muckrakers journalists exposed the truth early 1900’s upton sinclair ida tarbell the jungle food,...
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MuckrakersJournalistsExposed the truthEarly 1900’s Upton SinclairIda TarbellThe Jungle Food, Inc.FDA
Upton SinclairThe JungleMuckrakerMeat packing industryBook led to legislationFDAFDRFood Inspection ActPure Food and Drug Act
Ida TarbellExposed unfair business practices in
the oil industryInvestigative journalistRockefellersStandard OilTeacherMuckrakerWrote “The History of Standard Oil”
Hull HouseSettlement houseChicagoEllen Gates Starr founded thisHelped refugeesFirst of its kindApartments for immigrants / women
InitiativeProposed law that comes from the
peopleDoes not come from lawmakersProgressive EraLegislative measureHas to go through legislative processCan be added to legislation as a
referendum
ReferendumWhere a proposed bill can be voted
on by the peopleGave people more say in
governmentUsed in some cases to recall
government officials
RecallTo remove a public official from officeVote of the people not the governmentUsually voted on in a referendum20 states had adopted referendum,
recall, and/or initiative procedures by 1920
Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era
Direct election of the Senators17th amendmentPeople voted for senatorsNo longer appointed by state
legislatures1912People have more say in federal
governmentPart of the Progressive Era
Jim CrowSegregation laws in the southNew way of enslaving African-
Americans without “slavery”Black codesGot rid of all blacks’ rightsMostly aimed at keeping blacks from
votingLed to the Freedmen’s Bureau
Plessy v. Ferguson1896 segregation in public places is
legalEstablished “separate but equal” clauseSecond major racial Landmark
Supreme Court caseLast 60 years until Brown v. Board of
EducationEnforced judicial review
NAACPNational Association for the
Advancement of Colored PeopleRacial equalityFounded in 1909Booker T. WashingtonNon-violent means to equality
Anti-immigration sentimentLead to immigration restrictionsNativismChinese-Exclusion ActLow wage jobsQuota systemNationalismContinues into today
Chinese Exclusion ActProhibited all Chinese except students,
teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the US
1882Limited the number of Chinese
immigrantsDiscrimination in the Railroad industry
Spanish-American WarAmerica wanted to free Cuba from
Spanish controlTriggered by the sinking of the USS
MaineTreaty of Paris ended it in 1898Rough RidersAmerica gained the PhilippinesTeddy Roosevelt“Big Stick” PolicyShowed America as a major world power
American ExpansionismExpand the size of the nation under
imperialismManifest Destiny (economically)Hawaii, Philippines, etc.AlaskaIncrease military strengthPuerto Rico
Philippine-American WarLed by AguinaldoRevolt against the USRevolting against annexation by the
USRevolt was stopped by US US did not annex the Philippines
Roosevelt CorollaryExtension of the Monroe DoctrineWe would protect the western
hemisphere against European interference
1904Spread democracyWorld policeOur right to protect economic interest
by military intervention if necessary
Panama Canalaided in trade between coastsConnected the Atlantic and the PacificOpened in 1914 Gave it back to Panama eventuallyBuilt by USHelped Panamanians gain freedom
from ColombiaTook 10 years51 miles long
U.S. NeutralityAttempt to stay out of international
warsLend-Lease ActIsolationismNot successful
Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUse of subs against non-military
vessels LusitaniaWWIGerman U-boatsTOTAL WARCaused US to enter the war (one
reason)
Great MigrationMovement of African-Americans
from South to NorthDuring WWIFollowing the jobsGrowth of cities in the northHarlem RenaissanceEarly 20th century
Espionage ActLaw against speaking out against the
war effortPassed along side the Alien and
Sedition Acts1917Jailed and fined for speaking outDetermined unconstitutional because
it went against 1st amendment
Eugene V. DebsAmerican Railroad UnionWanted skilled workersLeader of the democratic socialist
partyRan for president from jailArrested for protesting the war
