msw webinar series...iswa main sponsors: msw webinar series part 2: establishing sanitary landfills...
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ISWA Main Sponsors:
MSW Webinar Series
Part 2: Establishing Sanitary Landfills
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This Webinar has been developed on behalf of the CCAC MSW Initiative by ISWA
ISWA Main Sponsors:
MSW Webinar SeriesPart 2: Establishing Sanitary Landfills
Mitigating SLCPs from the Municipal Waste Sector
http://waste.ccac-knowledge.net/
Presenters
3
Luis Marinheiro is the Chair of the ISWA WG-
Landfill who began his professional career in 1996
as an Environmental Engineer.
Working as a consultant, advisor, coordinator and
technical director, he has managed and
coordinated a number of projects and contracts to
provide services in various environmental areas
including waste management.
In 2010 he was elected President of the
Environmental Engineering College of the
Portuguese Association of Engineers.
Derek Greedy is the former Chair of the
ISWA Working Group on Landfill and
has worked in the waste management
industry since 1975 until retiring in
2012. Derek has had regulatory,
operational and technical experience in
both the public and private sectors.
He is a Chartered Environmentalist,
Chartered Waste Manager and a Fellow
of the Chartered Institution of Wastes
Management (CIWM). He is a Past
President of CIWM.
Derek
Greedy
Luis
Marinheiro
INTRODUCTION
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Where do we want to be?
Options for Managing Open Dumps
6
Overview of Options for Managing Open Dumps
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Business as usual – not recommended
Improvements in operation & management to reduce impacts
Close by
- covering waste in place or piggybacking
- close by removing wastes from the site (mining/recycling and excavation)
- close and establish a controlled landfill or a sanitary landfill
Overview of Options for Managing Open Dumps
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o Closure of Waste in Place
o Closure of Waste in Place by
Piggybacking
o Closure as a Controlled Landfill
o Close by removing wastes from the
site (mining/recycling and
excavation)
o Close and establish a Sanitary
Landfill
Overview of Options for Managing Open Dumps
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o Controlled
o Simple non engineered measures
o Engineered
o Simple engineering eg impermeable cap
o Sanitary
o Sophisticated engineering of base, sides and surface
o Bioreactor landfill?
What is a Sanitary Landfill?
o Permitted and planned
o Engineered to a specification
o Leachate collection and treatment
o Landfill gas collection and treatment
o Sound operational practices (See ISWA
Landfill Operations Guidelines)
o Monitoring
o Long-term aftercare
Classes of Sanitary Landfills
o Sanitary Landfill for Inert Wastes
o Sanitary landfill for Non-hazardous Waste
o Sanitary Landfill for Hazardous wastes
Engineering Requirements - Geological Barrier
o inert landfill: - k = or < 1 x 10-7 m/s, thickness = or > 1m
o non-hazardous*: - k = or < 1 x 10-9 m/s, thickness = or > 1m
o hazardous*: - k = or < 1 x 10-9 m/s, thickness = or > 5m
*requires an additional artificial sealing liner and a drainage
layer = or > 0.5m thickness
Lining Materials
o Naturally occurring mineral
– clay/silts/shales
o Bentonite enriched soils
o High Density Polyethylene
o Geo-synthetic clay
Single Clay Liner
o Easiest to install
o Clay materials often readily
available
o Minimum of 1 metre thickness
o Compacted in 150 mm lifts
o Strive for permeability of less than
10-7 m/s inert landfills and 10-9 m/s
for non-hazardous and hazardous
o Regular in-situ testing using nuclear
density gauges
o Core samples on completion for
laboratory testing
o Construction Quality Assurance
Composite Liners
o Clay liner is the base
o Geomembrane (usually
HDPE) is placed above clay in
direct contact with clay
o Research and several
decades of practice have
demonstrated these liners
provide excellent protection of
the environment
o A requirement for non-
hazardous and hazardous
waste landfills
Liner configurations
Compacted Clay Liner
Liner configurations
Single Synthetic Liner
Liner configurations
Composite Liner
Liner configurations
Double Liner with leak detection
