MTLE-1200 Introduction to Materials Engineering

JONSSN 5119, Monday 9.00-9.50 am

P. Keblinski Head, Materials Science and Engineering

MRC 102 Tel 276-6858, Email keblip@rpi.edu

Welcome to the Wonderful World of Materials! • What do Materials Engineers / Scientists

Do?Discover, design and engineer materials with

properties that enhance applications Synthesis Processing Measurement Fundamental Understanding Applications

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES SYNTHESIS / PROCESSING

STRUCTURE CONTROLS PROPERTIES REALIZATION OF STRUCTURE / PROPERTIES REQUIRES SYNTHESIS /PROCESSING PROCESSING CONTROLS STRUCTURE ALL COMBINE TO ENABLE APPLICATIONS ALL REQUIRE CHARACTERIZATION, MODELING, UNDERSTANDING

APPLICATIONS

Materials are a Part of our Everyday Lives

•  Planes, trains and automobiles •  Computers •  Cell phones •  Buildings •  Clothing •  Packaging •  Health and medical •  Energy •  Toilet Bowls •  And New Breakthroughs Emerging Continuously

Gold nanoshell particles (150 nm diameter) injected into bloodstream of mice – penetrate tumors but not healthy tissue. Nanoparticles absorb infrared light that otherwise passes through body tissue. Nanoshells heat up, killing cancer tissues….(J. West et al, Rice U.)

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

Artificial retina with nanocrystalline diamond (USC, Argonne….)

20-40x increases in the 1H MRI T1 spin-lattice relaxivity rates for a Gd Trimetasphere wrt commercial agents (Omniscan, Magnevist)– VT, Luna, VCU

Self Assembling Biomolecular Fibers contain neurite promoting pentapeptide epitope (IKVAV), inhibiting development of astrocytes (Stupp group, NWU)

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

•  World demand for energy doubles to 28 Terawatts by 2050 •  Need to satisfy this goal without increasing environmental

degradation and without over-reliance on fossil fuels

2.1 GW 1.8 GW

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN ENERGY

Technical and Scientific Challenges

•  Understanding water flow in fractured unsaturated rock.

•  Evaluating highly non-linear coupled thermo-hydraulic-chemical-mechanical processes.

•  Projecting corrosion rates and processes at high temperatures.

•  Developing a realistic radionuclide source term during and following the degradation of the waste packages.

Emplacement Drift Configuration

Titanium Drip Shield

Service Condition: Temperature on WP surface vs. time since repository closure

(Maxima and minima of above curve reflect mostly position in repository but also uncertainties.)

“thermal pulse”

Alloy 22 is Extremely Robust

Difference in thickness over a million years using DOE’s mean general corrosion rate at 60ºC

• 

Year 0

Year 1,000,000

Approach to Deliquescence-Based Localized Corrosion of Alloy 22

•  Approach to screen out deliquescence-based localized corrosion as being of insignificant consequence if any of the following questions can be answered, NO:

1) Can multiple-salt deliquescent brines form at elevated temperature?

2) If brines form at elevated temperature, will they persist?

3) If deliquescent brines persist, will they be corrosive?

4) If deliquescent brines are potentially corrosive, will they initiate localized corrosion?

5) Once initiated, will localized corrosion penetrate the waste package outer barrier?

The Smalley Solution for Power Transmission

Nanomaterials can revolutionize technologies for energy generation, storage and transmission

Carbon Nanotubes can have higher conductivity than Cu, 1/6 the weight, 10x the strength

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN ENERGY

Narrow (low diffusion length)

1 µm 10 µm

100 µm

100 nm 100 nm

1 µm

10 nm Rod radius

for 100 nm carrier diffusion length

10

15

5

Effic

ienc

y(%

)

Optimal rod radius = 70 nm

(Light line)