18th AmendmentProhibition1919Led to speakeasiesLed to bootleggingGangs, organized crime (MOB)Later repealed by 21st amendmentAl Capone
19th amendmentWomen’s right to vote1920Result of women involvement in
WWISeneca Falls ConventionElizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. Anthony
Fourteen PointsWoodrow Wilson’s plan to make
peace after WWICongress did NOT agree to join the
League of NationsOpposed by nations that wanted to
punish Germany for WWI
League of Nations Established in 1920 to promote
international cooperation and peaceMostly EuropeanFirst attempt at Global Peace
keeping bodyHenry Cabot LawUS did not join
CommunismEconomic and political system based
on a one party government (totalitarianism)
ChinaRussian Revolution 1917 and the
creation of the USSREveryone is equalRed Scare
Socialism Government control of business and
property and equal distribution of wealth
Communism LiteEconomic system opposite of
capitalism
Red ScareFear of the spread of communism
after WWIAfter the Bolshevik RevolutionResulted in immigration legislationCommunist political party was
formed in USShare Our Wealth program - Huey
Long
Immigration RestrictionsImmigrants were required to pass
literacy testsQuota system 1921Fear of communismEllis and Angel IslandGentlemen’s AgreementSouthern and Eastern European
Immigrants
Radio1920’s brought families togetherEntertainmentNewsAdvertisingRoaring TwentiesPresidential ElectionsFireside talks“War of the Worlds”
Movies 1920’s = silent movies and
black/whiteEntertainmentCharlie ChaplinBuster KeatonWizard of OzNew era of movie starsInfluenced fashionClara Bow
JazzHarlem RenaissanceLouis ArmstrongFlappersLouisianaImprov1920sNew OrleansCharleston
Harlem RenaissanceRevival of African-American culture
and artLangston HughesDidn’t last longEnded by Great DepressionLouis Armstrong
Langston HughesAfrican American author during the
Harlem RenaissancePoetRussian friend (communist)Wrote about the troubles of being
African-American
Louis ArmstrongFamous musician during the Harlem
RenaissanceTrumpetNew OrleansChicago jazz musician
Tin Pan AlleyComposers and lyricists Sub-genre of Jazz movementIrving BerlinManhattan and other parts of New
York CityPlace of music
Irving BerlinPlaywright and composerWrote “White Christmas” and “God
Bless America”Part of “Tin Pan Alley” MovementPublisher150 songs
Mass Production Henry Ford1920sSped up productionMade cars affordableCheaper laborContributed to
urbanizationAssembly lineLed to
overproduction
Faster, more economic, efficient way of production
Model TInterchangeable partsEli WhitneyCotton gin
Stock Market crashBlack Tuesday10/29/1929Contributing factor of the Great
DepressionCaused by buying on marginCaused closing of banksRisky bank loans
Great Depression
Extended economic recession
HoovervillesNew DealFDR1929-194025% unemploymentHighest suicide rateGlobal effect
After WWIInflationOver-productionUnder consumptionUse of creditWages not increasing
Dust BowlFarming over-productionDroughtWest1930sAAA – Led to farmers moving to CaliforniaNot using crop rotationOver grazingTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New
Mexico
HoovervilleThought Hoover was the cause of
the Great DepressionShantytownsUnemployed, homeless peopleAll over the USNamed after president Hoover
Tennessee Valley AuthorityPart of the New DealDams and bridges along the
Tennessee River ValleyCreated jobsProvided electricity1933Provided economic development in
the Tennessee Valley
Second New DealRoosevelt1934-1935Great depressionCourt Packing BillSocial SecurityTVACCCAAAFDIC
Wagner ActCollective bargainingRe-established the NIRApromoted labor unionsLimited ways employers could react to labor
unionsEstablished in 1935Protected workers’ rightsBetter hours - higher wagesCan’t fire people for being in a union
Industrial RevolutionGrowth of citiesMachines were used moreMajor changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, and transportHand tools were used lessChange in social and economic organizationPeople got factory jobsMass productionAssembly lineHenry Ford
Social Security ActNew DealRetired, elderly, disabledMost costly part of the New DealIncreased taxesGuaranteed retirement for someStill exists todayHelped families with disabled children1935FDR
