msw energy landscape
TRANSCRIPT
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India MSW to Energy
A White Paper by EAI
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2www.eai.in
India MSW to Energy
A White Paper by EAI
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3www.eai.in
India MSW to Energy
A White Paper by EAI
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India MSW to Energy
A White Paper by EAI
Preface
With growing public awareness about sanitation, and with increasing pressure on the
government and urban local bodies to manage waste more efficiently, the Indian solid waste
to energy sector is poised to grow at a rapid pace in the years to come, opening up
attractive investment opportunities. As the industry is relatively new in India, a better
understanding of these opportunities in the Indian waste to energy sector is essential for
investment decisions.
The objective of this white paper is to provide inputs on the potential and opportunities of
the Indian municipal solid waste to energy industry. The white paper has a special emphasis
on practical and actionable intelligence for Indian entrepreneurs and businesses.
This document has been prepared by Energy Alternatives India (EAI), a leading Indian
research and consulting firm with a focus on renewable energy and clean technology.
I hope you find this whitepaper useful in your efforts to venture into the Indian solid waste to
energy industry.
Narasimhan Santhanam
Cofounder and Director
Energy Alternatives India (EAI) www.eai.in
http://www.eai.in/http://www.eai.in/http://www.eai.in/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.eai.in/ -
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India MSW to Energy
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Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Key Takeaways .......................................................................................................................... 7
1. Potential for Municipal Solid Waste to Energy ................................................................. 8
1.1 Introduction to Waste ................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ............................ ................................. ................................. ................... 8
1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Management Scenario in India ............................ .... 9
1.4 Potential for MSW to Energy in India ............................... ................................ ................................ .... 9
1.5 Technological Routes for MSW to Energy ................................ ................................ ....................... 10
1.6 Prevalent Deficiencies in the MSW Management System in India .............................. ........... 13
1.7 Key Drivers Enhancing MSW Management and MSW to Energy ................................ ........... 14
1.8 Future Trends in MSW Generation, Management and Energy Recovery ............................ 15
2. What are the Opportunities in MSW to Energy for your Business? .............................. 16
2.1 MSW Value Chain .............................. ................................. ................................. ............................... ....... 16
2.2 Business Opportunities along the MSW Value Chain...................................................... ............ 172.3 Owning and Operating Solid Waste Management Facilities .............................. ...................... 18
2.4 Strategic and Financial Benefits from Waste to Energy Business ................................ ........... 19
2.5 Potential Risks and Barriers in the MSW to Energy Business ............................. ...................... 20
3. Is Waste to Energy the Right Opportunity for Your Business?...................................... 21
3.1 Companies that Could Benefit from the Waste to Energy Sector ............................... ........... 21
3.2 Key Success Factors and Competencies for Waste to Energy Business .............................. . 22
3.3 Key Indian Players in the MSW to Energy Sector .............................. ................................. ........... 23
4. Summary ............................................................................................................................. 24
Waste to Energy Support from EAI ...................................................................................... 25
EAI Services for the Waste to Energy Sector ....................................................................... 26
Why EAI for Waste to Energy? .............................................................................................. 27
http://192.168.1.103/naras%20d/NS/EAI/White%20Papers/Waste%20to%20energy/MSW%20Landscape%20-%20Dec%202011/Dec_2_MSW_Energy_Landscape.docx%23_Toc310603553http://192.168.1.103/naras%20d/NS/EAI/White%20Papers/Waste%20to%20energy/MSW%20Landscape%20-%20Dec%202011/Dec_2_MSW_Energy_Landscape.docx%23_Toc310603553http://192.168.1.103/naras%20d/NS/EAI/White%20Papers/Waste%20to%20energy/MSW%20Landscape%20-%20Dec%202011/Dec_2_MSW_Energy_Landscape.docx%23_Toc310603553 -
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Key Takeaways About 115000 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the country. This
figure could be twice as much by 2020.
Municipal solid waste is a potential source for recyclable and inert
materials and can produce value added products, in addition to energy
recovery.
Business opportunities in waste to energy exist in all three stages of waste
to energy Waste Transportation, Waste Management Facilities, and
Waste Processing for Energy Recovery.
