multan medical & dental college
TRANSCRIPT
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Multan Medical & Dental College
3rd
YEAR MBBS CURRICULUM 2020- 2021
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PATRON:
Mr. Imran Rasool Chief Operating Officer
Multan Medical and Dental College
CURRICULUM COMMIITTEE:
Dr. Tanveer Jahan
(Professor Obs & Gynae) Chairman
Dr. M. Awais Khan
(Assistant Professor DME) Secretary
MEMBERS:
Dr. Kamran Ameer (Associate Professor)
Dr. Sakina Joiya (Demonstrator)
EDITED AND COMPILED BY:
Dr. Sakina Muhammad Joiya
ASSISTANCE:
Dr. Mirza M. Hassan
Dr. Aman Fatima
Dr. Asad Ali
Multan Medical & Dental College
MBBS CURRICULUM 2021- 2022
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Prof. Dr. Shabbir Ahmad Nasir
Chief Executive & Principal Multan Medical
& Dental College
Avicenna once said ―The extraordinary faith put in oneself &
in one’s creator, as one takes the very first step for a new
journey, shall mark itself as a milestone to one’s eternal
glory‖. This was my vision and that of my team to provide
quality medical education to the students at Multan Medical
& Dental College, when we laid the foundation stone of this
nascent Alma Mata, seven years ago. This college has come
of a small age in terms of years but we feel a genuine pride
to see that it is fledgling with powerful wings to embark towards its destination of eternal glory in the
field of quality medical education. A journey, which apparently seemed to be less promising at the
beginning, has now turned into a story of achievements at every front. It is indeed a matter of immense
pleasure to welcome applications for the Seven batch at Multan Medical & Dental College with a mission
to impart profound quality medical education.
In consonance with the vision of the Government to extend healthcare to all segments of society and
groom the best quality medical professionals, Multan Medical & Dental College has responded positively
well to this national cause. We have taken the pledge to keep serving this noble mission and prove our
credentials as a beacon so that our nation reposes its full confidence in our commitment to excellence.
Besides providing quality education, based on modern teaching techniques, I am sure the college shall
also develop a strong spectrum of research-oriented activities. Owing to a top-class faculty, supported by
a 600-bedded modern hospital, Ibn-e-Siena Hospital & Research Institute, I am confident that its
graduates shall emerge as doctors upholding the highest intellectual, professional & social values.
Institutions are developed through professional acumen and commitment to the cause. My advice to the
students & faculty alike is to leave no stone unturned to keep on bringing laurels to themselves and this
institution as they have done it in their initial trials. In their endeavors, they shall always find me at their
back to provide them a genuine direction and elan to help channel their energies into a glorious outcome.
I wish the best of luck to all those who are associated with this project for the fulfillment of this already
being realized dream.
MESSAGE FROM PRINCIPAL
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MULTAN MEDICAL & DENTAL COLLEGE
MISSION STATEMENT
To Produce Professionally Competent, Research Oriented Health Care Providers, Through
Modern Medical Education, Meeting the Local And Global Needs And Committed To Serve
Humanity
VISION
Working in Consonance with the vision of UHS, the Federal and provincial Health Authorities to
groom best quality Medical Professionals by providing the best quality Education based on
Modern Teaching Techniques. Also, committed to develop a strong spectrum of research-
oriented activities.
Envisaging an example in eliminating Health disparities faced by the different strata of the
society by finding their solution through research and execution of Public Health Programs.
OUTCOMES
By the end of (MBBS/BDS) program the graduates of MM&DC will be able to:
1. Perform various basic Medical/Surgical and Dental procedures independently.
2. Demonstrate Knowledge and comprehension of common Medical/Surgical and Dental
procedures.
3. Assist in management of Critically ill patient.
4. Manage common non critical conditions Independently.
5. Demonstrate professional, ethical and culturally appropriate behavior.
6. Advocate health promotion and disease prevention.
7. Involve in research programs.
8. Quality Outcomes:
Develop a habit of reflection, critical thinking and applying the knowledge to reach the level of
Creativity.
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Multan Medical and Dental College is grateful to its faculty
for their contribution in the
preparation of the Curriculum.
&
The College is also thankful to
faculty and students for their
feedback and suggestions.
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Contents MESSAGE FROM PRINCIPAL .......................................................................................................................... 3
CURRICULUM COMMIITTEE .......................................................................................................................... 8
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ 10
ASSESSMENT POLICIES ................................................................................................................................ 11
PROMOTION POLICIES ................................................................................................................................ 14
YEARLY DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS .......................................................................................................... 15
SUBJECT ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
ORGANOGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 17
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 18
TEACHING STRATAGIES ............................................................................................................................... 19
TEACHING ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 20
SUBJECT OUTCOMES ................................................................................................................................... 21
SYLLABUS .................................................................................................................................................... 23
SCHEME OF STUDIES ................................................................................................................................... 35
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 36
LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................ 37
TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT STRATAGIES ................................................................................................ 37
The Cell as a Unit of Health and disease ................................................................................................ 37
Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death ..................................... 38
Inflammation and Repair ........................................................................................................................ 39
Tissue Repair .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Hemodynamic disorders Thromboembolic Disease and shock .............................................................. 41
Genetics .................................................................................................................................................. 42
Neoplasia ................................................................................................................................................ 43
General Bacteriology .............................................................................................................................. 44
General virology ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Special virology ...................................................................................................................................... 46
DNA Non-enveloped virus ..................................................................................................................... 46
RNA enveloped virus .............................................................................................................................. 46
Hepatitis virus ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Arbovirus ................................................................................................................................................ 47
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Mycology ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Parasitology............................................................................................................................................. 47
Immunology ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Special bacteriology ................................................................................................................................ 49
Practical Work ........................................................................................................................................ 51
TIMETABLE .................................................................................................................................................. 52
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................................. 52
BATCHES ALLOCATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 52
WARD PRE-REQUISITES ............................................................................................................................... 52
LEARNING RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................ 52
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The Curriculum Committee for session 2020-21 is hereby notified as under:
Curriculum Committee
Sr. # Name Designation Department
1. Dr. Tanveer Jahan
(Professor Obs & Gynae) Chairman Clinical Sciences
2. Dr. M. Awais Khan
(Assistant Professor) Secretary Medical Education
3. Dr. Sakina Joiya Member Medical Education
4. Dr. Kamran Ameer
(Associate Professor of Anatomy) Member Basic Sciences
5. Dr. Khalid
(Professor) Member Community Medicine
6. Dr. Asif Mughal
(Assistant Professor) Member Behavioral Sciences
7. Waleed Ahmad Member Student Representative
8. Muhammad Bilal Member Student Representative
9. Hasnat Sahu Member Student Representative
CURRICULUM COMMIITTEE
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The following faculty members were involved
in the process of documentation of curriculum
at various stages
1. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ijaz Alam
2. Dr. Nudrat Fayyaz
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DEFINITIONS Definitions of the following terms used in the Curriculum Document have been
taken from HEC Guidelines.
CREDIT HOURS:
1. A credit hour means teaching a theory course of 50 minutes each week throughout the year
(1 lecture of 50 minutes = 1 credit hour).
2. One credit hour in laboratory or practical work / project would require lab contact of two
hours per
week throughout the year
Credit Hours:
15 MIN OF INFORMATION TRANSFER/ LEARNING=0.25 HRS
30 MIN OF INFORMATION TRANSFER/ LEARNING =0.5 HRS
45 MIN OF INFORMATION TRANSFER/ LEARNING =0.75 HRS
60 MIN OF INFORMATION TRANSFER/ LEARNING =1 HR
ABBREVIATIONS
KEY: SEQ:
SAQ:
MCQ:
SGD:
PBL:
CBL:
SBL:
OSPE:
OSCE:
HEC:
PMC:
DME:
SC:
Short Essay Questions
Short Answer Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Small Group Discussion
Problem Based Learning
Case Based Learning
Scenario Based Learning
Objective structured Practical Evaluation
Objective structured Clinical Evaluation
Higher Education Commission
Pakistan Medical Commission
Department Of Medical Education
Short Cases
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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Examinations are of two kinds:
I) Internal Examinations
II) University Examinations
I) Internal Examinations
Send Up examinations shall be compulsory for students of all classes. Students who do not
appear or fail in the examination will be regarded as students whose courses of instructions
are incomplete and unsatisfactory and will not be allowed to appear in the university
professional examination for promotion to the next higher class and may also loose the
scholarship, if any, granted to them.