Eleanor RooseveltSocial reformerAccepted blacks into the White HouseAdvocate for civil rightsFDR’s wifeRoosevelt’s eyes and earsWomen’s rightsChildren’s advocate
Huey LongSocialist“Share Our Wealth”U.S. senatorSupported social programsThought the New Deal was not enoughTurned against RooseveltCommunistVery popularAssassinated
Neutrality ActsCame from nationalism / isolationismForeign policy of the late 1930s and early
1940sPrevented the US from being drawn into war1935No sale of weapons to countries that were at
warLoosened by the Lend-Lease Act
Court Packing BillRoosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme
Court so the New Deal could not be challenged
Addition of 6 new membersDid not pass!!!1937Wanted younger more liberal people on the
court
A. Philip RandolphKey Civil Rights leader before and during
WWIIWon Roosevelt’s support for equality in the
workforce (war industries)Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersNegotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights
and workers’ rightsStopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s
executive order about hiring practices
Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941Triggered American involvement in WWIIBombing by JapanSneak attackHawaiiMain targets were saved because they were
out to seaNinja skills
InternmentCamps for Japanese AmericansFear of spiesGermans, ItaliansHolding people without causeMostly in the west Violates civil rightsDuring WWII here in the US
MobilizationAssemble troops for warPrivate sector switches to wartime
manufacturingGetting troops and supplies ready for warHappened very quickly after Pearl HarborDRAFTPulled a lot of people out of schoolWomen to workMore people volunteered than were drafted
Wartime Conservation RationingRecycling drives
RubberScrap metal
Save supplies for troopsCoupons War bondsIncreased Patriotism
Rationing GasFood items (coupon books)
SugarCoffeeMeat
PantyhoseRubber
Lend-Lease ActWay around the Neutrality ActsAllowed US to aid countries that were
essential to the safety of the USA!Loophole in Neutrality ActsLend arms to Great Britain in return for some
small islands and being able to set up military bases
1941
Battle of MidwayTurning point of WWII in the PacificJapanese plans were decoded and they lostAmericans intercepted Japanese fighter
planesSunk 4 Japanese Aircraft CarriersJapanese never recovered after thisJune 1942
D-Day6-6-44Normandy beachesLots of troopsLargest beach landing in historyBloodiest, longest battle of WWIIlargest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000Largest US involvement in the War in EuropeDwight D. Eisenhower Operation OverlordSneak Attack
Battle of BerlinRussia against GermanyGermans retreated to the west to surrender
to GB and France1945Hitler did not leave Berlin
Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed herself
Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and USA
Atom BombHiroshima and NagasakiManhattan ProjectLos AlamosDecision made by TrumanFat ManLittle BoyEnded WWII in the PacificEinsteinEnola GayStarted the Cold War
Los AlamosTest site of the Atomic BombNew MexicoManhattan Project locationRadiation falloutVery secret
Manhattan ProjectCode name for atomic bomb testing and
developmentAlbert EinsteinLos Alamos, New MexicoIndirect cause of the Cold War and increased
tensions with USSRBuilding of the Atomic BombVery secret
Marshall Plan1947-1951Economic aid to European countries under
threat from the SovietsLed to the Berlin AirliftPlan to reconstruct European economies
after WWIIMade Russia angryFighting the spread of communism
ContainmentPrevent the spread of communismOffspring of the Truman DoctrineForeign policy after WWII and throughout
the Cold WarCause of US involvement in Korea and
VietnamPrevent the domino effect / theory
Truman DoctrineOffered military as well as economic aidAimed at protecting the world against the
Domino Theory of the spread of communismIssued by President Truman1947
Korean War38th parallel – divides North and South Korea1950-1953US and other UN countries fought with South
Korea against North Korea and ChinaNo real change because of outcomeUS and South winning until China came to