Indian government actively encourages private sector participation in
MSW value chain through a variety of business and operational models.
Currently, biomethanation and incineration are the most prevalent and
mature technologies for MSW to energy in India. Gasification and
pyrolysis are the emerging technologies.
Inadequate segregation at source, sub-optimal regulations and incentives,
inadequate treatment facilities and immature technologies are some of
the key challenges in this sector.
Key success factors in waste to energy include optimal technology,
efficient operations, focus on costs, and emphasis on environmental
protection.
Some of the prominent companies working in the Indian waste to energy
sector include: Ramky Enviro Engineers, A2Z, Hanjer Biotech Energies and
SELCO International.
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1. Potential for Municipal Solid Waste to Energy
1.1 Introduction to Waste
Growth of population, increasing urbanization and rising standards of living have contributed
to an increase both in the quantity and variety of wastes generated by various activities.
Broadly, waste can be classified as urban waste, industrial waste, biomass waste and
biomedical waste.
Urban
Waste
Wastes from households, commercial activities etc. (excluding waste arising
from mining, construction or demolition processes etc.). This includes
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Sewage and Fecal sludge.
IndustrialWaste
Solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous or residual materials (excluding
hazardous or biodegradable wastes from industrial operations)
Biomass
Waste
Biomass waste is defined as biomass by-products, residues and waste streams
from agriculture, forestry, and related industries.
Medical
Waste
Waste generated at health care facilities, such as hospitals, blood banks as well
as medical research facilities and laboratories.
1.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) includes commercial and residential wastes generated in
municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form. It consists of household waste,
construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, waste from streets and so forth. Some
of the constituents of MSW are given in the figure below.
Biodegr
adable
50%Recycla-
bles
20%
Inerts
22%
Others
8%
Composition of MSW in India
Kitchen
waste
Agro-waste
Vegetable
waste
Garden
waste
Recyclables Inerts
Plastic
Paper
Syringes
Tablets
Tin can
Metals
Glass
Sand
Pebbles
Gravels
Organics
Classification and Composition of MSW in India
Source: CPCB, NEERI
Municipal Solid Waste
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1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Management Scenario in India
Indian per capita waste generation is 0.2 0.6 kg/day, which is estimated to increase at1.33% annually. As per estimates, 115000 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the
country. Management of MSW remains one of the most neglected areas of urban
development in India.
MSW management in India involves the interplay of six functional elements - generation of
waste, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery and disposal.
Most of the MSW generated is dumped into land or in the outskirts of the city without any
treatment. Municipal agencies spend about 5-25% of their budget on MSW management. In
spite of such expenditure, the present level of service in many urban areas is so low thatthere is a threat to public health and environmental quality.
1.4 Potential for MSW to Energy in India
MNRE estimates that there exists a potential for generating about 1500 MW of power from
the municipal solid wastes in the country. The potential is likely to increase further with
economic development. The state-wise break-up of the potential for power production from
MSW, is presented in the following table.
Potential for Recovery of Electrical Energy (MW) from Municipal Solid Wastes by Indian States
State/
Union Territory
Recovery Potential
(MW)
State/
Union Territory
Recovery Potential
(MW)
Andhra Pradesh 107.0 Maharashtra 250.0
Assam 6.0 Manipur 1.5
Bihar 67.0 Meghalaya 1.5
Chandigarh 5.0 Mizoram 1.0
Chhattisgarh 22.0 Orissa 19.0
Delhi 111.0 Pondicherry 2.0
Gujarat 98.0 Punjab 39.0
Haryana 18.0 Rajasthan 53.0
Himachal Pradesh 1.0 Tamil Nadu 137.0
Jharkhand 8.0 Tripura 1.0
Karnataka 125.0 Uttar Pradesh 154.0
Kerala 32.0 Uttaranchal 4.0
Madhya Pradesh 68.0 West Bengal 126.0
Source: TERI and MNRE
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Highlights from the Table
MNRE estimates that the energy recovery potential from MSW could go up to 5200 MW
by 2017. Of the existing potential, only about 24 MW has been exploited, which is less
than 1.5% of the total potential.