Development of a sanitary landfill
Development of a sanitary landfill
Development of a sanitary landfill
Final Cover Systems for Landfills
o Provides protection for human
health and the environment
o Promotes surface water runoff
o Reduces surface water
infiltration
o Provides protection against air
ingress and the potential for fires
o Improves landfill gas generation
o Improves ability to collect landfill
gas
o Reduces odours
o Provides vector control
Landfill Gas
o Produced with solid waste decomposition
o Amount & composition dependent on solid
waste characteristics
o Increase in organics equals an increase in gas
generation
o Can be used to create energy
o Gas generation ends with end of decomposition
o Mixture of
o Methane (CH4) o 50% to 60%
o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) o 40% to 50%
o Non Methane Organic Compounds
(NMOCs) – Trace
o Mercaptans
o Hydrogen Sulphide
Landfill Gas Collection
o Gas collection trenches – installed during
operational phase
o Horizontal wells – installed during
operational phase
o Vertical Wells – installed during
operational phase or on completion
Landfill Gas treatment (Flaring)
o Enclosed ground flare
o Typical operating temperature
range: 760ºC to 870ºC
o Flare body usually circular: 9 to
12 metres high
o LFG combusted close to ground
o Flame not visible from outside
o Air louvers near stack base
o Good destruction rates (>99%)
Landfill Gas treatment (Flaring)
o Open flare
o Vertical Pipe
o Flare tip at top of pipe
o Flame visible from outside
o Smaller than enclosed flare
o Better for low gas flows
o Destruction rates around 95%
Landfill Gas treatment
o Source of energy
Landfill Gas treatment
o Direct source of heat
o Brick kilns
o Greenhouses
o Steam boilers
Landfill Gas treatment
o Other Uses
o Vehicle fuel
o Upgrade for domestic supply
Leachate
o Caused by
o Precipitation
o Surface Water
o Run-on
o Dissolved and Suspended
Contaminants
o Inorganics
o Organics
o Microorganisms
o Varies with type of waste
o Varies with age of landfill
o Requires treatment
Operations
o Site Roads
o The Use of Daily Cover
o Bird Control
o Wheel Cleaning
o Litter Control
o Vector Control
o Managing the Working Face
o Waste Compaction
o Landfill Fires
o Stormwater and Sediment Control
o Waste Control at Landfills
o Leachate Control
o Odour Control
o Landfill Gas Management
o Site Safety and Security
Monitoring
o Waste inputs
o Groundwater
o Surface water
o Litter
o Site roads
o Public highway
o Odours
o Working face
o Leachate levels
o Landfill gas
o Composition
o Migration
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Post Closure Management
o Repair fencing and gates
o Clean and maintain ditches
o Inspect and maintain any gas flaring
equipment
o Remediate any areas of settlement to
retain final slopes
o Clear up and remove any areas of illegally
deposited waste
o Monitor all adjacent surface water bodies
o Maintain landscaping
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QUESTIONS
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CASE STUDY
ANGOLA
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
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Angola
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o Angola 16.6 m people
o 148th out of 187 countries in
UN Human Development
Index
o Luanda population 5.2 million
o Urban Wastes Strategic
Management Plan 2012
Current situation
38
Urban Wastes Strategic Management Plan 2012
39
o Focus on Sanitary landfill
o Trench landfills for remote communities
o Good design, construction and operations
o Form consortium of municipalities in
construction of new landfills to defray costs
o Rehabilitation of existing landfills
o Composting as a solution for biowaste
o Recycling to protect resources
o Energy from waste to be sourced from landfill
gas
o Construction and demolition waste to be
recycled
o WEEE to be considered as a priority waste
stream based on its potential hazardous nature
o Environmental education important for schools
and all citizens.
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
40
o Opened in December 2007 by the
President of the Republic of Angola
o 1st sanitary landfill in Angola
o Occupies 270 hectares
o To be developed in 3 phases
o Phase 1 – 5 cells
o Phase 2 – 4 cells
o Phase 3 - ?