the aid of North KoreaFighting the spread of communism
Chinese Civil WarBetween the communists and nationalistsMao Ze DongHo Chi MinhCommunism is established in China1944-1947
McCarthyismRed Scare“Witch hunt” for communistsThe CrucibleBegun by Senator Joseph McCarthyAccusations were mostly unfoundedEarly 1950’sBlack listed many celebrities Eventually faded out
Cuban RevolutionFidel CastroBrought communism VERY close to homeAllied with the Soviet UnionBay of PigsLed to the Cuban missile crisisMost of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban
Bay of PigsOne of JFK’s biggest mistakesLacked full support of the U.S. governmentDid NOT work1961CIA did not have enough information about
resistanceEnded friendly relations between the US and
CubaLed by Cuban refugees
Cuban Missile CrisisMissiles in Cuba aimed at the United StatesCapable of reaching as far as Seattle1962 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war13 DaysPeak of the Cold WarSoviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive
purposes
Vietnam WarUS eventually pulled outTet OffensiveAgent orangeCharlieStudent ProtestsAcross the UniverseFirst US involvement in war that was not
considered a US victoryVietconghuge anti-war movement
Tet OffensiveJanuary 196810 month long offensive against the South
Vietnamese and the USEnded attritionSurprise attack by the VietcongWon the war for North Vietnam
Baby BoomPopulation increaseSEXBig impact on Social Security1945-1965Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were
bornLack of educationSoldiers getting back from the war
LevittownLong IslandFirst suburb, led to more suburbs around the
countryMass production of housingNew YorkLed to need for Highway ActWilliam Levitt
Interstate Highway ActResult of increase in suburbsTransport military equipmentConnect all major US citiesEisenhower1956
Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate First televised presidential debateInfluenced popular opinionWomen voted for JFKKennedy was more appealing to the peopleJFK was coached on appearance and body
languageJFK had more charismaNixon had more foreign policy knowledge1960 election
TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights MovementCaused sympathy for the movementAngered Americans witnessing violenceCaused more awarenessLed to legislation about Civil Rights and
individual liberties
Technology of the 1970’sPersonal ComputerBeginnings of cell phonesAPPLEFree-standing public telephone boothEntertainment
Sputnik IRussian satellite Space raceIncreased Cold War Tensions1957First artificial satelliteAmericans became fearful of spiesEisenhower
Jackie RobinsonFirst African-American baseball player in the
major leaguePlayed for the Brooklyn DodgersFirst African American inducted into the
baseball hall of fameBroke the color barrier for all professional
sports
Harry Truman33rd presidentAcknowledged Israel as a sovereign nationIssued the Truman DoctrineFDR’s vice president1945-1953Chose to use the atom bomb
Brown v. Board of EducationSeparate but equal clause is not
constitutionalIntegrated schoolsLed to the Civil Rights Act1954Overturned Plessy v. FergusonThird major landmark Supreme Court Case
dealing with raceUnder the Warren Court
Martin Luther King, Jr.Civil rights leaderLetter from Birmingham JailAssassinated in Memphis 1968PreacherNon-violentI Have a DreamVery young African-American activist
Letter From Birmingham JailMLK, Jr.Garnered support for non-violent protestsNow is the time!Asking for support from white southern
Christian leadersCall to Action for people to be non-violent
I Have a Dream Speech Washington, D.C.250,000 people presentMLK, Jr.Blacks and whites unite1963Lincoln Memorial
Civil Rights Act of 1964Inspired by African AmericansPassed by Johnson after Kennedy was
assassinatedEnded discrimination in all public places and
the work force
Voting Rights Act of 1965Ended literacy tests and poll taxesFunded registration drives in high minority
population areas
Warren Court Most influential supreme court in historyBrown v. BOEMiranda v. ArizonaRoe v. Wade
Miranda v. ArizonaPolice had to notify suspects of their rightsSilence, attorney, etc.
