mtu’s technology roadmap towards emission free flying...pw1100g v2500 power gear box high speed...

MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying

Dr. Joerg Sieber, MTU Aero Engines

14. Tag der Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtregionen – Innovationen für eine emissionsarme Luftfahrt

Potsdam, 10. Sep. 2019

© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.

10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 2

Agenda

Future requirements

Potential for improvement

Geared Turbofan

Revolutionary engine cycles

Sustainable aviation fuels

Electric flight

Roadmap towards emission free flight



Aircraft Engine Emissions Greenhouse Gas Effects and Health Impact

Noise

Engine

Aircraft

Gas

CO2 H2O

NOx CO

UHC

PM

Soot

Almost all aircraft engine emissions are with greenhouse gas effect

Climate impact

CO2

Formation of ozone due to NOx

Contrails due to particulate matter and H2O

Aviation climate change factor 2 to 3 higher than CO2share

Health impact

NOx

CO

UHC (unburnt hydro carbons)

PM (particulate matter)

Soot

Future Requirements


International AviationIATA, ICAO, ATAG

Reduction in net aviation CO2 emissions of 50% by 2050

Carbon-neutral growth from 2020

1.5% fuel efficiency improvement p.a. from 2009 – 2020

European and International Goals regarding Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions


Engine manufactures are on track to meet EU SRIA goals. For achieving IATA goals sustainable aviation fuels are

essential. Both goals are guidelines and not legally binding.

European AviationStrategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA)

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

YEAR2000 SRIA2020 SRIA2035 SRIA2050

Fu

el b

urn

pe

r p

as

se

ng

er

kil

om

ete

rre

l. t

o y

ea

r 2

00

0

Total Air traffic

Airframe and Engine (each)

Air traffic management

Operation

Future Requirements


Paris 2° climate target


2050 CO2 air traffic targets in comparison as assumed by Clean Sky

Paris 2° target is by far the most ambitious and legally binding target. Currently, no solutions are available to achieve the

required reduction

Paris climate conference 2015 (COP21)

195 countries adopted the first legally binding climate

deal

Long-term goal:

• Keep global average temperature rise well below

2°C

• Pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C

No split to different transport modes so far79

325

675

Future Requirements


Key Measures for Emissions Reduction


All stakeholders have to work together to reduce emissions

Aircraft Engine Fuel Operations Air traffic

management

Regulations &

incentives

New aircraft concepts New engine concepts Sustainable fuel

New energy carriers

Formation flight

Aerial refueling

Control

Free flight

Emission trading

Regulations

Distributed propulsion

Hydrogen

1

H1,0079

E-Motor GeneratorPMAD

Potential for Improvement


MTU’s Approach CLAIRE (Clean Air Engine)Vision 2020 & Flightpath 2050 Targets


CLAIRE 1

15% 40%

Geared

Turbofan

CLAIRE 3

Integrated

Ultra

Efficient

Engine

40% 65%

Ultra Low

Pressure

Ratio

Fan

Gen2 GTF

CLAIRE 2

25% 50%

V2500

BASE

2000 2015 2030 2050

Today’s Air Traffic between Europe and the US

BPR 5

OPR 36

BPR 12

OPR 46BPR > 14

OPR 60+ ?

Evolutionary development of GTF-engine for 2030+, revolutionary ideas needed for 2050

Potential for Improvement



Geared Turbofan Geared Turbofan (PW1100G-JM) in comparison with the conventional turbofan (V2500)

The geared turbofan is setting new standards: - 16% fuel consumption & - 40% noise emission

PW1100G

V2500

Power gear box High speed

low pressure

turbine

High speed

booster

V2533-A5 PW1133G-JM

Stage count 1-4-10-2-5 1-G-3-8-2-3reduced number of

stages

Fan diameter1613 mm

63,5 in

2057 mm

81 inenlarged diameter

Bypass ratio 4,5 12higher propulsive

efficiency

Overall

pressure ratio33,4 46

higher thermal

efficiency

Fuel

consumptionbase - 16%

reduced fuel

consumption

Noise

emissionbase

- 20 EPNdB

(cumulated)

reduced noise

emissions

NOx emission base> - 50%

(- 55% CAEP6)

reduced pollutant

emissions

Geared Turbofan


Revolutionary Engine Concepts – Composite Cycle EngineCombination of piston engine and gas turbine


Principle

Coupling of two thermal engines with different cycles

piston compressor and motor with gas turbine

Benefits

• Efficiency gain through increase of T4 and P3

• Reducing fuel burn by ~ 12%

Challenges

• Complex machine with intermittent working process

• NOx increase due to high temperature

• Reliability

CharacteristicsSchematic

Free double piston engine has high potential for decreasing fuel burn substantially.