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh
with heavy urban population and industrialized economy generate increased loads of
MSW and have significant power recovery potential - over 100 MW each.
Delhi, owing to its high population density, has an energy potential nearly equivalent to
that of Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat, being industrially advanced, holds significant promise for energy generation
from urban wastes.
Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Orissa and Jharkhand exhibit only moderate potential for energy
from MSW in spite of relatively dense population.
1.5 Technological Routes for MSW to Energy
Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) through thermo-chemical and biochemical methods. Incineration of RDF
pellets for power generation and biomethanation are currently the preferred technologies
for MSW to energy in India.
Some emerging technologies such as fermentation, plasma pyrolysis, microwave waste
destruction and laser waste destruction exist and are at various stages of commercial uptake.
These merit a continuing review to assess their relevance for possible application to the
treatment of specific waste types under Indian conditions.
The pathways illustrating the primary MSW to energy technologies are highlighted below:
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Major MSW to Energy Technologies and Pathways
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Collection and transportation from point of generation
Storage and segregation
Inerts (sand, stones, etc.)
Landfill
Recyclables
Broken glass-
containers,
bottles, cups etc
High moisture biodegradables (kitchen wastes
etc
Low moisture organics (Polythene, rubber tyres etc)
Organics (Hydro-carbon
materials)
Anaerobic Digestion Gasification Pyrolysis Incineration/Combustion
Producer Gas SyngasBiogas
(Methane)
Syn-diesel &
Gasoline
Electricity Transport Fuel
Organic
compounds
(methanol,
acetic acid
etc)
Pyrolytic gas Biochar
Heat/Cold Applications
Ceramics, concrete
aggregates, recycled
glass countertops
Ferrous and non-
ferrous metals,
plastics
Cans, tins, pipes etc
Digestate
Fertilizer
FT ProcessFermentation
Ethanol
Ash
Construction
material
Chemical
feedstock
(flavors,
adhesives etc)
Bio-oil
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1.5.1 Comparative Evaluation between various MSW to Energy Technologies
Parameters Gasification Pyrolysis Incineration Biomethanation
Method Thermochemical Thermochemical Thermal Biochemical
End-Products Producer gas
Syngas, Biochar
Biooil, Biochar,
Pyrolytic gas
Heat , Ash Methane, Compost
Process principle Partial oxidative
Conversion
Reductive
transformation
Complete
oxidative
conversion
Anoxygenic
microbial
transformation
Feedstock
Requirements
Dry wastes of
synthetic and
biological origin
Dry wastes of
synthetic and
biological origin
Dry wastes of
synthetic and
biological origin
Fluid rich
biodegradable
wastes.
Temperature
Requirements (C)
500-1300 380-530 700-1400 35-70
Cost (Capital &
O&M)
High High Medium-high Medium-High
Prominence in India Emerging Not proven Prominent Most prominent
Future Potential High Potential Moderate Moderate High Potential
Efficiency (%) 70-80 70-80 50-60 50-70
Role for catalysts Non-catalytic Non-catalytic Non-catalytic Catalytic
Environmental issues
Concerns with toxic
gases, organic
compounds
emissions and char
generation.
Constraints remain
as tar depositions,
char and volatile
organics emissions.
Ash discharges
and evolution of
toxic gases from
partial
combustion aslimitations.
Probability for
liberation of
irresistible, pungent
odor from wastes.
Feedstock
Preprocessing
Method
Shredding and
drying
Drying Drying and
pelletization
Sedimentation of
organic sludge
Permitted moisture
content of feedstock
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1.6 Prevalent Deficiencies in the MSW Management System in India
There is a lack of proper MSWM services in the country primarily due to financial constraintsof ULBs, institutional problems within the departments, fragile links with other concerned
agencies, lack of suitable staff, and other allied problems. Some of the deficiencies in the
MSWM system in India include the following:
No Storage and Segregation of Waste at Source
Source storage and segregation of waste based on degradability and hazards and
recyclables separation is rarely done in India. Most households, shops, and establishments
throw their waste just outside their premises, on streets, in drains, in open spaces, in water
bodies, and in other inappropriate places. Insufficient segregation at source results in
suboptimal performance of MSW to energy activities.
