.5
10.6
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From (1)
( l )
( l )
From chapter 9,
10.7
10.8
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From 10.6,
10.10
(6)
Also use
We got
10.9
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Similarly,
The solidus and liquidus compositions are thus determined as follows
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Position of solidus and liquidus can be calculated at any temperature
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assuming ideal solution behavior, we can calculate G0m and the phase diagram
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Given
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Assuming ideal binary liquid and solid solutions
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In (a), liquid A and solid B are chosen as standard states located at G=0
In (b), liquid A and liquid B are chosen as standard states located at G=0
In (c), solid A and solid B are chosen as standard states located at G=0
Fig. 10.10 shows the Gibbs free energy of mixing curves for a binary system AB which forms ideal solid solutions and ideal liquid solutions, drawn at a temperature of 500 K, which is lower than Tm,(B) and higher than Tm,(A). At and
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Example 2: Gaskell page 287
Consider a phase diagram that exhibits complete miscibility in the liquid state and complete immiscibility in the solid state
At the indicated composition, at temperature T, we have pure A in equilibrium with the liquid solution having the composition of the point p
p
AlA
AlsA
aRTG
GG
ln0 )(
)(0)(
+=
=
Same as
with aA=XA for Routian liquid
Thus,
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Consider using this equation to calculate the liquidus lines in a binary eutectic system Take for example, the Cd-Bi system
If liquidus solutions are ideal, we can calculate the Bi liquidus from
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or
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