Pass percentage for Send up examinations is 50%.
i) First Year M.B.B.S. There will be send up examination in the subjects of Anatomy,
Physiology and Biochemistry. Students will not be allowed to sit in the University
Examination if they fail in any of the subjects in the send up examination.
ii) Second Year M.B.B.S. There will be send up examination in the subjects of Anatomy,
Physiology and Biochemistry. Failed Students will not be allowed to sit in the University
Examination if they fail in any of the subjects in the send up examination.
iii) Third Year M.B.B.S. There will be one send up examination. The subjects will be: -
1. Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
3. General Pathology/Microbiology and Parasitology
4. Behavioural Sciences
5. Clinical Methods in Surgery
6. Clinical Methods in Medicine
All subjects will be compulsory for the purpose of examination but only those students will
be detained from appearing in the University Examination who fail in any of the first four
subjects.
iv) Fourth Year M.B.B.S. There will be send up examination in the following subjects: -
1. Special Pathology/Systemic Pathology
2. Community Medicine
3. Ophthalmology
4. Otorhinolaryngology
5. Medicine
6. Surgery
7. Obstetrics &Gynecology
The students will be allowed to sit the University Examination only if they clear at least the
first four subjects.
ASSESSMENT POLICIES
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v) Final Year M.B.B.S. The send up examination will be conducted in the following
subjects:
1. Medicine & Allied Specialties including Psychiatry and Dermatology
2. Surgery & Allied Specialties including Orthopedics and Anesthesia etc.
3. Obstetrics &Gynecology
4. Pediatrics
The students will be allowed to appear in the University Examination only if they pass in all
subjects.
NOTE:
1. During the clinical years, the progress of the students will be judged from the remarks of
the respective Professor on the Clinical Record Cards. Those students, whose cards show
unsatisfactory work during any of their clinical assignments, will be detained from appearing
in the final professional examination of the university.
2. A duplicate record of Clinical Card of each student will be kept in the office of the
concerned Professor.
3. Ten percent (10%) of marks of university examinations are based on internal assessment.
4. Remanded students will not be detained from the University examination if they have
fulfilled the required percentage of attendance and have satisfactory report from the
respective professor for their work during the terms, in question.
5. Certificate of Honor is awarded by the college to the student who obtains 75% or more
marks in a subject of Send Up examination of the year provided he/she does not get less than
50 percent marks in other subjects of the same examination.
Regulations for Internal Assessment
(i) The weightage of internal assessment shall be 10% in all subjects. 5% internal assessment
marks shall be added to the aggregate score of Theory and 5% internal assessment marks to
aggregate score of Oral and Practical Examination and not to an individual component like
MCQs, SEQs Paper or Oral /
Practical / Clinical Examination.
(ii) Continuous internal assessment shall consist of evaluation at the end of each assignment,
e.g. stages/sub-stages, class tests etc., attitudinal assessment from educational and or clinical
supervisors, clinical skill assessment from clinical supervisors, and Year’s work books.
(iii) Assessment of Knowledge, Skills and Attitude shall contribute towards internal
assessment. Methods used to assess these domains shall include Multiple Choice Questions,
Short essay questions, Oral/Viva, and Practical Clinical examinations.
(iv) The score of internal assessment shall contribute 10% to final examination and final
university examination of each subject shall contribute 90% to total score, and the candidate
shall pass in aggregate.
(v) Awards of internal assessment in all the subjects of all the candidates shall be submitted
to the Controller of Examinations along with Admission Forms for the annual examination.
Internal assessment received after commencement of the final examination shall not be
accepted.
(vi) The marks of internal assessment shall be submitted only once a year prior to annual
examination and the same shall be counted both for annual and supplementary examinations.
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It is further emphasized that fresh assessment or a revision of assessment for supplementary
examination shall not be permissible.
(vii) Proper record of continuous internal assessment shall be maintained by respective
departments of the medical/dental colleges.
(viii) Internal assessment awarded in particular year may not be decreased subsequently
detrimental to the candidate.
II) University Examinations
University Examinations are strictly governed by the statutes and regulations of the
University
A) MBBS
i) First Professional M.B.B.S Examination will be held at the end of first academic year.
NOTE: Any student who fails to clear the 1st Professional M.B.B.S. examination in four
chances, availed or un-availed, after becoming eligible for each examination and has been
expelled on that account shall not be eligible for continuation of medical and dental studies
of MBBS and BDS in subsequent professional examinations.
ii) Second Professional M.B.B.S Examination held at the end of second academic year.
iii) Third Professional M.B.B.S Examination will be held at the end of third academic year.
iv) Fourth Professional M.B.B.S Examination will be held at the end of fourth academic year.
v) Final Professional M.B.B.S. Examination will be held at the end of fifth academic year.
NOTE: Any student who fails to clear the 1st Professional M.B.B.S. examination in four
chances, availed or un-availed, after becoming eligible for each examination and has
been expelled on that account shall not be eligible for continuation of medical and
dental studies of MBBS and BDS in subsequent professional examinations.
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1. Minimum attendance and satisfactory completion of the log book is required for a
student to be eligible for Certifying Examination(s).
2. Formative and Summative Assessment: The same tools may be used for formative or
summative assessment. Formative Assessments will be used only for feedback to
develop the learners, while Summative Assessments will be used to make pass/fail or
progress decisions). Any assessment where the results contribute to a final score,
which leads to a decision of
the progress of the student, must be considered summative.
3. Summative Assessment consists of the sum of the Continuous Assessment score
(Internal assessment based on assessment of student performance during the module
or clerkship) and end of year University Examination.
4. University Examinations will be held at the end of each
academic year
PROMOTION POLICIES
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YEAR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS:
1ST YEAR 2ND YEAR 3RD YEAR 4TH YEAR 5TH
YEAR
General
Anatomy
Histology
and
Embryology
General
Anatomy
Histology and
Embryology
Pharmacology
and therapeutics
ENT Gynecology
Physiology Physiology Forensic
Medicine and
Toxicology
Ophthalmology Pediatrics
Bio-
Chemistry
Bio-Chemistry General
Pathology
Special Pathology Surgery
Pak Studies
and
Islamiyat /
Ethics
Behavioural
Sciences
Community
Medicine
Medicine
YEARLY DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS
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General Pathology
Immunology
Parasitology
SUBJECT
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Head of Department Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ijaz Alam
Professor Dr. Iqbal Hussan Malik
Dr. Riaz Hussain Malik
Dr. Ayaz Saleem Ghauri
Associate Professor Dr. Naeem Gogi
Dr. Afra Samad
Assistant Professor Dr. Naseem Akhtar
Dr. Nudrat Fayyaz
Senior Registrar
Admin Registrar
Demonstrators Ms.Aqs
a
Dr.
Safia
Dr.
Zara
Dr.
Sahar
Dr.
Rizwan
Dr.
Bashir
Dr.
Ifrah
Ms.Maria Dr. Amber
Paramedical Staff
ORGANOGRAM
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INTRODUCTION
Pathology is a medical specialty that determines the cause and nature of diseases by examining and
testing body tissues (from biopsies and pap smears, for example) and body fluids (from samples including
csf, blood and urine). The results from these pathology tests help doctors diagnose and treat patients
correctly.
From the birth we rely on pathology tests such as on blood tests, biopsies and a multitude of other
pathology tests to prevent, diagnose and treat infections, allergies, chronic diseases, cancers and countless
other medical conditions. Read more about the most common pathology tests.
As a matter of fact, pathology serves as a backbone to the knowledge of medicine.
Course intended learning outcomes
This subject also contributes specifically to the development of following course intended
learning outcomes: An understanding of the nature, practice and application of the chosen
science discipline. Encompasses problem solving, critical thinking and analysis attributes and an
understanding of the scientific method for knowledge acquisition. The ability to acquire,
develop, employ and integrate a range of technical, practical and professional skills, appropriate
and ethical ways within a professional context, autonomously and collaboratively and across a
range of disciplinary and professional areas, e.g. time management skills, personal organization
skills, teamwork skills, computing skills, laboratory skills, data handling, quantitative and
graphical literacy skills. An awareness of the role of science within a global culture and
willingness to contribute actively to the shaping of community views on complex issues where
the methods and findings of science are relevant. An understanding of the different forms of
communications, writing, reading, speaking & listening - including visual and graphical, within
science and beyond and the ability to apply these appropriately and effectively for different
audiences.
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The educational strategies in this curriculum are multiple and aligned with domain of learning
and according to the desired outcome
Interactive lectures
One-third of the curriculum will be delivered in a traditional didactic format including
PowerPoint presentations and case discussions. Didactic education is considered to be a one-way
transmission of material from teacher to learner, we cannot overlook the possibility of
meaningful interaction between experts and learners during live lectures. This type of interaction,
which allows for immediate clarification of concepts and extension of knowledge, may be
particularly important for novice learners who have relatively little exposure to the subject
matter, such as our study population.
Small Group Discussion
Small group discussion provides a unique environment to achieve high standards in medical
education. Activation of prior knowledge, exchange of ideas, and engagement at a higher
cognitive level are assumed to result in deeper learning and better academic achievements by
students.
Self- directed learning
Students' take responsibilities of their own learning through individual study, sharing and
discussing with peers, seeking information from Learning Resource Center, teachers and
resource persons within and outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the college
scheduled hours or afterwards for self-study.
Power Point Presentations
Power point Presentations on various topics are assigned to the students which will increase their
knowledge and build their confidence.