o Expected life of 40 – 45 years
o Cut and fill
o Compacted clay and HDPE liner
(composite)
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
41
o Municipal waste collected
from 2100 to 0400
o Network of waste transfer
stations
o Up to 7000 tonnes of
waste/day
o 24hour a day operation
o 50 operatives and staff
o No scavengers
o Compactor and bulldozer to
place the waste
o Waste checking and
weighbridge
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
42
Cell engineering/construction
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
43
o 80 – 110 m3 leachate generated per day
o Treatment by recirculation
o Capacity to recirculate 180 m3 leachate per
day
o 2 storage lagoons
o Capacity 50,000 m3
Mulenvos Sanitary Landfill
44
o Collection of landfill
gas
o Rudimentary flaring
with candlestick type
flares
o Long term aim to
collect for energy
CASE STUDY
BRAZIL
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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BRAZIL
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o Total Population: 190,8 m people
o Capital city - Brasilia
o Largest city – São Paulo
o Most famous city – Rio de Janeiro
o 79th out of 187 countries in UN
Human Development Index
o Rio de Janeiro population: 6,1 /
12 m people
o National Solid Waste Policy: 2010
o Dead-line for closure of open
dumps: 2014
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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Aerial View – Jun 2012
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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Aerial View – Jun 2014
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
49
o Located in São Gonçalo Municipality
(integrates the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro)
o São Gonçalo population: 1 m people
o Opened in 2nd February 2012
o Design capacity:
o 1.800 tons/d
o 657.000 tons/y
o Occupies 147 hectares
o To be developed in several phases
o Expected life of 20 years
o Cut and fill
o Maximum height: 90 m
o Compacted clay, GCL and HDPE liner (composite)
o Distance to the center of the municipality: 7,5 km
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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o Type of waste
– Municipal solid waste (%): 84%
– Health care waste (%): 0,08%
– Commercial solid waste (%): 3%
– WWTP sludge (%): 1%
– Inerts (%): 11.92%
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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o Composition of MSW
– Organic material (%): 58%
– Paper / Cardboard (%): 14%
– Plastic (%): 17%
– Ferrous metals (%): 1,5%
– Glass (%): 3%
– Wood (%): 2%
– Textiles (%):1%
– Others: 3,5%
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
52
o Up to 1800 tonnes of waste/day
o Compactor and bulldozer to place the
waste
o No scavengers
o 24hour a day operation
o 32 operatives and staff
o Waste checking and weighbridge
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
53
Cell engineering/construction
o Earthmoving / modelling of slopes
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
54
Cell engineering/construction
o Earthmoving / modelling of slopes
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
55
Cell engineering/construction
o Landfill bottom preparation – earthmoving
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
56
Cell engineering/construction
o Underground water drain
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
57
Cell engineering/construction
o Landfill bottom preparation – clay compaction
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
58
Cell engineering/construction
o Geosynthetic application (GCL + HDPE + geotextiles)
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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Cell engineering/construction
o Leachate collection
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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o ~ 240 m3 leachate generated per day
o Treatment by reverse osmosis (RO)
o 3 storage lagoons
Cell engineering/construction
o Leachate treatment
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
61
Cell engineering/construction
o Leachate treatment
o Reverse osmosis plant
o 1st phase: 120 m3/d
o 2nd phase: 120 m3/d
o Recirculation of RO
concentrate
o Re-use of RO permeate
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
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Cell engineering/construction
o Landfill gas collection and treatment
o Vertical wells
o Rudimentary flaring with candlestick type flares
o Long term aim to collect for energy
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
63
Cell engineering/construction
o Internal roads
São Gonçalo Sanitary Landfill
64
Cell engineering/construction
o Fence – 7.000 m
QUESTIONS
65
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Further Reading
Guidelines for Design and Operation of Municipal Solid Waste
Landfills in Tropical Climates
International Guidelines for Landfill Evaluation
Management of Landfill Gas - ISWA Key Issue Paper
Field Procedures Handbook for the Operation of Landfill Biogas
Systems
International Best Practices Guide for Landfill Gas Energy
Projects
Landfill Methane: Reducing Emissions, Advancing Recovery and
Use Opportunities
The World’s 50 biggest dumpsites (available at
http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ under reports and presentations)
Helpful Web Resources
MSW Knowledge Platform http://waste.ccac-knowledge.net/
ISWA Knowledge Base
http://www.iswa.org/media/publications/knowledge-base/
Global Methane Initiative https://www.globalmethane.org/landfills/
67
Thank you
Please feel free to contact the presenters for any further information
o Luis Marinheiro [email protected]
o Derek Greedy [email protected]
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Acknowledgement
Slides on Brazilian case study created with the valuable help of the staff of landfill owner
(Pedro Filippini & Ramon da Silva – Haztec Tecnologia e Planejamento Ambiental, S.A.)
and the reverse osmosis system supplier (Stefan Loblich – AST - Soluções e Serviços
de Ambiente.
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