Operational Inefficiencies in Primary Collection of Waste
Authorities consider themselves responsible only for waste collection at street collection
points and fail to provide doorstep collection service. Even though such service is now
mandated in the rules, lack of standardized procedures and irregularity in sweeping
accumulates the waste to remain in streets. Such operational deficiencies will result in high
costs for energy recovery.
Inappropriate System of Secondary Storage of Waste
Transfer station infrastructures (waste depot sites) are not spacious and are constructed
with a fore vision to store increasing loads of solid waste. They are often very poorly
designed and are not synchronized with the primary collection system.
Irregular Transport of Waste in Open Vehicles
Open trucks and tractors used to transport waste are loaded manually. This time-
consuming activity results in loss of labor productivity and increases the occupational
health risk to workers.
Lack of Waste Treatment and Inappropriate Disposal at Open Dumping Grounds
The MSW generated in Indian cities is, by and large, not treated but is directly taken to the
open dumpsites. Indiscriminate mixing of concrete debris with MSW makes landfill sites
irreversibly unsuitable for any energy recovery activity.Although India is known for its age-
old technology of composting agricultural waste, composting of municipal organic waste
has been a rarity.
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1.7 Key Drivers Enhancing MSW Management and MSW to Energy
Stringent legislative procedures and environmental consciousness drive the effectivemanagement of MSW to rescue the large socio-economic mass in the nation from hazardous
effects of municipal waste. Some of the key drivers for enhancing municipal solid waste
management in India are provided below:
Legal Technological Environmental
The laws and regulations in
India at the municipal andcity levels are becoming
stringent than ever before.
The consequent threat of
penalties could act as an
important driver for MSW
management (MSWM)
Though the ability of
technology to support MSWMis still limited, development of
new and more effective
technologies will act as a key
driver to shape the progress of
MSW management industry.
The increasing awareness and
concern among public andgovernment for protection of
environment is one of the key
drivers for MSWM.
Socio Economic Developmental and
Competitive
Incentives
The poorer sections of the
society get affected most by
the harmful consequences
of unmanaged waste. With
Indian cities comprising
large populations under
poverty level, significant
health problems andsocietal trauma are
encountered.
Competition between cities to
provide a clean city with good
municipal environmental
infrastructure, in order to
attract investment can be a key
driver. This appears to be
particularly important in India
where competition for foreigninformation technology
investment is strong.
A number of current and
emerging incentives CDM or
carbon credits, capital subsidies,
high feed in tariffs and other
fiscal incentives such as tax
holidays- can accelerate adoption
of waste to energy
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1.8 Future Trends in MSW Generation, Management and Energy Recovery
Now Future
MSW Generation
Amount of MSW
Generated in India
55 million tonnes / Year 300 - 400 million tonnes/year by
2030
Waste Composition
Organic fraction of MSW
constitute the highest
percentage followed by inerts
Organic fraction of MSW will
increase slightly. While inert
materials will decrease
considerably, the recyclable
fraction, consisting of plastic,paper, and glass, will increase.
MSW Management
MSW Management
The institutional constraints
within the state government and
urban local bodies machinery,
such as lack of technical experts
to identify bankable public-
private partnerships (PPP)
projects, have resulted in poorlyconceived PPP framework and
projects.
New trends will emerge as Public
Private Partnerships (PPP) models
gain pace with municipalities
desiring to bring in outside
expertise, technology, and project
management skills to improve
service and delivery efficiency.
MSW to Energy
Energy Recovery
Potential
1500 MW 5200 MW by 2017
Energy Recovery
Options from MSW
Biomethanation and
incineration of RDF Pellets
Plasma arc gasification and ash
melting technology, thermal
decomposition technology for
dioxins.
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2. What are the Opportunities in MSW to Energy for your
Business?
2.1 MSW Value Chain
In many Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal are already being carried out by private companies under the operational control of
the respective municipal corporations, and the state governments enforce regulatory
policies.