CBL
Using a case-based approach engages students in discussion of specific scenarios that resemble
or typically are real-world examples. This method is learner-centered with intense interaction
between participants as they build their knowledge and work together as a group to examine the
case.
Assignments
TEACHING STRATAGIES
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Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics. Revision of the topics
already covered by anatomy and physiology departments are given to students as oral
presentations.
Tutorials/Demonstrations
A tutorial, in education, is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a
learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach
by example and supply the information to complete a certain task.
Lecture Halls
Pathology Museum
Pathology Laboratory
TEACHING ENVIRONMENT
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Goals The board goal of the teaching of undergraduate student in pathology is to provide the
students with a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms and causes of disease, in
order to enable him/her to achieve complete understanding of the natural history and
clinical manifestations of disease. The aim of the teaching of undergraduate students in
Microbiology is to provide an understanding of the natural history of infectious disease
in order to deal with the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and
control of infections in the community.
Outcomes At the end of this curriculum the student should be able to:
KNOWLEDGE:
1. Describe the structure and ultrastructure of an abnormal cell, mechanisms of cell
degeneration, cell death and repair.
2. Correlate structural and functional alterations in abnormal cell.
3. Explain the pathophysiology processes which govern the maintenance of
hemostasis, mechanisms of their disturbance and the morphology and clinical
manifestations associated with it.
4. Describe the mechanisms and patterns of tissue response to injury such that
she/he can appreciate the pathophysiology of disease processes and their clinical
manifestations.
5. Correlate normal and altered morphology (gross and microscopic) of different
organ systems in common diseases to the extent needed for understanding of
disease processes and their clinical significance.
SKILL:
1. Describe the rationale and principles of technical procedures of the
diagnostic laboratory tests and interpretation of the results.
2. Understand biochemical/physiological disturbances that occur as a result of
disease in collaboration with pre-clinical departments.
3. Identify the common infectious agents with the help of laboratory procedures
and use antimicrobial sensitivity tests to select antimicrobial agents.
4. Perform tests for detection of infectious agents such as blood film for
malaria, gram staining and AFB staining and stool sample for OVA cyst.
ATTITUTE:
Demonstrate ability to give and receive feedback, respect for self and peers.
Demonstrate empathy and care to patients while collecting samples
Develop respect for the individuality and values of others - (including having
respect for oneself) patients, colleagues and other health professionals
Organize& distribute tasks
Exchange opinion & knowledge
Develop communication skills and etiquette with sense of responsibility
SUBJECT OUTCOMES
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Demonstrate professional and ethical behavior by honestly completing course
examinations without attempting to seek an advantage by unfair means; and by
reporting any unethical behavior of peers to the course administration.
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CELL INJURY
1. Necrosis, Ischemia, Hypoxia, Infarction and Gangrene Oncosis and Autolysis.
2. Sequence of the ultrastructural and biochemical changes which occur in the cell in response to
the following:
Ischemia
Immunological injury, e.g., Asthma / SLE / Anaphylactic reaction
Physical agents, e.g., Radiation
Genetic defects, e.g., Thalassemia / Hemophilia
Nutritional deficiency, e.g., Kwashiorkor
Infectious agents
Viruses, e.g., Hepatitis
Bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus
Fungi, e.g., Candida
Parasites, e.g., Malaria
Nutritional deficiency
3. Irreversible and reversible injury
4. Apoptosis and its significance.
5. Necrosis and its types
6. Exogenous and endogenous pigmentation.
7. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification along with clinical significance.
8. Metabolic disorders
• Lipid disorders, Steatosis of liver, Hyperlipidemia
• Protein disorders
• Carbohydrate disorders
9. Cellular Adoptations
SYLLABUS
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INFLAMMATION, MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
1. Role of inflammation in the defense mechanisms of the body.
2. Vascular changes of acute inflammation and their relation to morphological and tissue
effects.
3. Molecular basis of cellular events.
4. Process of Chemotaxis, Opsonization and Phagocytosis.
5. Role of cellular components in inflammatory exudate.
6. Exudates and transudate.
7. Important chemical mediators of inflammation.
8. Pathway of Arachidonic Acid metabolism.
9. Systemic effects of inflammation of possible outcomes.
10. Role of products of Arachidonic acid metabolism in inflammation.
11. Mechanism for development of fever, with reference to exogenous and endogenous
pyrogens.
12. Morphologic patterns in inflammation
13. Chronic inflammation including Granulomas.
14. Granuloma and its types along with causes.
15. Systemic effects of acute and chronic inflammation and their possible outcomes.
16. Significance of ESR.
17. Induced hypothermia in medicine.
WOUND HEALING
1. Repair and regeneration.
2. Wound healing by first and second intention.
3. Factors that influence the inflammatory reparative response.
4. Wound contraction and cicatrisation.
5. Formation of granulation tissue.
6. Complications of wound healing.
7. Healing in specialized tissue.
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
a. Thrombo-embolic disorders and their modalities
1. Etiology and pathogenesis of thrombosis.
2. Possible consequences of thrombosis
3. Difference between thrombi and clots
4. Classification of emboli according to their composition.
5. Difference between arterial and venous emboli.
b. Hemorrhage, Hyperemia and Congestion
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1. Definitions of common types of Hemorrhage
2. Types of hyperemia
3. Difference between hyperemia and congestion
c. Infarction
1. Types of infarction
2. Difference between anemic and hemorrhagic infarct
3. Morphological picture of infraction in different organ systems
d. Disorders of the circulation and shock
1. Edema, ascites, hydrothorax and anasarca.
2. Pathophysiology of edema with special emphasis on CHF.
3. Pathogenesis of four major types of shock (Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasovagal &
septic) and their causes.
4. Compensatory mechanisms involved in shock.
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Defense mechanisms of the body.
2. Microbial mechanisms of invasion and virulence.
3. Difference between sterilization and disinfection.
4. Methods of disinfection and sterilization of the following:
a. Facility where the doctor practices,
b. Examination table,
c. Any spillage e.g. sputum, vomitus, stool, urine, blood,
d. Examination tools, e.g., thermometer, nasal and ear specula and spatula,
5. Principles of aseptic techniques such as Venepuncture, urinary
catheterization, bandaging, suturing and lumber puncture.
6. Universal precautions for infection control.
7. General principles of the following serological tests:
a. ELISA – Hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,G) Rubella, CMV and HIV
b. PCR
c. Haemagglutination – TPHA
d. Western Blot –HIV
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e. Malaria.
8. Interpretation of :
a. Culture reports
b. Serological reports and
c. Microscopic reports of gram stain and ZN stain.
9. Principles of proper collection and submission of specimens for laboratory investigations
10. General characteristics and taxonomy of Bacteria, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Viruses and Fungi.
11. Communicable, Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Diseases, Carriers Pathogens,
Opportunists, Commensals and Colonizers.
12. Microorganisms responsible for infection of the following organ systems:
• Central Nervous System
• Respiratory System
• Gastrointestinal System
• Genital System
• Urinary System
• Infections of Bones and Joints
• Zoonosis
• Infection of the Skin
• Hepatic Infections
13 Pathogenesis, Treatment, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of the following organisms:
(i) Bacteria
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Beta hemolytic streptococcus group a & b
• Diphtheria sp.
• Bordetella sp.
• Bacillus anthracis
• Clostridium perfrignes
• Clostridium botulinum,
• Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium tetani
• Actinomycies israelli
• Nocardia asteroides
• Neisseria meningitis
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• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Gardenella vaginalis
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium leprae
• E.coli
• Klebsiella
• Proteus
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Yersinia pestis
• Pseudomonas
• Vibrio cholera
• Vibrio parahemolyticus
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Helicobacter pylori
• Legionella
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Chlamydia
• Treponema pallidium
• Leptospira
• Rickettsia sp.
(ii) Viruses
• Mumps
• Herpes
• Measles
• Influenza,
• Para influenza
• RSV
• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
• Rota
• CMV
• EBV
• Rubella
• Chicken Pox
• HIV
• Rabies
(iii) Fungus
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• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Candida albicans
• Tinea species
(iv) Protozoa
• Plasmodium species
• Giardia lamblia
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Cryptosporidium
• Leishmania species
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Pneumocyctis carinii
(v) Helminths
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Trichuris trichuria
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Filaria species
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Schistosoma species
• Echinococcus species
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
• Hymenolepis nana
• Drancanculus medinences
PRINCIPLES OF ANTI MICROBIAL ACTION.
1. Antibiotics, selective toxicity, bacteriostatic and bactericidal.
2. Host determinants in relation to selection of an antimicrobial drug for therapy.
3. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
4. Bacterial resistance and the mechanisms involved in acquiring bacterial resistance
5. Mechanisms involved in transfer of drug resistance to bacterial resistance.
6. Mode of action of various antimicrobial drug groups.
7. Superinfection and cross sensitivity.
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LIST OF COMMON ORGANISMS CAUSING ORGAN SYSTEM EFFECTS
a. Common organisms causing CNS Infections
(i) Bacteria
• Steptococcus pneumoniae
• Beta hemolyticus streptococcus group b
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Haemophilis influenzae
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• E.coli
• Listeria monocytogenes
(ii) viruses
• Enterovirus
• Mumps
• Herpes
• Adenovirus
• Fungus
• Cryptococcus neoformis
(iv) protozoa
• Malaria
• Toxoplasma
B. Common organisms causing respiratory tract infection
(i) bacteria:
• Steptococcus pneumoniae
• Beta hemolyticus streptococcus group b
• Diptheria sp.
