muhammad kamran sial department of entomology university of sargodha pakistan
TRANSCRIPT
Insects And Different Bird Pests
Muhammad Kamran Sial
Department Of Entomology University Of Sargodha Pakistan
Common weaver bird(Baya Weaver)
T.N: Ploceus philippinusFamily: PloceidaeOrder: PasseriformesClass: AvesPhylum: Chordata
Identification
Sparrow-sized (15 cm) Plumage: In non-breeding plumage both males and females resemble female house sparrowsMating calls: continuous chit-chit-… ending in a wheezy cheee-eee-ee….. Hanging retort shaped nests woven from leaves on the eastern side of the tree to shelter from the Southwest Monsoon
Breeding(During monsoon)
The males are polygynous, mating with 2 to 3 females one after anotherThe female lays about 2 to 4 white eggs The females are responsible for incubating and bringing up the broodThey nest in colonies typically of up to 20-30 close to the source of food
Damage
Social and gregarious birdsThey forage in flocks for seedsBoth on the plants and on the groundKnown to glean paddy and other grain in harvested fieldsoccasionally damage ripening crops wild grasses Feeding on seedlings in the germination stage as well as on early stages of grainGrain loss can be of 1 kg rice per bird
Chemical Control
Method of partially treating paddy fieldAfter flowering stage By attracting birds by artificial roostingTo the treated area(with carbofuran)1-10 % of total cultivated areaThe pesticide must be very toxic and bird repellent
Life Cycle
MultivoltineEggs :seed-like shiny laid singlyIncubation : 5-10 dayslarva : 14-21 daysPupal : 7-11 days A complete life cycle occupies 4 to 5 weeksPupation occurs in earthern cells several centimetres below the soil surface
Damage
The larva is a large voracious caterpillar Extremely sluggishCapable of defoliating the plant. Feeds on the leaf blade causing large irregular holes Eventually eats the entire leaf blade leaving only the petiole. Preferring young leaves, but will eat all leaves if population is high Frass can be found near the infested
plant part
Identification
Adult : pale brownLarvae : Freshly emerged larvae very active dull white and later turn green
Damage
In the early stages they feed on tender leaves in the central whorl of plant.
As they grow they feed on older leaves and skeltonize totally.
In case of severe attack whole leaves including mid rib are consumed.
Damage
Field looks as grazed by cattle.
Pest may also eat away ears, awns , and the immature grain.
The yield losses up to 42% have been reported.
Control
Pest can be suppressed by collecting and destroying the Catterpillar.Chemical control :Spray 500ml of Dichlorvos 85 SL3 kg of Carbonyl 50 WP1 L of quinalphosIn 250 L of water per ha.
House Crow
Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : CorvidaeGenus : CorvusSpecies: Splendens
Identification
The forehead throat and upper breast are a richly glossed black, whilst the neck and breast are a lighter grey-brown in colour. The wings, tail and legs are also black.
Damage
Crow is a primary consumer and omnivorous in nature.It may feed on dead rats ,carrion ,kitchen scraps, locusts ,termites , the eggs of other birds and the ripening grain of Maize and Fruits. Cause more damage in the seedling stage than the mature. predator of small animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Control
Biological parasite : Eudynamys scolopaceaA dead crow hanging on the top of pole in the field can be effectively used.Destroy egg and nest during June-August.The Maize cobs on the plant can be protected by wrapping one.A large wire gauze having on one side a converging entrance.
Chemical control :
A piece of chapatti dipped in 0.3 % Methyl Parathion or in 2 % Fenthion placed on the
top of roof is a good bait.
Identification
Adult Larvae
Adult : color light palish brown Large golden patch on eachforewingLarvae : Plump and palish green
Damage
pollyphagous Cause damage by bitting round holes into
cabbage leaves. Bitting holes varry according to their stage
of development Loss of qulity nd quantity Very difficult to identify on walking look like semi loops and cabbage catter plillar
control
Hand picking Mechanical destruction Spray 1 L of malathion50EC 925 ML of Endusulfan In 250L of water per ha
Identification
It has a typical length of 16 cm Females and young birds are
coloured pale brown and grey Males have brighter black, white,
and brown markings
Breeding
The House Sparrow is monogamous Two to six eggs are white spotted
with grayish spotsIncubation period 11–14 daysThey have a long breeding season
July to April, with peak breeding between September and February.