A typical waste handling system in a country like India includes the following elements: waste
generation and storage, segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level, primarywaste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin, management of the
transfer station or community bin, secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal
site (or) energy recovery facility, waste disposal in landfills (or) processing for energy
recovery.
The schematic sketch below illustrates the steps carried out in managing the solid wastes in
India.
MSW Collection to Energy Value Chain
Collection and
Transportation
Transfer
station
Processing
for Energy
Recovery
Recyclable
Materials
Separated
Disposal to
Landfills
Waste
Transportation
Source
Storage andSegregation
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2.2 Business Opportunities along the MSW Value Chain
Business opportunities are present in every component mentioned above. The variedbusiness opportunities that exist along the MSW value chain has been discussed below:
MSW Value Chain Business Opportunities
Primary collection and
segregation of inerts,
dry organics and
others.
Collection of reusable plastics and metals etc for sale in local
market.
Waste Processing and sell RDF pellets to biomass power
plants.
Mobilizing construction debris to make tiles and bricks
Separation of wet
organic wastes
Production and sale compost to bio fertilizer firms.
Biogas based power generation from sludge for selling it to
the grid.
Secondary collection
and storage
Maintenance of transfer stations
High throughput screening of materials for recycling, energy
recovery and land fill disposals.
Recycling of wastes Recyclable commodity transactions from transfer stations
Sale of recycled plastic or metal granules
Conversion of processed wastes to industrial commodities
Transportation and
logistics
Transporting solid waste from the source to the landfill or to
the processing centers for energy recovery.
Revenues from automobile manufacturing and sales to
corporate bodies and contract holders etc
MSW to energy
recovery
Production of machineries and equipments for energy
recovery technologies
Decentralized technology installations.
Power generation and sale of power
Production and sale of processed organic feed stocks from
MSW
Income from Certified Emission Reductions(CERs)
Management of wastes
at dumpsite
Design and construction of secured landfills
Urban landscape development at abandoned landfills
Organization/financing
for service and value
chain enterprises
Debt and equity financing
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2.3 Owning and Operating Solid Waste Management Facilities
Indian government actively promotes the private sector participation in MSW value chainthrough development of defined business models on contract term basis. The various
business opportunities and models for private sector participation in Indian MSW value chain
are summarized in the following table.
*BOOT Build Own Operate Transfer; BOO- Build Own Operate; DBFOT- Design Build Finance Operate Transfer; MC-
Management Contract; MRTS- Mechanized Refuse Transfer Station
The general PPP contract structure for an MSW to energy processing facility operating on BOT
model is illustrated below
Nominal lease rentals Power Purchase Agreement
Min assured MSW quantity
Royalty/Tipping Fee per MT
Payments againstsale of power
Grants= % X of Project cost
Source:http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/Term_Sheet_Processing.pdf
Operations in MSW Business Model Average tenure of the
project (years)
Collection, transportation and
cleaning
MC/Service
contract/BOOT*
3-8
Development of transfer station
and transportation
MRTS & BOOT/DBFOT 20
Waste processing facility to
derive energy
BOOT/DBFOT/BOO* 20-35
Development of sanitary
landfills and post closure
maintenance
MC/DBFOT* 3-20
Integrated MSW Management Mostly on BOOT 20- 30 (Some project
tenures are linked to thelife of the assets)
Municipality
/ULB/
State
Agency
State Electricity Board
(SEB)
Contractor for waste
processing
http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/Term_Sheet_Processing.pdfhttp://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/Term_Sheet_Processing.pdfhttp://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/Term_Sheet_Processing.pdfhttp://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/Term_Sheet_Processing.pdf -
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2.4 Strategic and Financial Benefits from Waste to Energy Business
Profitability - If the right technology is employed with optimal processes and allcomponents of waste are used to derive value, waste to energy could be a profitable
business. When government incentives are factored in, the attractiveness of the business
increases further.
Government Incentives - The government of India already provides significant
incentives for waste to energy projects, in the form of capital subsidies and feed in tariffs.