• Bordetella sp.
• Hemophilus influenzae
• Mycobacteriurn tuberculosis
• Klebsiella
• Legionella
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
(ii) viruses
• Herpes
30
• Adeno virus
• Measles
• Influenza
• Para influenza
• Rhinovirus
• RSV
(iii) protozoa
• Pneumocystic carinii
C. Organisms causing gastrointestinal tract infection / infestation
(i) Bacteria
• Clostridium difficile
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Vibrio cholera
• Vibrio parahemolyticus
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Helicobacter pylori
(ii) Viruses
• Hepatitis A
• Rota
• Astro
(iii) Fungus
• Cryptococcus neoformis
(vi) Protozoa
• Giardia lamblia
• Entameba histolytica
• Cryptosporidium
D. Common organisms causing hepatic infections
(i) Bacteria
• Streptococcus species
31
• Coliforms
• Anaerobes
(ii) Viruses
• Herpes
• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
• CMV
• EBV
(iii) Protozoa
• Entameba histolytica
• Tape worms
• Echinococcus granulosus
E. Common organisms causing skin infection
(i) bacteria
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Actinomyces israelli
• Nocardia asteroides
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
(ii) viruses
• Herpes
• Measles
• Rubella,
• Chicken pox
• Moluscum contagiosum
(iii) fungus
• Candida albicans
• Tinea species
(iv) arthropodes
32
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Pediculus species
• Cinex lectularius
(v) helminths
• Filaria species
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Schistosoma sp.
(vi) protozoa:
• Leishmania species.
• Common organisms causing bone and joint infection
• Bacteria: Staph aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus
• influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Brucella melitenesis, Salmonella
• typhi, Strep. pneumonae, Pseudomonas sp. and Mycobacterium
• tuberculosis.
g. Common organisms causing genital infection
(i) Bacteria: Mycoplasma urealyticum
(ii) Viruses: Pox, Herpes, Hepatitis B, HIV
(iii) Fungus: Candida albicans
(iv) Arthropodes: Sarcoptes scabiei
(v) Protozoa: Tricomonas vaginalis
h. Common organisms causing zoonosis
(i) Viruses: Rabies,
(ii) Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania sp.
(iii) Helmenthics: Echinococcus sp.
GENETICS
1. Common sex linked, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant disorders.
2. Common genetic mutations.
33
3. Diseases associated with consanguineous marriages.
4. Molecular biology techniques.
GROWTH DISORERS/NEOPLASIA
1. Atrophy and Hypertrophy, Agenesis, Dysgensis, Aplasia, Hypoplasia, Hyperplasia,
Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Neoplasia, Anaplasia,
2. Cell cycle and cell types (stable, labile, permanent)
3. Mechanisms controlling cell growth
4. Classification systems of tumors.
5. Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors
6. Difference between Carcinoma and Sarcoma.
7. Grading and staging system of tumors.
8. Biology of tumor growth
9. Process of carcinogenesis
10. Host defense against tumors.
11. Mechanism of local and distant spread.
12. Local and systemic effects of tumors.
13. Tumor markers used in the diagnosis and management of cancers.
14. Common chemical, physical agents and viruses related to human cancer.
15. Epidemiology of common cancers in Pakistan.
16. Radiation and its effects on tissues.
17. Cancer screening.
IMMUNOLOGY
1. Antigen, antibody, epitope, hapten and adhesion molecules.
2. Difference between innate and acquired immunity.
3. Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
34
4. Cytokines.
5. Mechanism of humoral and cell medicated immunity.
6. Hypersensitivity reactions, Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV.
7. Autograft, homograft, allograft and xenograft.
8. Immunotolerance and immunoparalysis.
9. Mechanism involved in allograft rejection and steps that can be taken
to combat rejection.
10. Classification of Immunodeficiency disorders
11. Basis of autoimmunity.
12. Tissue transplantation.
13. Pathology and pathogenesis of AIDS.
14. Lab diagnosis of immunological diseases.
35
Subject 3rd
Year MBBS PMC Requirement Total Hours Achieved
MM&DC
Pharmacology
Test-----------27 Hours
Lecture-------180 Hours
SGD ----------45 Hours
Practical ---- 36 Hours
Tutorial------ 36 Hours
300 Hours 324 Hours
Pathology
Test-----------27 Hours
Lecture------180 Hours
SGD —----- 45 Hours
Practical ---- 36 Hours
250 Hours 288 Hours
Forensic Medicine
Test-----------27 Hours
Lecture------72 Hours
SGD —----- 45 Hours
Practical ---- 36 Hours
100 Hours 180 Hours
Behavioral Sciences
Test-----------27 Hours
Lecture------72 Hours
SGD —----- 45 Hours
150 Hours 144 Hours
Community Medicine Lecture ------36 Hours ------------ 36 Hours
Surgery
Clinical
Lecture ------18 Hours
Skill Lab ----18 Hours
------------ 36 Hours
Medicine
Clinical
Lecture ------18 Hours
Skill Lab ----18 Hours
------------ 36 Hours
SDL SDL---------- 72 Hours 25 Hours 72 Hours
SCHEME OF STUDIES
36
Sr# Course Content MCQs
1. Cell Injury 04
2. Inflammation and Mediators of Inflammation 06
3. Healing and Repair 02
4. Disorders of Circulation 04
5. Parasitology 05
6. Virology 06
7. General Bacteriology 04
8. Special Bacteriology 14
9. Mycology (Fungi) 04
10. Genetics 02
11. Disorders of Growth 09
12. Immunology 05
Total 65
Sr# Course Content SEQs
1. Acute and Chronic inflammation 01
2. Cellular Adaptations, cell injury and cell death 01
3. Inflammation and Repair 01
4. Disorders of Circulation 01
5. Genetic Disorders 01
6. Neoplasia 01
7. Immunology 01
8. Bacteriology 01
9. Bacteriology (Mycobacterium) 01
10. Parasitology 01
11. Virology 01
12. Mycology 01
13. Disorders of Circulation
Total SEQs 14 SEQs
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
37
TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES Interactiv
e Lectu
re
SG
D
SD
L
CB
L
Bed
side
Skills L
ab
SE
Qs
MC
Qs
Viv
a
At the end of each session, student will be able to:
Knowledge Skill/Attitude Teaching Strategies Assessment
The Cell as a Unit of Health and disease 1.
Introduction to
Pathology
-Define pathology
-Describe the four aspects of
pathology
1. Etiology
2.Pathogenesis
3.Morphology
4. Clinical manifestations
* * * * * *
2.
Cellular
Housekeeping
-Describe the structure of
Plasma Membrane
-Describe the components of
Cytoskeleton along with Cell
Interactions
-Describe the Biosynthetic
Machinery of cell
(Endoplasmic Reticulum and
Golgi )
-Describe the structure and
fucntion of Lysosomes and
Proteasomes
-Describe the Cellular
Metabolism along with
mitochondrial function
* * * * * *
3.
Cellular Activation
-Describe Cell Signaling and
its mechanism
-Describe various types of
Signal Transduction Pathways
-Enlist various types Growth
Factors and Receptors with
their function
-Describe the Interaction of
intracellular and the
Extracellular Matrix
* * * * * *
4.
Maintaining Cell
Populations
-Explain the Proliferation and
the Cell Cycle along with
role of inhibitors and inducers
-Describe the role of Stem
Cells in recent medicine
* * * * * *
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT STRATAGIES
38
Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death 5.
Overview: Cellular
Responses to Stress
and Noxious
Stimuli
-Enlist the Stages of the
cellular response to stress and
injurious stimuli.
-Describe the Stages of the
cellular response to stress and
injurious stimuli
* * * * * *
6. Adaptations of
Cellular Growth
And differentiation
-Enlist the types of cellular
adaptations
-Describe the mechanism of
hypertrophy with examples
-Describe the mechanism of
hyperplasia with examples
-Describe the mechanism of
atrophy with examples
-Describe the mechanism of
metaplasia with examples
* * * * * *
7.
Overview of Cell
Injury and Cell
death
-Enlist various Causes of Cell
Injury
-Describe the mechanism of
Reversible Injury
-Define Necrosis
-Describe various Patterns of
Tissue Necrosis
* * * * * *
8.
Mechanisms of
Cell Injury
-Describe the mechanism of
Oxidative Stress in the cell
and the injury caused by it
-Describe the defects in
membrane permeability
-Describe the damage to DNA
and proteins
* * * * * *
9.
