m_t_ch10_classification_ss10.ppt

5/17/2018 M_T_Ch10_Classification_SS10.ppt

1/23

Ch 10

Classification

of

Microorganisms


2/23Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Student Learning Outcomes

e!ine ta"onomy, ta"on, and phylogeny.

#ist the characteristics o! the Bacteria, $rchaea, and Eu%arya domains.

i!!erentiate among eu%aryotic, pro%aryotic, and &iral species.

E"plain the scienti!ic naming

i!!erentiate bet'een culture, clone, and strain.

Compare and contrast classi!ication and identi!ication.E"plain the purpose o! Bergeys Manual.

escribe ho' staining and biochemical tests are used to identi!y bacteria.

E"plain ho' serological tests and phage typing can be used to identi!y an

un%no'n bacterium.escribe ho' a ne'ly disco&ered microbe can be classi!ied by ribotyping,

($ !ingerprinting, and PC).

escribe ho' microorganisms can be identi!ied by nucleic acid

hybridi*ation, ($ chips, and +I-.

E"plain and apply a dichotomous %ey



Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Taxonmoy cience o! classi!ying organisms. Pro&ides

uni&ersal names !or organisms.

/a"onomic categories /a"on /a"a

Phylogenyor Systematics E&olutionary history o! group o!

organisms.

/a"onomic hierarchy sho's phylogenetic 1e&olutionary,relationships among organisms.

3464 #i&ing organisms di&ided into !i&e %ingdoms.

345 /'o types o! pro%aryotic cells !ound. Pro%aryoticrelationships determined by r)($ se7uencing.

$ll pecies In&entory 1200382029



/he /hree:omain ystemFoundation Fig 10.1



Level Above Kindom: The Three-Domain System

Carl

Woese

1978

Eubacteria 1&irtuosos

$rchaea 1'eirdoes

Eu%arya 1predators and thie&es



Endosymbiotic /heory ;rigin o! Eu%aryotes

Cyanophora paradoxa:modern example ofpossible evolutionary process

Figs 10.2, 10.3



Scientific omenclature

Common names

sed 'orld'ide

Escherichia coli

Homo sapiens


8/23

Scientific ames

ScientifcBinomial

Source oGenus Name

Source oSpecifcEpithet

Klebsiellapneumoniae

Honors EdwinKlebs The disease

Pfesteriapiscicida

Honors LoisPfester Disease in fsh

Salmonellatyphimurium

Honors DanielSalmon

Stupor (typh-) inmice (muri-)

Streptococcuspyogenes Chains o cells(strepto-) !orms pus (pyo-)

Penicilliumchrysogenum Tutli"e (penicill-)

Produces a#ellow (chryso-)pi$ment

Trypanosoma Cor"screw-li"e(trypano-% borer& Honors 'swaldo



!lassification: S"ecies Definition

#u$aryotic s"ecies $ group o! closely related organismsthat breed among themsel&es

Pro$aryotic s"ecies $ population o! cells 'ith similar

characteristics 1Bergeys Manual of ystematic

Bacteriologyis standard re!erence on bacterialclassi!ication. !ulture ?ro'n in laboratory media !lone Population o! cells deri&ed !rom a single cell

Strain ?enetically di!!erent cells 'ithin a clone %iral s"ecies Population o! &iruses 'ith similar

characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche.


10/23Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 10.6

Phylogenetic )elationships o! Pro%aryotes



Domain #u$arya

Animalia @ulticellularA no cell 'allsAchemoheterotrophic

Plantae @ulticellularA cellulose cell 'allsA

usually photoautotrophic &ungi ChemoheterotrophicA

unicellular or multicellularA cell 'alls o! chitinA

de&elop !rom spores or hyphal !ragments

Protista $ catchall %ingdom !or eu%aryotic

organisms that do not !it other %ingdoms

?rouped into cladesbased on r)($



!lassification Placing organisms ingroups o! related species. #ists o!

characteristics o! %no'n organisms.'dentification @atching characteristics

o! an un%no'n to lists o! %no'norganisms.

Fig 10.!

!lassification and'dentification



Applications,

p. 283

'dentifying (acteria



(ergey)s *anual:!lassifying and 'dentifying Pro$aryotes

Bergeys Manual oDeterminativeBacteriologyProides identifcation

schemes or identi#in$bacteria and archaea

*orpholo$#%di+erential stainin$%

biochemical tests

Bergeys Manual o

SystematicBacteriologyProides phylogeneticinormation on bacteria

and archaea

,ased on r./se0uencin$


15/23



!linical Lab 'dentification

*or"hological

characteristics

>se!ul !or identi!ying

eu%aryotes

Differential staining?ram staining, acid:

!ast staining

(iochemical tests

eterminespresence o! bacterial

en*ymes

(umerical )apid Identi!ication


17/23

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Serology In&ol&es reactions o!

microorganisms 'ithspeci!ic antibodies"om#ine $no%n anti&serum %ith un$no%n#acterium

>se!ul in determining theidentity o! strains andspecies, as 'ell asrelationships amongorganisms.

Fig 10.10'lide $gglutination

E"amples lide agglutination

E#I$ (see la#) Destern blot (no details)


18/23


Phage Ty"ing Fig 10.13

Identi!ication o!bacterialspecies andstrains bydetermining theirsusceptibility to&arious phages.

@ore details onbacteriophagesin Ch 3


19/23


+enetics DA finger"rinting:

(umber and si*es o! ($!ragments 1!ingerprintsproduced by )E digests areused to determine genetic

similarities.

)ibotyping r)($ se7uencing

Polymerase chain reaction

1PC) can be used to ampli!ya small amount o! microbial($ in a sample. /hepresence or identi!ication o!

an organism is indicated byampli!ied ($. (see la#)

Fig 10.1*' Electrophoresis o!)E digest o! plasmid ($


20/23


ucleic Acid ,ybridiation

Fig 10.1+

ingle strands o! ($ or )($, !rom related organisms'ill hydrogen:bond to !orm a double:stranded moleculeA

this bonding is called nucleic acid hybridi*ation.

E"amples o! $pplications

Fouthern blotting,

F($ chips, and

F+I-


21/23

(ucleic $cid -ybridi*ation ($ Chip

Fig 10.1


22/23

+luorescent In itu -ybridi*ation 1+I-

Fig 10.1!a-#

$dd ($ or )($

probe attached to

!luorescent dye

!or . aureus


23/23

Dichotomous Key

ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: 'ractic&

ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: (a#pl& )ith

Flo)chart

ANIMAI!N "ichoto#o$s %&ys: !*&r*i&)
http://dichotomous.html/http://dichotomous_sample.html/http://dichotomous_practice.html/

m_t_ch10_classification_ss10.ppt

Documents

o types o

pearson education

group o

population o

purpose o

characteristics o

phylogenytaxonmoy cience

benjamin cummingstaxonomy