With concerns on climate change, waste management and sanitation on the increase (a
result of this increasing concern is the newly formed ministry exclusively for Drinking
Water and Sanitation), the government incentives for this sector is only set to increase infuture.
Related Opportunities - Success in municipal solid waste management could lead to
opportunities in other waste such as sewage waste, industrial waste and hazardous
waste. Depending on the technology/route used for energy recovery, eco-friendly and
green co-products such as charcoal, compost, nutrient rich digestate (a fertilizer) or
bio-oil can be obtained. These co-product opportunities will enable the enterprise to
expand into these related products, demand for which are increasing all the time.
Emerging Opportunities - With distributed waste management and waste to energy
becoming important priorities, opportunities exist for companies to provide support
services like turnkey solutions. In addition, waste to energy opportunities exist not just in
India but all over the world. Thus, there could be significant international expansion
possibilities for Indian companies, especially expansion into other Asian countries.
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2.5 Potential Risks and Barriers in the MSW to Energy Business
Policy & Regulatory Barriers
Lack of clarity of government policies and incentives While MSW management is an
important aim for every state government and municipal body in India, this goal has not
translated itself into clear policies on contracts, feed-in-tariffs and other incentives.
Lack of initiatives from key stakeholdersWhile the roles of the various stakeholders ULBs,
pollution control boards etc are clear on paper, there is lack of proactive measures and
initiatives from many of these stakeholders. This is a bottleneck for MSW projects that depend
so much on governmental approvals for many aspects.
Environmental & legalSome MSW to energy plants in India, as well as worldwide, have been
the subject of litigation from environmentalists, society activists and NIMBY neighborhood
residents. This has been especially true for incineration-based projects, which are still the
dominant technology for MSW-based power plants.
Financial Barriers
Most solid waste to energy projects are capital intensive. Raising significant capital for an
emerging sector is often difficult.
Poor financial standing of the state utilities along, with lack of proper policy back up from the
government has resulted in uncertainties over timely revenues from sale of power. Debt
instruments dont usually work when the revenue stream is unattractive.
Availability of waste at zero or near-zero cost which is a vital part of the revenue model, but
this is not achievable on a consistent basis
Waste to energy projects are considered as an unsafe investment by some due to lack of short
term returns
Technological Barriers
Some of the emerging technology options large scale gasification for instance - are yet to be
proven on a commercial scale.
The characteristics of waste vary with region, source and scale, resulting in uncertainties over
optimal designs and processes.
Lack of indigenously developed technology and skilled manpower for emerging process routes
such as gasification and pyrolysis.
Other Barriers
Long lead time for completing all the formalities/ documentation and getting all the approvals.
Lack of expertise to understand, develop, appraise and put in place a structured and viable
business model for these projects.
Shifting priorities of the urban local bodies from waste-to-energy to other issues resulting in
diversion of funds and other support.
Lack of clarity for investors in the roles and responsibilities of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
(Public Health and Engineering Departments (PHEDs), Boards, Municipalities, etc).
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3. Is Waste to Energy the Right Opportunity for Your
Business?
3.1 Companies that Could Benefit from the Waste to Energy Sector
Companies in domains such as renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass etc.), Engineering,
Procurement and Construction (EPC), transportation and logistics, sanitation and
environment, small and large scale power plants, facilities management etc will be ideally
suited for the waste to energy business. The table below outlines the type of companies that
will be benefitted in each part of the waste to energy value chain.
Segregation of dry waste, re-usable, inerts etc
Segregation of wet wastesand processing
Transport and logistics
Storage & secondarycollection
Recycling of wastes
MSW waste to energyrecovery
Management of wastes atlandfills
EPCs
Locomotive manufacturing companies (Heavy and Light)
Private vehicle service stations, Transport agencies
Part time workers under contract
Farmers
Fertilizer companies, Agro-market enterprises
Other informal sector participants
Recycling companies
Rag pickers
Other informal sector participants
EPCs
Construction companies
MSW junk shop owners
Logistic services
EPCs
Material Recovery Facility (MRF) operators
Intermediate material processing cottage units
Environmental engineering companies
Small and medium junk shop owners
Technology providers and fabricators
IPPs and CPPs
Service technicians
Producers and dealers of MSW derived RDF pellets.