Clinicopathologic
Correlations
-Describe the mechanism of
Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury
-Describe the mechanisms of
ischemic cell injury
-Describe the Ischemia-
Reperfusion Injury
-Describe the Chemical
(Toxic) Injury to cell
* * * * * *
10. Apoptosis -Define Apoptosis
* * * * * *
11.
Causes of
Apoptosis
-Describe the process of
apoptosis in physiologic
situations
-Describe the apoptosis in
pathologic conditions
* * * * * *
12.
Morphologic and
Biochemical
Changes in
Apoptosis
Describe
1.The Intrinsic
(Mitochondrial) Pathway of
Apoptosis
2. The Extrinsic (Death
Receptor-Initiated) Pathway
of Apoptosis
-Describe the the execution
phase of apoptosis
-Describe the process of
removal of dead cells
* * * * * *
39
13. Clinicopathologic
Correlations:
Apoptosis in
Health and Disease
-Describe the examples of
apoptosis
-Describe the disorders
associated with dysregulated
apoptosis
-Describe the process of
heterophagy and autophagy
-Describe the process of
Necroptosis with examples
* * * * * *
14.
Intracellular
Accumulations
-Describe the pathogenesis
and morphology of following
intracellular accumulations
1. Lipids Steatosis (Fatty
Change)
2. Cholesterol and Cholesterol
Esters
3. Proteins
4. Hyaline Change
5. Glycogen
* * * * * *
15.
Pigments
-Enlist the types of exogenous
pigments and endogenous
pigments
-Describe the morphological
features of various types of
pigments
* * * * * *
16.
Pathologic
Calcification
-Describe the pathogenesis,
and morphology of
Dystrophic Calcification
-Describe the pathogenesis,
and morphology of Metastatic
Calcification
-Describe the etiology of
Cellular Aging and cellular
senescence
Demonstrate the working of
microscope
* * * * * *
Inflammation and Repair 17.
Overview of
Inflammation:
Definitions and
General Features
-Enlist and briefly describe
Causes of Inflammation
-Explain and Illustrate the
Recognition of Microbes and
Damaged Cells
* * * * * *
18.
Acute
Inflammation
-Describe the reactions of
blood vessels in acute
inflammation
-Describe the changes in
vascular flow and caliber
-Explain mechanism of
increased vascular
permeability
(Vascular Leakage)
-Describe the responses of
lymphatic vessels and lymph
nodes
* * * * * *
19.
Leukocyte
Recruitment to
Sites of
Inflammation
-Describe the mechanism of
leukocyte adhesion to
endothelium
-Describe the mechanism of
leukocyte migration through
endothelium
-Describe the mechanism of
chemotaxis of leukocytes
* * * * * *
20. Phagocytosis and -Describe the mechanism of * * * * * *
40
Clearance of the
Offending Agent
Phagocytosis
-Describe the role of
Intracellular destruction of
microbes and debris
-Define Neutrophil
Extracellular Traps
-Describe the Leukocyte-
mediated tissue injury and
associated defects 21. Termination of the
Acute
Inflammatory
Response
Describe the termination of
the response
* * * * * *
22.
Mediators of
Inflammation
-Describe the role and source
of mediators;
1. Vasoactive Amines:
Histamine and Serotonin
2. Arachidonic Acid
Metabolites
3. Cytokines and Chemokines
4. Complement System
* * * * * *
23.
Morphologic
Patterns of Acute
Inflammation
-Explain the morphological
pattern and example of Serous
Inflammation
-Explain the morphological
pattern and example of
Fibrinous Inflammation
-Explain the morphological
pattern and example of
Purulent (Suppurative)
Inflammation, Abscess
-Explain the morphological
pattern and example of
Abscess and ulcer
* * * * * *
24. Outcomes of
Acute
Inflammation
-Summarize the events of
Acute Inflammation
* * * * * *
25.
Chronic
Inflammation
-Enlist the Causes of Chronic
Inflammation
-Describe the morphologic
features of chronic
inflammation
* * * * * *
26.
Cells and
Mediators of
Chronic
Inflammation
-Explain the role of
macrophages in chronic
inflammation
-Explain the role of Role of
Lymphocytes
-Enumerate the other cells in
chronic inflammation
* * * * * *
27. Granulomatous
Inflammation
-Describe the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of granuloma
* * * * * *
28. Systemic Effects
of Inflammation
-Enumerate the systemic
effects of inflammation
* * * * * *
Tissue Repair 29.
Overview of Tissue
Repair
-Describe the control
mechanisms in cell
proliferation
-Describe the Mechanisms of
Tissue Regeneration
* * * * * *
30. Repair by -Enumerate the Steps in Scar * * * * * *
41
Connective
Tissue Deposition
Formation
-Describe the process of
angiogenesis
-Explain the Deposition of
Connective Tissue in tissue
remodeling
-Explain the mechanism of
Remodeling of Connective
Tissue 31. Factors That
Influence Tissue
Repair
-Enumerate alllocaland
systemic factors for tissue
repair
* * * * * *
32.
Selected Clinical
Examples of Tissue
Repair and fibrosis
-Describe Healing of Skin
Wounds both primary and
secondary
-Explain mechanism of
Fibrosis in Parenchymal
Organs
* * * * * *
33.
Abnormalities in
Tissue Repair
-Describe the formation of
keloid ad hypertrophic scar
-Describe the formation of
exuberant formation and
desmoids
* * * * * *
Hemodynamic disorders Thromboembolic Disease and shock 34.
Edema and
Effusions
-Discuss the causes of
increased hydrostatic
pressures -Discuss the causes of
reduced plasma osmotic
pressures Discuss the causes
of sodium and water retention
-Discuss the causes of
lymphatic obstruction
Identify pathophysiological
categories of Edema
-Explain the morphology and
clinical features of Edema
* * * * * *
35. Hyperemia and
Congestion
-Explain the differences of the
terms hyperemia and
congestion morphologically
* * * * * *
36.
Hemostasis,
Hemorrhagic
disorders and thrombosis
-Define the term Hemostasis
and explain the sequence of
events leading to hemostasis
Relate the role of platelets in
maintaining hemostasis
-Revise the coagulation
cascade
-Discuss in detail the
significance of Endothelium
in
maintaining Hemostasis
-Explain the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of thrombosis
-Discuss the effects of
endothelial injury
-Describe in detail the effects
of alternations in normal
blood flow
-Associate hypercoagulability
with thrombus formation
* * * * * *
42
-Discuss in detail the fate of
thrombus
37.
Embolism
-Discuss the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of
pulmonary embolism
-Discuss the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of
systemic thromboembolism
-Discuss the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of fat
and marrow embolism
-Discuss the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of air
embolism
-Discuss the etiology,
pathogenesis and morphology
of
amniotic fluid embolism
* * * * * *
38.
DIC
Infarction
-Explain the mechanism of
infarction
-Discuss the factors that lead
to development of infarct and
its morphology
Explain the process of
Disseminated intravascular
coagulation
-Discuss the pathophysiology
and morphology of DIC
* * * * * *
39.
Shock
-Discuss the pathogenesis of
septic shock
-Describe all stages of shock,
morphology and clinical
Consequences
* * * * * *
Genetics 40. Genes and human
diseases
-Discuss in detail mutations
-Define Mendelian disorders
* * * * * *
41.
Single gene
disorders
-Discuss the transmission
patterns of autosomal
dominant disorders
-Discuss the transmission
patterns of autosomal
recessive disorders
-Discuss the transmission
patterns of X-linked disorders
* * * * * *
42.
Biochemical and
molecular
-Discuss the enzyme defects
and their consequences with
example (lysosomal and
glycogen storage diseases)
-Discuss the disorders of
structural proteins (Marfan
Syndrome, EDS)
* * * * * *
43.
basis of single gene
disorders
-Discuss the defects in
receptors and transport system
with example (familial
hypercholesterolemia)
-Review of alteration in
* * * * * *
43
structure, function or quantity
of nonenzymic proteins
-Review of genetically
determined adverse reaction
to drugs 44.
Chromosomal
Disorders
-Discuss cytogenic disorders
involving sex
chromosomes (Klinefelter
Syndrome, Turner syndrome)
-Define the terms
hermaphroditism and
pseudo hermaphroditism
* * * * * *
45. Single gene
disorders with nonclassical
inheritance
-Define the diseases
associated with single gene
mutations
* * * * * *
46.
Molecular Genetics
Diagnosis
-Explain the diagnostic
methods (PCR, FISH, MLPA)
-Discuss polymorphic
markers and molecular
diagnosis, RNA Analysis
* * * * * *
Neoplasia 47.
Nomenclature
-Explain the terms
differentiation and anaplasia
-Explain the terms local
invasion and metastasis
-Explain pathways of spread
of tumors
-Discuss features of benign
and malignant neoplasms
-Differences of benign and
malignant neoplasms
* * * * * *
48.
Epidemiology of
cancer
-Discuss the global impact of
cancer
-Discuss the role of
environmental factors in
development of cancer
-Discuss in detail age,
acquired predisposing
conditions
-Explain the genetic
predisposition and interaction
between
inherited and environmental
factors
* * * * * *
49.