Assassination of President Kennedy Dallas, TXNovember, 1963Showed Americans that the government
would continue
Great SocietyWanted to give all Americans greater
education, shelter, medical care regardless of background
Started Medicaid and Medicare
Medicare Medical care to the elderlyImportant legacy of the Great Society
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.Civil Rights ActivistPeaceful protestsApril, 1968Caused riots in over 100 cities in AmericaCivil Rights Act passed after
Assassination of Robert F. KennedyJune 1968Disheartened the American peopleAfter he won the California primary
1968 Democratic National Convention In ChicagoRiotsPolice beat down hippies
Anti-war protesters
SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceNon-violent protestsLead by Martin Luther King Jr. and other
ministers
SNCCStudent Non-violent Coordinating CommitteeFounded by AA college students with funding
by SCLC
Sit-ins Non-violent protests
Freedom RidesAA went on rides throughout the south to
protest segregation on buses
Anti-Vietnam War MovementMany groups began on college campusesWanted to end the DRAFT
Women’s Movement NOWEquality in the workplace
National Organization of WomenNOWFounded in 1966Equality in the workforce
United Farm Workers MovementFounded by Caesar ChavezUnionized farmsProtested non-unionized grape farmers in
California1960s and 70s
Cesar ChavezUnited Farm Workers MovementAmerican of Mexican decentBoycotted grapes
Environmental Movement Silent SpringRachel CarsonEarth DayEnvironmental Protection Agency
Silent SpringBook by Rachel Carson1962Exposed effects of pesticides on the
environmentWater Quality Act of 1965
Rachel CarsonExposed dangers of pesticidesWrote Silent Spring
Earth DayCelebrated in 197010,000 schools organized events
Environmental Protection AgencyEstablished in the 70sSet limits on pollutionSigned by Johnson
Conservative Movement Barry Goldwater was the presidential
nominee 1964Speaker of the HouseRepublicanNew movement of limited government
Barry Goldwater Lead the conservative movementBelieved the government should not
intervene in economic affairs
Richard M. NixonWanted to replace Johnson’s Great SocietyWatergate scandalHe resigns before he can be impeached and
removed from office
Roe v. WadeLegalized abortion1973Women’s rights issueRight to privacy
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978Race could be used in considering AA for
college acceptance
Nixon’s visit to China1971Trade agreements were important for both
countriesFirst presidential visit to China
Watergate Scandal Centered around Nixon’s administrationCover up of the republican break in to the
democratic national head quarters
Gerald Ford2 year presidency Pardoned Nixon and never recovered
Jimmy Carter Peanut farmer from GeorgiaTried to bring peace to the Middle EastNobel Peace Prize
Camp David AccordsNegotiated peace agreement between
Egyptian president and Israeli prime minister1978
Iranian Revolution 1978Replaced Shah/king who was friendly to
America with a Muslim religious leader who was not friendly towards America
Iranian Hostage CrisisLasted 444 daysCaptives released after Reagan’s election52-66 Americans were held captive at the
embassy in Iran
Ronald ReaganPresident from 1980-88Reaganomics – trickle down economicsEnded the Iranian hostage crisisEncouraged USSR to tear down the Berlin
WallDecrease the size of the federal government
Reagnomics Trickle down economicsBudget cutsTax cutsIncreased defense spending
Power through strength
Iran-Contra ScandalUS funding of weapon supplies to Iranian
rebelsReagan’s biggest foreign policy failure
Collapse of the Soviet UnionReagan’s biggest foreign policy successEnd of the Cold War
Bill ClintonPresident from 1992-2000NAFTA was created under his directionFavorable trade policy between the America’sPersonal scandal
North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTABrought Mexico and Canada into a free trade
agreement with USADecreased trade barriersIncreased economic opportunities
Impeachment of Bill ClintonCharged with perjury and obstruction of
justiceFound not guilty by the senateSEX
Electoral College Important in the Bush/Gore election1st election decided by Supreme CourtBush did not win popular vote
George W. BushPresident during 9/11 attacks2000-2008
Operation Enduring FreedomOur efforts in AfghanistanReaction to the 9/11 terrorist attacks
War on Terrorism Build an international coalition to fight the
Al-Quaeda network
Operation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003, British troops invaded Iraq with
American supportShock and Awe tactics usedTelevised invasion