EPCs
Civil infrastructure developers
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3.2 Key Success Factors and Competencies for Waste to Energy Business
Optimal technologyThe most appropriate technology depends on multiple aspects such
as amount of waste generated, degree of segregation and ultimate end product. It is critical
for the users of technology to consider all these aspects intensively before investing in a
specific technology.
Efficiency in every aspect of logistics and transportationEven in developed countries,
significant efficiencies can be incorporated into the logistics/transportation stage of the
waste management value chain. In developing countries such as India, the scope for
improvement in efficiencies is significant, and such improvements could have a significant
impact on the financial sustainability of the entire project
Ensuring benefits for all the stakeholders In India, waste management has diverse
stakeholders, some of them in the informal sector. Rag pickers represent one prominent
category in this context; another is the society in the vicinity of dump yards, landfills or waste
to energy power plants. Unless the business model is so structured as to provide benefits to
all the stakeholders, a number of operational and legal problems could arise.
Ensuring reliable supply of feedstock at low or no cost It is critical for the waste to
energy project developer to ensure that the generator of the waste or the municipal
corporation provides the waste at no cost, and in addition provides a tipping fee. The
processes for treatment of waste and subsequent energy generation are costly, and thesecosts need to be offset through zero cost feedstock and availability of additional
monetizations such as tipping fees.
Emphasis on environmentally sound practices along the entire operational value chain
Some incineration-based waste to energy plants in India as well as worldwide have faced
significant opposition from environmental regulators and civil society, owing to allegations
of pollutants being released to the environment. Such social and legal concerns could
severely affect the sustainability of waste to energy power plants. Power project owners need
to undertake extensive analysis of all the aspects along the value chain that could haveadverse environmental impacts, and devise suitable remediation plants.
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3.3 Key Indian Players in the MSW to Energy Sector
Company Headquarters Highlights
Biomethanation
M/S Asia Bio- energy Pvt
Ltd (ABIL)
Chennai Follows Biogas induced mixing arrangement-
(BIMA) technology for a 5.1 MW MSW to energy
project
Cicon Environment
Technologies
Bhopal Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
technology and activated sludge process are
followed in installations
Bermaco/WM Power Ltd Navi Mumbai Completed 11 MW biogas plant in Mumbai using
WABIO process.
Sound craft Industries Mumbai Installing 12.8 MW plant at Mumbai with
technology from Ericsons, USA
Hydroair Tectonics
Limited
Navi Mumbai Adopting aerated and UASB technologies for the
treatment of waste sludge and biogas generation
respectively.
Ramky Enviro Engineers
Ltd
Hyderabad Undertaking comprehensive biomethanation
projects coupled to secure composting and
landfills. Also involved in incineration and
presently operating India's largest waste
incinerator at Taloja, Maharashtra.
Combustion /IncinerationA2Z Group of Companies Gurgaon RDF based combustion technology with scope for
cogeneration of heat and power.
Hanjer Biotech Energies Mumbai Developing 15 MW combustion power plant in
Surat District with MSW based RDF pellets as fuel.
SELCO International
Limited
Hyderabad SELCO setup the first commercial Municipal Solid
Waste-processing unit in India in 1999. Have
installed 6.6 MW using RDF pellets as energy
source.East Delhi Waste
Processing Company Pvt
Ltd
New Delhi Implementing 10 MW incineration power plant
with MSW derived RDF pellets as fuel.
Gasification
Zanders Engineers
Limited
Mohali Has a collaborative gasification technology to
process multiple feedstocks including MSW for
power
UPL Environmental
Engineers Pvt Ltd
Vadodara Advanced gasification technology with
destruction efficiency of 99.9% and emissions well
below thresholds.*The above companies could in future be using multiple technologies and process routes
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4. Summary
The business of generating energy from solid waste (especially municipal solid waste fromurban areas) is entering a period of rapid growth in India. The dual pressing needs of waste
management and reliable renewable energy source are creating attractive opportunities for
investors and project developers. Early movers who have identified the right technologies are
poised to grow in this promising industry.