Plasmon Dispersion Relation

λ = 450 nm

λ ~ 10 nm

Can form an optical probe with very high spatial frequencies Ag interface

Radial Nanorods

Radial nanorod pn junction Si cell

Courtesy, Harry Attwater, Caltech

For solar energy to make significant impact on energy supply we need: •  Efficiencies ≥ 15% •  Lifetimes of 15-30 years w/ daily cycling to 80oC •  A cost less than $1/W , $100/m2

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN ENERGY

Solid State Lighting

Goal of solid state lighting is 50% efficiency

Source:

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN ENERGY

Source: Intel

www.imgarcode.com

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN COMPUTATION

GMR

read head

Giant Magnetoresistive Materials have revolutionized the hard drive industry

Total Market: ~ $50 billion / yr

Cost to End-User: ~ 10c / Gb (Fifteen Years ago, c. $10 / Mb!)

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN COMPUTATION

Jet engines fan blades

Protective coatings for nuclear waste containment & navy ship

Ultrahard cutting discs and drill bits

Naval electrical propulsion applications

MATERIALS ADVANCES IN INFRASTRUCTURE

G. Shiflet / J. Poon U. Virginia

Metallic Glasses

Classes of Materials •  Metals

–  Metallic elements / compounds –  Strong yet ductile –  Good conductors of heat, electricity

•  Polymers –  Repetitive chains (poly-mers), usually organic –  Low strength, high ductility –  Modest conductors of heat, electricity

•  Ceramics –  Compounds of metallic / non-metallic elements –  Strong but brittle –  Poor conductors of heat, electricity

•  Composites –  Best of both worlds; mix and match properties –  Fiberglass (polymer matrix, glass fibers) – light

and strong but ductile –  Concrete –  Bone: polymer (collagen) and mineral (apatite)

•  Semiconductors –  Strong but brittle –  Engineerable electrical (thermal) conductivity

•  Nanomaterials –  Property engineering by nanometer-scale

engineering •  Biomaterials

–  Enhanced functionality (artificial retina, artificial limbs, tendons, joints)

–  Diagnostics (MRI, drug release, remedial..) –  Biological materials: proteins, tissues, cells,

DNA…. The materials of life

PROPERTIES

•  Mechanical •  Electrical •  Optical •  Chemical •  Magnetic •  Thermal

PROPERTIES •  Mechanical – Strength – Ductility – Toughness – Energy Absorption – Density / Weight – Microstructure

•  Electrical •  Optical •  Chemical •  Magnetic •  Thermal

Stress

Strain

PROPERTIES

•  Mechanical •  Electrical

– Conductivity – Mobility – Superconductance

•  Optical •  Chemical •  Magnetic •  Thermal

PROPERTIES •  Mechanical •  Electrical •  Optical

– Absorption – Reflectance – Spectrum – Emission – Polarizability

•  Chemical •  Magnetic •  Thermal

World’s darkest material, Shawn Lin RPI Physics

PROPERTIES

•  Mechanical •  Electrical •  Optical •  Chemical (Surface)

– Reactivity – Corrosion – Adsorption

•  Magnetic •  Thermal

PROPERTIES

•  Mechanical •  Electrical •  Optical •  Chemical •  Magnetic

– Coercivity – Remanence – Hysteresis

•  Thermal

PROPERTIES •  Mechanical •  Electrical •  Optical •  Chemical •  Magnetic •  Thermal

– Conductance – Radiation – Thermoelectricity

Materials selection maps from Ashby, Michael F. (2011). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (4th Edition).. Elsevier. 4.4

When properly prepared (as it is on our Bamboo), fast-growing bamboo is stronger than steel, with a wonderful natural radiance…..

http://biomega.dk/biomega.aspx

Example from D. Lewis, RPI MSE

Materials selection maps from Ashby, Michael F. (2011). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (4th Edition).. Elsevier. 4.4

Materials selection maps from Ashby, Michael F. (2011). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (4th Edition).. Elsevier. 4.3