Molecular basis
of cancer
-Discuss role of genetic and
epigenetic alterations
-Describe cellular and
molecular hallmarks of cancer
-Explain the self-sufficiency
in growth signals
-Describe the terms,
ONCOGENES,
PROTOONCOGENES,
ONCOPROTEINS
-Explain the insensitivity to
growth inhibition
-Explain the growth
promoting metabolic
alterations
-Explain warburg effect
* * * * * *
44
-Discuss in detail the evasion
of programmed cell
death (APOPOTOSIS)
Associate limitless replicative
potential with tumor growth
-Explain the role of
angiogenesis, invasion and
metastasis in
development of tumor
-Discuss the evasion of host
defense, genomic instability
Illustrate with examples
cancer enabling inflammation
-Discuss dysregulation of
cancer associated
gene (chromosomal changes,
epigenetic changes and
noncoding RNA's) 50.
Carcinogenic Agents
Role of chemical
carcinogenesis and
steps involved in
development of
cancer
-Describe direct acting
carcinogens
-Describe indirect acting
carcinogens
-Explain the role of radiation
carcinogenesis (uv RAYS,
IONIZING RADIATION)
-Discuss the microbial
carcinogenesis
* * * * * *
51.
Clinical Aspects
of Neoplasia
-Explain the grading and
staging of tumors
--Discuss laboratory diagnosis
of cancer
Explain the tumor markers in
detail
* * * * * *
General Bacteriology 52.
Introduction
-Recall bacteria
-Discuss important features of
microbes
-Describe characteristics of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells
* * * * * *
53.
Structure of
bacteria
-Discuss shape and size of
bacteria
-Discuss cell wall and its
components
-Compare cell wall of gram
positive and gram negative
-Describe bacterial spores and
their importance
-Discuss cytoplasmic
structure and its components
* * * * * *
54.
Growth
-Define Binary fission
-Discuss growth cycle and
curve and its phases
-Discuss aerobic and
anaerobic growth
-Discuss fermentation and
iron metabolism
* * * * * *
55.
Genetics
-Define genetics
-Discuss mutation and its
types
-Discuss transfer of DNA
* * * * * *
45
within bacterial cell
-Discuss transfer of DNA
between bacterial cell
-Discuss recombination and
its types 56.
Classification of
important
bacteria
-Discuss principles of
classification
-Classify bacteria on different
basis
* * * * * *
57.
Normal flora
-Define normal flora
Enlist normal flora with their
anatomical sites
-Discuss medical importance
of normal flora
-Define commensals, carrier
state, colonization and
resistance
* * * * * *
58.
Pathogenesis
-Define pathogen, virulence,
infectious dose, parasite and
types
-Describe types of bacterial
infections
-Enlist stages of bacterial
infection
-Discuss determinants of
bacteria
-Enumerate different strains
of bacteria causing disease
* * * * * *
59.
Host Defense
-Define innate and acquired
immunity
-Describe host defenses
against bacteria
-Describe components of
acquired and innate immunity
* * * * * *
60.
Laboratory
diagnosis of bacteria
-Discuss approach to
laboratory work
-Discuss approach to
serological testing
-Describe specimen taking for
different cultures
-Discuss commonly used
bacterial agars
-Discuss different methods of
diagnosis based on nucleic
acid analysis
* * * * * *
61.
Bacterial vaccine
-Enlist general principles of
bacterial vaccines
-Describe active and passive
immunity
-Enlist common bacterial
vaccine
* * * * * *
62.
Sterilization and
Disinfection
-Define sterilization and
disinfection
-Discuss methods of
sterilization and disinfection
-Identify instruments
/agents/machine used in
sterilization
* * * * * *
General virology 63.
Introduction -Recall virus
-Discuss important properties
* * * * * *
46
-Enlist comparison of viruses
and cell 64.
Structure of virus
-Discuss shape and size of
virus
-Discuss different component
of virus
* * * * * *
65.
Classification of
virus
-Discuss principle of
classification
-Enumerate classification of
virus
* * * * * *
Special virology 66. Herpesvirus
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
67. Herpes simplex
virus
* * * * * *
68. Varicella-Zoster
virus
* * * * * *
69. Cytomegalovirus * * * * * *
70. Epstein-barr virus * * * * * *
71. Human
herpesvirus 8
* * * * * *
72. Smallpox * * * * * *
DNA Non-enveloped virus 73. Adenovirus -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
74. Papillomavirus * * * * * *
75. Parvovirus -Recall orthomyxoviruses * * * * * *
RNA enveloped virus 76.
Orthomyxoviruses
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
77. Influenza virus -Define paramyxoviruses * * * * * *
78. Paramyxoviruses
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
79. Measles virus * * * * * *
80. Mumps virus * * * * * *
81. Respiratory
syncytial virus
* * * * * *
82. Parainfluenza
virus
* * * * * *
83. Togavirus * * * * * *
84. Rubella virus * * * * * *
85. Rhabdovirus * * * * * *
86. Rabies virus * * * * * *
87. Retrovirus * * * * * *
88. Human T-cell
Lymphotropic
virus
* * * * * *
89. Filoviruses * * * * * *
90. Ebola virus * * * * * *
Hepatitis virus 91. Hepatitis A
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
92. Hepatitis B * * * * * *
93. Hepatitis C * * * * * *
94. Hepatitis D * * * * * *
47
95. Hepatitis E * * * * * *
96. Hepatitis G * * * * * *
Arbovirus 97. Yellow fever -Discuss
features, transmission,
pathogenesis, diagnosis,
prevention
* * * * * *
98. Dengue virus * * * * * *
99. Chikungunya virus * * * * * *
100.
HIV
-Discuss
features, transmission,
pathogenesis, diagnosis,
prevention
* * * * * *
Mycology 101.
Introduction
-Define mycology
-Discuss structure of fungi
Compare of Fungai and
bacteria
-Discuss pathogenesis
* * * * * *
102. Cutaneous and
subcutaneous
mycoses
-Enlist cutaneous and
subcutaneous mycoses
* * * * * *
103. Dermatophytosis
, tinea nigra -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
104. Tinea versicolor * * * * * *
105. Sporotrichosis,
chromomycosis
* * * * * *
106. Mycetoma * * * * * *
107. Systemic mycoses -Enlist systemic mycoses * * * * * *
108. Coccidioides,
Histoplasma -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
109. Blastomyces,
Paracoccidioides
* * * * * *
110. Opportunistic
mycoses -Enlist opportunistic mycoses
* * * * * *
111. Candida,
Cryptococcus,
Aspergillus, mucor
& rhizopus -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
112. Pnuemocystis,pe
Nicllium marneffei,
* * * * * *
113. Fusarium solani,
pseudallescheriabo
ydii
* * * * * *
Parasitology 114. Intestinal parasite -Enlist intestinal parasite * * * * * *
115. Entamoeba,
Giardia,
cryptosporidium
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
116. Urogenital parasite -Enlist urogenital parasite * * * * * *
117. Blood and tissue
parasite
-Enlist blood and tissue
parasite
* * * * * *
118. Plasmodium,
toxoplasm -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
119. leishmania * * * * * *
120. Cestodes * * * * * *
121. Trematodes -Define trematodes * * * * * *
122. Schistosoma, -Discuss features, * * * * * *
48
Clonorchis,
paragonimus
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention 123. Fasciola,
Fasciolosis,
Heterophytes
* * * * * *
124. Nematodes -Define nematodes * * * * * *
125. Enterobius,
trichuris,ascaris,an
cyo
Stoma & nectar
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
126. Strongyloides,tric
hinella
* * * * * *
127. Wucheria,onchoc
erca,loa,dracuncul
us
* * * * * *
128. toxocara,ancylost
oma,angiostrongyl
us,anisakia
* * * * * *
Immunology
129.
Introduction and
cells of immune
system
-Define immunology
-Enumerate cell of immune
system
-Difference between innate
and adaptive immune system
* * * * * *
130.
Cell mediated
immunity
-Describe cell mediated
immunity
-Discuss Maturation and
education of T and B cells
-Enumerate their functions
* * * * * *
131.
Humoral immunity
-Define and describe humoral
immunity
-Enlist Different types of
antibodies and discuss
-Functions of humoral
immunity
* * * * * *
132.
Cells and cytokines
-Enlist cell involved in innate
and adaptive immune system
-Briefly describe role of
different cytokines in
immunology
* * * * * *
133.
Hypersensitivity
Reactions
-Define hypersensitivity
reaction
-Enlist Different types of
hypersensitivity reactions
-Discuss Differentiation
between different reactions
-Briefly discuss Laboratory
diagnosis
* * * * * *
134.
COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM
-Define is complement system
-Discuss Different pathways
of complement system
-Describe Functions of
complement system
-Briefly review Clinical
implications of complement
system
* * * * * *
135. Immune tolerance
& Autoimmunity
-Define immune tolerance
-Enlist diff. Mechanisms
involved in immune tolerance
-Discuss Pathophysiology of
* * * * * *
49
autoimmunity
-Enumerate Different
autoimmune diseases
-Discuss Diagnosis of
autoimmune diseases 136. Major
Histocompatibility
Complex
-Describe MHC
-Enumerate Different types
and structure
-Briefly classes Role of MHC
* * * * * *
137.
Antigen and
Antibody Reaction
-Give brief Introduction &
Salient Features of Antigen –
Antibody Reaction.
-Discuss Strength of Antigen
– Antibody Reaction.
-Properties of Antigen –
Antibody Reaction.
-Different Types of Antigen –
Antibody Reaction.
-Briefly review Application of
Antigen – Antibody Reaction.
-Discuss Conclusion.
* * * * * *
138.
Immunodeficiency
disorders
-Define immunodeficiency
disorders
-Classify immunodeficiency
disease
-Discuss Manifestations
Etiology &
AIDS
* * * * * *
139.
Transplantation &
graft rejection.
-Discuss different types of
grafts.
-Briefly discuss pathogenesis
of different types of graft
rejection
-Discuss the measures to
prevent graft rejection
* * * * * *
Special bacteriology 140. Gram positive
cocci
-Enlist types of gram-positive
cocci
* * * * * *
141. Staphylococcus
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
142. Staphylococcus
aureus,epidermid
is,saprophyticus
* * * * * *
143. Streptococcus * * * * * *
144. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
* * * * * *
145. Gram negative
cocci
-Enlist types of gram-negative
cocci
* * * * * *
146. Nesseris
Meningitidis,
N.gonorrhea
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
147. Gram positive rods
-Define gram positive rods
Classify gram positive rods
* * * * * *
148. Spore-forming
gram-positive rods
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
149. Spore-forming
gram positive rods
* * * * * *
150. Bacillus anthracis,
cereus
* * * * * *
151. Clostridium * * * * * *
50
tetani, botulinum,
perfringens,
difficile 152. Non-spore forming
gram positive rods
* * * * * *
153. Cornybacterium
diphtheriae
* * * * * *
154. Listeria
monocytogenes
* * * * * *
155. Gardnerella
vaginalis
* * * * * *
156. Gram negative
rods related to
enteric tract
Introduction of
Enterobacteriaceae
-Discuss Enterobacteriaceae
and related organism
* * * * * *
157. Pathogen both
inside and outside
enteric
Tract
-Enlist pathogens both inside
and outside enteric tract
* * * * * *
158. E.coli,Salmonella
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
159. Pathogens within
the enteric tract
* * * * * *
160. Shigella,compyloba
cer, helicobacter
* * * * * *
161. Vibrio cholera,
parahae molyticus,
vulnificus
* * * * * *
162. Pathogens outside
the enteric tract
* * * * * *
163. Klebsillaenterobact
erserratia group
* * * * * *
164. Proteusprovidencia
morganella group
* * * * * *
165. pseudomonas,
bacteroides &
prevotella
* * * * * *
166. Gram negative
rods related to
respiratory tract
-Recall and classify gram
negative rods related to
respiratory tract
* * * * * *
167. Haemophilus,
Boedetella,Legionel
la, Acinetobacter
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
168. Gram negative
rods related to
animal source
-Discuss gram negative rods
related to animal source
* * * * * *
169. Brucella,
Francisella,
Pasteurella,Barton
ella
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
170. Mycobacterium
-Discuss types of
mycobacterium
* * * * * *
171. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
172. Atypical
mycobacteria,
Mycobacterium
leprae
* * * * * *
173. Actinomycetes -Define actinomycetes * * * * * *
174. Actinomyces -Discuss features, * * * * * *
51
israelii,Nocardia
Asteroides,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention 175. Mycoplasma -Recall Mycoplasma * * * * * *
176. Mycoplasma
Pneumonia
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
177. Spirochetes -Recall spirochetes * * * * * *
178. Treponema,Leptos
pir
-Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
179. Borrelia
burgdorferi,
recurrentis,hermsii
,
miyamotoi
* * * * * *
180. Chlamydiae --Recall chlamydiae * * * * * *
181. Chlaymydia
trachnomatis,pne
umoniae,psittaci
Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
182. Rickettsiae -Recall rickettsiae * * * * * *
183. Rickettsia
rickettsii,prowazek
ii -Discuss features,
transmission, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention
* * * * * *
184. Coxiella burnetii,
anaplasma
phagocytophilum
* * * * * *
Practical Work 185.
Study of
Microscope
Identify and understand
principal components of light
microscope
Demonstrate how to set up
and use light microscope.
* * * * * *
186.
Urine Sample
Enumerate microscopic
findings in urine.
Distinguish different casts &
crystals
* * * * * *
187.
Stool sample
Explain macroscopic and
microscopic examination of
stool.
* * * * * *
188.
Gram staining
Differentiate two major
categories of bacteria
Explain how gram stain
affects bacteria based on
structural differences in their
cell wall
* * * * * *
189.
ZN Staining
Differentiate bacteria between
acid fast group and non-acid
fast group
Explain how ZN stain and its
acid alcohol deodorizer
affects bacteria.
* * * * * *
190.
Chronic venous
congestion
Define the disorder
Explain the causes of disorder
Understand outcome
Demonstrate gross and
microscopic features
* * * * * *
191.
Features of
malignant tumor
Differentiate between benign
and malignant tumor
Understand the term anaplasia
Explain rate of growth
Explain metastasis
* * * * * *
52
192.
Lipoma
Define the term
Enlist type of tumor
Describe formation
Enlist sites of types
Discuss gross or microscopic
picture
* * * * * *
193.
Leiomyoma
Define the term
Classify types of tumor
occurrence to learn size of
tumor
Interpret clinical features
gross and microscopic
picture
* * * * * *
194.
Hemangioma
Distinguish between benign
and malignant tumors
Enlist the types
Explain gross or microscope
picture
* * * * * *
195.
Squamous cell
carcinoma
State the type of carcinoma
Recognize its site
State its incidence
Enumerate its Predisposing
factors
Observe and describe the
gross and microscopic
picture
* * * * * *
196.
Basal cell
carcinoma
Identify the type of carcinoma
Memorize the site of tumor
Enlist predisposing factors
Recall growth pattern.
Observe gross and
microscopic picture
* * * * * *
197.
Fatty change liver
Define and explain liver
steatosis
Enumerate its causes
Describe its pathophysiology
Enlist its types
Explain gross and
microscopic features on slide
* * * * * *
198. Hyperplasia
Define hyperplasia
Distinguish its gross and
microscopic features
* * * * * *
199. Metaplasia
Define metaplasia
Distinguish its gross and
microscopic features
* * * * * *
200. Atrophy
Define Atrophy
Distinguish its gross and
microscopic features
* * * * * *
201.
Necrosis
Define necrosis?
Enlist the important features
of necrosis
Elaborate its types
Elaborate features of
necrosis on slide during
microscopy
* * * * * *
202. Pathological
calcification
Define calcification
State pathological
calcification
Elaborate its pathophysiology
Enumerate its types with
explanation and examples
Elaborate the features of
pathological calcification on
slide during microscopy
* * * * * *
203. Pigmentation Define pigmentation
State its types
Define the nevus and classify
them
Describe features of nevus
on gross and microscopy
* * * * * *
204. Anthrocosis Define anthrocosis
Describe its pathophysiology
Classify anthrocosis
Enumerate the important
features of anthrocosis on
gross and microscope
* * * * * *
205. Infarction Recognize the disorders
Discuss the cause of
infarction
Identify the gross or
microscopic picture
* * * * * *
53
Identify the types of infarction
Recognize the severe outcome 206. Thrombosis Define thrombosis
Enumerate the causes
Describe the outcome
Explain the sites of formation
Identify gross or microscopic
picture
* * * * * *
207. Adenoma Identify the site of tumor
Describe predisposing factors
Enumerate gross and
microscopic picture
* * * * * *
208. Fibroadenoma Describe predisposing factors Enumerate gross and
microscopic picture
* * * * * *
209. Acute
inflammation
Define acute inflammation
Explain its components
Enumerate its types
* * * * * *
210. Chronic
inflammation
Define Chronic inflammation
Enumerate its causes and
types
Identify the chronic
inflammation on gross and
microscope picture
* * * * * *
211. Chronic
granulomatous
inflammation
Define granuloma?
Describe granulomatous
inflammation
Elaborate granulomatous
inflammation with types and
examples
Identify the granulomatous
inflammation on slide during
microscopy
* * * * * *
212. Malarial
Parasites
Differentiate between
different forms of malarial
parasite.
Examine different types of
malarial parasites in prepared
blood smears.
* * * * * *
213. Ascariasis Observe the different stages
of life cycle of Ascaris
Lumbricoides
* * * * * *
214. Amoebiasis Compare the different stages
of life cycle of Entamoeba
Histolytica
* * * * * *
215. Giardiasis Categorics the different stages
of life cycle of Giardia.