At the same time, significant barriers exist. The yet to be commercialized technologies, high
capital requirements, predominant dependence on government machineries for many parts
of the business value chain and a sub-optimal regulatory environment present significant
industry challenges. These challenges have resulted in many critical questions regardingwaste to energy/value project viability remaining unanswered.
The complexity of navigating through these challenges calls for a clear understanding of the
stakeholders and their roles, business models, and technologies behind the waste-to-energy
solutions. Given the need for critical knowledge on the viability of waste to energy projects
before venturing into this niche sector, assistance from an advisory and research firm is
imperative.
EAI has been researching the waste to energy sector in India for the past few years, and we
have developed an exhaustive understanding of the various technology options for waste toenergy. We have worked with prestigious clients such as Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
and Pepsi Co. for waste to energy projects, and can offer actionable market intelligence and
support for those keen on exploring this sector.
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India MSW to Energy
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Waste to Energy Support from EAI
If you are looking for business and technology support for waste toenergy, look no further than EAI.
Areas of Expertise in Waste Management
EAIs waste to energy division can provide extensive research and consulting assistance for
energy recovery from the following types of waste:
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Solid and Liquid Waste
Agro Residues and Crop Waste
Sewage Waste and Fecal Sludge
Hazardous Waste
Our team has excellent exposure to energy recovery using the following types of processes:
Anaerobic Digestion / Composting
Gasification
Pyrolysis / Thermal Depolymerization
Fermentation
Combustion / Incineration
Clients
EAI consulting team has been assisting several organizations in diverse renewable energy
domains. The fact that a major percentage of our business comes from client referrals bears
ample testimony to the quality of our research and consulting.
EAI has undertaken Waste to Energy research projects for many clients including global
clients such as Pepsico and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Some of our other esteemed consulting clients include
Reliance Industries Bhavik India Group
Vedanta Resources Green Concretex Global
World Bank Agarwal Group
Minda Group Jivanlal and Sons Group
iPLON GmbH Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce
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EAI Services for the Waste to Energy Sector
Market Intelligence Techno Commercial
Feasibility Consulting
Financial and Business
Advisory Services
Market and region specific
potential analysis and
forecasting for waste to
energy sector in India.
Intelligence on all the
current and emerging
technology or process
routes for waste to energy
Inputs on all the
government regulations orincentives and approvals
relating to waste
management and waste to
energy projects
Intelligence on current
incumbents and
stakeholders in the Indian
waste management and
waste to energy projects
Key success factors and
bottlenecks that critically
influence the waste to
energy industry in India.
Feasibility analysis for
different process or
technology routes
Identification of
technology transfer or joint
venture partners for
implementation
Financial modeling and
techno economic
valuations to assess the
viability of different waste
to energy technologies
Development of
unique business plans
to attract sources of
finance.
Development of
differentiated waste to
energy business
models with highest
value to all the
stakeholders
Investment structuring
and financing support
for waste to energy
projects
Leveraging CDM, REC
and other benefits to
increase the
attractiveness of waste
to energy projects
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Why EAI for Waste to Energy?
EAI is one of the few companies in India who have in depth knowledge of the market,
technology and business aspects of waste to energy industry across its entire value chain.
We have an exceptional understanding of the technology options and process routes for
waste management for diverse types and scale of waste.
Our past work on diverse assignments in waste to energy for global companies such as
Pepsi Co., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation etc., and our current assignments in this field
have provided our team with unique perspectives and insights on all the key challenges
and bottlenecks in the entire value chain.
Our large network of technical contacts for waste to energy in India and globally will
assist our clients get easier access to latest technological solutions.
Our multi-disciplinary team with chemical and biochemical technology professionals
ensures that our recommendations will always come with a seal of scientific approval.
Our management team comprising professionals from IITs and IIMs ensure that our
recommendations, blue prints and business models are powerful and state- of- the - art.
To know more on how EAI can assist you, contact
Narasimhan Santhanam
Mob: +91-90435 39679
Email:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]