Two or three broods are commonly raised during this season
Damage
Vegetables and cereals Most abundant in oats and wheat-
growing areas Feeds on the seeds
of grains and weeds and eats whatever foods are available
The proportion of seeds as diet = 90% Buds, berries, and fruits such as
grapes and cherries
Damage
Young House Sparrows are fed mostly on insects until about fifteen days after hatching
Can act as a vector of diseases
Control
Destruction of roosting and nesting sitesEncourage the catsClose all openings over 2 cmPoultry houses and feedersshould be screenedRemoval of hedgerows adjacent to cropFields Alternate the use of several audio and
visual frightening devicesFenthion by using Rid-A-Bird® perches.
Wheat Aphid
Identification: The insects are green louse like. The nymphs and the females look alike.It breeds at a fast rate during cold weatherincreased population in February-March The females give birth to young ones Parthenogenetically. In October-November, the aphids again appear on wheat.
Wheat Aphid
Damage: The nymphs and adults suck the sap particularly from their ears. The damage is particularly severe in years of cold and cloudy weather. A heavily manured, well-irrigated and succulent crop will harbour the pest for a longer period and suffer greater damage.
Wheat Aphid
Control: Spray 375 ml of dimethoate 30 EC or oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or monocrotophos 36SL in 500 L of water per ha. Since the aphids appear first on the borders of the crop, spray only the infected strip to check further spread.Coccinella spp is used to control aphid.
Mustard Saw FlyIdentification:
Adult: Head and thorax is black in colour. Abdomen is orange colour. Wings are translucent, smoky with black veins.
Mustard Saw Fly
Identification:Larvae: -
Greenish black with wrinkled body and has eight pairs of pro-legs. On touch the larva falls to ground and feigns death.
Mustard Saw Fly
Damage: Cole crops (mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, etc.) Other host plants in family Brassicaceae.Leaves defoliated from the margins and presence of dark brown or black caterpillars with black head, swollen thorax, yellow spotted body and more than seven pairs of legs aggregating on the cut edges of leaves.
Mustard Saw Fly
Control:Summer ploughing to destroy the pupa.Early sowing should be done.Maintain clean cultivation.Apply irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for sawfly management because most of the larvae die due to drowning effect. Severe cold reduces pest load.Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly in morning and evening
Mustard Saw Fly
Control:Conserve Perilissus cingulator (parasitoids of the grubs), and the bacterium Serratia marcescens which infect the larvae of sawfly.Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant.Spray the crop with malathion 50 EC @ 1000 ml/ha quinolphos 25 EC @ 625ml/ha. All this should be applied in about 600 to 700 litres of water per ha.
IDENTIFICATION
Soft bodied ,small sized
Female aphids yellowish green or olive green
A pair of cornicles on fifth abdominal segment
Male aphids are dusky green to olive in colour
Life cycle
Eggs lay along the veins of leave
Four nymphal instar are present
Nymphal stage consist 9-8 days
After the last molt ,pass 2-3 days start
producing youngones
DAMAGE
Both stage cause damage
Suk the cell sap
Advanced stage plant may be die or wither
Honey dew secrete which promote sooty mold
Vector of many diseases
Control
Use resistance verities
Crop sown before 20th October
Avoid excess use of fertilizer
Destroyed effected parts of plants
Use imidachloprid 250gm/acre
IDENTIFICATION
Adult is 5-7mm long
Black shield shaped body with white
and orange marking
Female are larger than male
Female lay egg beneath host plant
Five nymphal instar
Life cycle
Number of generation depend upon climatic conditionMultivoltineEggs hatch in four daysEggs are barrel shaped and white in colorLater on change into orange colorPrefer cold temperatureAll stages present on plant partsNymphal stage remain 2 to 3weeksFive nymphal instarit also attack on weed like lambs quarters
DAMAGE
Both adult and nymph feed on leaves, stem and
seed
Feed on plant juices
Seedlings are more effected by them
Plant become wither and ultimate die