3 4542 5

35

piston

compressor

piston

motor

25Tmax >> T4Pmax >> P325

Engine concept

Revolutionary Engine Cycles


Power-to-Liquid

process

Minimum fuel

selling price and

GHG emissions

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)


Power-to-Liquid technology provides sustainable aviation fuel which is crucial for achieving IATA and Paris goals

Principle

Hydrogen is produced by renewable energy and water

CO2 is separated from air by direct air capture

H2 and CO2 are converted to jet fuel

Benefits

Drop-in fuel

Sustainable (renewable and CO2 neutral)

Challenges

More expensive than conventional jet fuel

Low process efficiency

CO2 recovery from atmosphere

Large amount of sustainable electricity

CharacteristicsSchematic / Price and GHG emissions

Sustainable Aviation Fuels

PtL

LH2

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.40

10

100

90

80

60

50

70

40

30

20

Sp

ecif

ic G

HG

em

issio

ns [

gC

O2,e

q /M

J]

MFSP [EUR/liter kerosene,eq]

Conventional jet fuel

HEFAStL / renewable

BtL / forestry residues

BtL / eucalyptus

StL: Sun to Liquid

Source: Bauhaus Luftfahrt


Battery-electric Flight


Battery-electric flight

The maximum energy density of available batteries

reaches 0,25 kWh/kg and therefore provides only

1/25 of the energy of kerosene (kerosene 11,9

kWh/kg, electric system double efficiency).

Available battery energy densities allow short flights in

General Aviation

An expected improvement of 5% p.a. would lead to a

potential regional application in 2045

With a currently known potential of 900Wh/kg battery-

electric flying in commercial aviation is not reasonable

Regional

0

1000

2000

3000

2015 2025 2035 2045 2055 2065

Sp

ec

ific

en

erg

y[W

h/k

g]

Known potential: 900 Wh/kg

Available today: 250 Wh/kg

2018

10%/p.a. 7%/p.a.

5%/p.a.

3%/p.a.

Battery-electric flight is feasible for general aviation. Currently, no battery technology is known to reach energy densities

required for short/medium or long range applications.

Development of battery technology

Electric Flight


Many possible configurations

Turbo-

electric

Hybrid-

electric

Turbo-electric & Hybrid-electric Propulsion Systems


Advantages

Turbo- and hybrid-electric propulsion opens up new

possibilities of aircraft and engine design.

Aircraft

Drag reduction by boundary layer ingestion, lift

enhancement, reduction of control surfaces, …

Engine

Optimization of operating points, use of complex

engine cycles (fuselage), high propulsive efficiency by

using multiple fans, …

Challenges

High additional weight

Additional losses due to energy conversion

Complex system

Only a clever combination of advantages from aircraft and engine by minimizing the disadvantages will result in a

successful new aircraft/engine concept.

E-Motor

GeneratorPMAD

E-Motor Generator

PMAD

E-Motor

E-Motor

PMAD

Generator

PMAD

E-MotorE-Motor

GeneratorPMAD

E-Motor

series

partial

series

series

partial

series

parallel

Electric Flight


Conclusion


Gas turbine

The GTF will be the standard engine for the next decades - evolutionary technology development is in focus

Thermal engines still deliver room for improvement - two revolutionary concepts are selected for demonstration

SAF are without alternative to operate gas turbines near term to support acceptance and growth

Electric powertrains

Battery-electric propulsion is suitable for general aviation and urban mobility

Turbo- and hybrid-electric systems still have to demonstrate advantages

Fuel cell technology has the potential to take the lead

2020 2030 2040 2050

GTF SAF Gen2 GTF Rev. engine cycles Hydrogen Fuel cell

Hydrogen

1

H1,0079

Roadmap towards Emission Free Flying

mtu’s technology roadmap towards emission free flying...pw1100g v2500 power gear box high speed...

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