* * * * * *
216. Cestodes Analyze the stages of life
cycle of different Cestodes
* * * * * *
217. Opportunistic
Mycoses
Analyze different structures
of candida and other
opportunistic fungi under
microscope
* * * * * *
218. Culture Media Describe the nutritional
requirements of bacteria
Identify and describe culture
media used for growth of
bacteria including examples
of all purpose media,
enriched, differential Define
enrichment media.
Enlist growth phases of
microorganism and different
type of growth media
available to culture them
* * * * * *
219. Motility of bacteria Describe motility of living
bacteria
Summarize about different
methods of motility
determination
* * * * * *
220. Biochemical test. Reproduce different
biochemical reactions to
identify bacteria.
* * * * * *
54
221. Sterilization
technique
Discuss the rationale for
sterilization and disinfection
Select appropriate methods of
sterilization and disinfection
Implement appropriate quality
assurance measures.
* * * * * *
222. Collecting and
transporting
specimen
Analyze and compare
different techniques used for
the transportation of various
forms of specimen.
* * * * * *
223. Preparation of
blood film
Demonstrate different
techniques of blood film and
smear preparation
* * * * * *
224. Elisa Analyze different aspects of
the procedure
* * * * * *
225. Study of Various
pathology lab
instruments and
machines
Analyze different aspects of
Laboratory instruments
Demonstrate the proper use
Summarize the proper care.
* * * * * *
55
w.e.f. 29th
March, 2021 to 11th
December, 2021
Days 8:30-
09:20
09:20-
10:10 10:10–11-00
11:00–
11:50
11:50–
12:10 12:10–01:00 01:00–2:30
Monda
y
Test /
Discussio
n
Test /
Discussio
n
Lecture
Pharmacology
Lecture
Patholog
y Break
SGD
Batch A-
Forensic M
Batch B-
Pathology
Batch C-
Pharmacology
Batch D- B.S
Practical’s
Batch A-
Pharmacology
Batch B-
Forensic M
Batch C-
Pathology
Tuesda
y
Lecture
Patholog
y
Lecture
Pharmacol
ogy
Lecture
Forensic
Medicine
Lecture
Behavior
al
Sciences
Break Hospital Ward
Practical’s
Batch A-
Pathology
Batch B-
Pharmacology
Batch C-
Forensic M
Wedne
sday
Lecture
Behavior
al
Sciences
Lecture
Pathology
Lecture
Pharmacology SDL Break Hospital Ward
Practical’s
Batch A-
Forensic M
Batch B-
Pathology
Batch C-
Pharmacology
Thursd
ay
Test /
Discussio
n
Test /
Discussio
n
Lecture
Pharmacology
Lecture
Patholog
y Break Hospital Ward
SGD
Batch B-
Forensic M
Batch C-
Pathology
Batch D-
Pharmacology
Batch A- B.S
Friday
08:30-
9:30
09:30-
10:30
10:30-11:30
AM
11:30-
12:30
------------
----- ------------------ -------------------- Lecture
Forensic
Medicine
Tutorial
Pharmacol
ogy
SGD
Batch C-
Forensic M
Batch D-
Pathology
Batch A-
Pharmacology
Batch B- B.S
Skill Lab
Saturda
y
Lecture
Pharmaco
logy
SDL Lecture
Pathology
Lecture
Commun
ity
Medicine
Break
Lecture
Surgery/Medicin
e
SGD
Batch D-
Forensic M
Batch A-
Pathology
Batch B-
Pharmacology
Batch C- B.S
TIMETABLE
56
*Note: Self Directed Learning (Every Wednesday & Saturday) would be monitored by the Department, which will
be conducting test on Thursday & Monday, respectively.
Chief Operating Officer
Multan Medical & Dental College,
MULTAN
57
Sr# Date Subject Name of Facilitator Assessment
Tool
Topic
1 05-04-
2021
Pathology Dr. Afra + Dr. Nudrat MCQs +
SEQs
Hypermia & Congestion
Introduction of Neoplasia
2 19-04-
2021
Pathology
Dr. Naseem
MCQs +
SEQs Introduction to immunology
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
3 03-05-
2021
Pathology Dr. Afra + Dr. Nudrat
MCQs +
SEQs Hypermia, Congestion, Edema,
Hemorhagic, Introduction to
Neoplasia, Nomencloture.
4 17-05-
2021
Pathology Dr. Iqbal + Dr. Naseem
MCQs +
SEQs Immunology
Cell injury
5 31-05-
2021
Pathology Dr. Riaz Hussain Malik
MCQs +
SEQs General Bacteriology
6 14-06-
2021
Pathology Dr. Afra
MCQs +
SEQs Hemodynamic
7 28-06-
2021
Pathology Dr. Naseem Akhter
MCQs +
SEQs Immunology
8 12-07-
2021
Pathology
Dr. Nudrat
MCQs +
SEQs Nomenclature, Carcinogenic
agents
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
9 29-07-
2021
Pathology Dr. Iqbal Hussain Malik
MCQs +
SEQs Cell Injury: Adaptations,
Mechanism of cell injury
10 12-08-
2021
Pathology Dr. Afra
MCQs +
SEQs Genetics
11 30-08-
2021
Pathology Dr. Riaz Hussain Malik
MCQs +
SEQs General Bacteriology
12 13-09-
2021
Pathology Dr. Nudrat
MCQs +
SEQs Neoplasia
13 27-09-
2021
Pathology Dr. Ghauri
MCQs +
SEQs Special Bacteriology
14 11-10-
2021
Pathology Dr. Iqbal Hussain Malik
MCQs +
SEQs Cell Injury
15 25-10-
2021
Pathology Dr. Riaz Hussain Malik
MCQs +
SEQs General Bacteriology
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE
58
16 08-11-
2021
Pathology Dr. Ghauri
MCQs +
SEQs General Bacteriology
17 22-11-
2021
Pathology Dr. Riaz Hussain Malik +
Dr. Naeem Gogi
MCQs +
SEQs Virology + Parasitology
18 06-12-
2021
Pathology Dr. Muhammad Ijaz
Alam
MCQs +
SEQs Inflammation and Repair
May Vary due to COVID-19 Outbreak
59
3
rd Year MBBS (Session 2020-2021)
PRACTICAL GROUPS
Sr.# Roll No. Batch
1 1-73 Batch-A
2 74-148 Batch-B
3 149-214 Batch-C
DEPARTMENTS
Sr.# Days Pharmacology Pathology Forensic Medicine
1 Monday Batch-A Batch-C Batch-B
2 Tuesday Batch-B Batch-A Batch-C
3 Wednesday Batch-C Batch-B Batch-A
SGD GROUPS
Sr.# Roll No. Batch
1 1-58 Batch-A
2 60-108 Batch-B
3 109-162 Batch-C
4 164-214 Batch-D
SGD’s
Sr.# Days Forensic Medicine Pathology Pharmacology Behavioral Sciences
1 Monday Batch-A Batch-B Batch-C Batch-D
2 Thursday Batch-B Batch-C Batch-D Batch-A
3 Friday Batch-C Batch-D Batch-A Batch-B
4 Saturday Batch-D Batch-A Batch-B Batch-C
BATCHES ALLOCATIONS
60
May Vary due to COVID-19 Outbreak
Sr.# Rotations Dates Batch Venue
1 29th March, 2021 to 13
th August, 2021 A 1-107
2 16th August, 2021 to 18
th December, 2021 B 108-214
Department of Surgery
Sr.# Rotations Dates Batch Venue
1 29th March, 2021 to 13
th August, 2021 B 108-214
2 16th August, 2021 to 18
th December, 2021 A 1-107
61
Rules and Regulations Laboratories:
Students must wear white overall in the Laboratory.
Students must wear face masks in the Laboratory.
Students must wear gloves before starting the practical and remove them after ending the
procedure.
Students must be trained about the usage of any instrument or machine before using it on
a patient.
Students must have their log books at the start of session and they must keep them safe
and maintain the record timely.
Students must submit their log books at the end of the session to the relevant Head of
Department.
Students should not use mobile phones in the Laboratory.
Students should never perform any procedure alone. The Demonstrators and the assistant
must be there with the student.
Always keep your hands at a safe distance from sharp instruments.
Unnecessary talking is not allowed in the Laboratory.
No student is allowed to leave the Laboratory without the permission of Supervisor.
No game of any sort is allowed to be played during the clinical/ward.
Any student breaking or damaging any property of the institution shall be required to pay
the cost of repair or replacement.
Students must demonstrate Professionalism and Medical Ethics.
WARD PRE-REQUISITES
62
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Pathological Basis of Disease by Kumar, Cortan and Robbins, 10th Ed.2020, W.B.
Saunders.
2. Medical Microbiology and Immunology by Levinson and Jawetz, 9th Ed., Mc Graw-Hill.
3. Medical Genetics by Jorde, 3rd Ed., Mosby.
4. Clinical Pathology Interpretations by A. H. Nagi
5. Robbins Basic Pathology 10th Ed. 2018
LEARNING RESOURCES