1

MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM

WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING

SOLAR ENERGY

A Project Report

Submitted by

AJAY KUMAR VERMA

TOYESH SONDHI

MANJOT SINGH

RANVIR SINGH

In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

ER. ASHOK MALIK Submitted to

CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

Dec 2014

2

MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM

WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING

SOLAR ENERGY

A Project Report

Submitted by

AJAY KUMAR VERMA

TOYESH SONDHI

MANJOT SINGH

RANVIR SINGH

In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

ER. ASHOK MALIK

Submitted to

CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR PUNJAB

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

Dec 2014

3

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “ Multi-level Car Parking System with Multi mode

Supply using Solar Energy ” submitted for the Bachelor of Technology Degree is our original

work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, fellowship or any other

similar titles.

This work has not been submitted by us for award of any other degree or diploma of any other

University/Board

Toyesh Sondhi

Ajay Kumar Verma

Manjot Singh

Ranvir Singh

Place: Jalandhar Date:

4

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the Project work titled “ Multi-level Car Parking System with Multi

Mode Supply using Solar Energy ” Carried out by the students TOYESH SONDHI (1152025),

AJAY KUMAR VERMA(1282757), MANJOT SINGH(1282770), RANVIR SINGH

(1282778) during the academic year 2014-15 is a genuine & eligible work for the awards of credit

of partial fulfillment of degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Punjab

Technical University, Jalandhar.

The work has not been submitted by these students for award of any other degree or diploma of

any other University/Board.

Er.Nishant Bhardwaj Er. Ashok Malik

(Project Guide) (Project Co-ordinator)

Er. Gautam Koacher

Head of Department

Mechanical Engineering

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

for providing me opportunity to study in the institute.

We would like to thank Er.ASHOK MALIK , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, CTIT, our

project Co-ordinator for his continuous effort in helping us develop our project from the initial

stages till completion. His overwhelming support and expertise has been an essential driving

force for us and has an immense share in the success of our project.

We would also like to thank Er.GAUTAM KOCHER, Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

CTIT, for being very supportive and helpful in providing us the equipment and technical support

quintessential in every division of this project. Without his support, this project would have been

quite a difficult task to achieve.

Lastly but not the least, we would like to thank our friend , for his undue effort and everlasting

help in compiling this documentation.

I would also like to extend my thanks to my loving parents for helping me, supporting me and

encouraging me to perform this work.

Toyesh Sondhi

Ajay Kumar Verma

Manjot Singh

Ranvir Singh

6

ABSTRACT

In this project, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is considered to show

the use of control systems in parking systems. The control system will play a major role in

organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also presents the design of multi-level

parking lots which occupies less need on the ground and contains the large number of cars. In the

modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem, it has become very

important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big Automatic multi-level car parking system

helps to minimize the car parking area companies and apartments.

As metro city is suffering from the lack of available parking spots and expensive land prices

especially in vital area, we were inspired to create an multi level car parking system that cal

counter such a daily basis problem to make easier. The main objective of this project is to build

a prototype of multi level car parking system to park and retrieve car automatically in easy and

sufficient way.

The methodology that was sued to installing solar panel in the system by using solar energy that

changes solar energy into the electrical energy to stored the power in the rechargeable battery

that provided that to the dc motors that are installed in the car parking system. Also in this

methodology was used to achieve aim of the project was by creating a prototype that utilizes. The

rack and pinion mechanism are running by using dc motors power that were a achieved are the

forward or backward and a up or down movements to park and retrieve cars to designed spots.

Moreover, we are try to make it simple way and trying to using mechanical components in this

project. We are trying to prototype a project to pollution free in the environment, so it will utilized

in the future.

7

TABLE OF FIGURES

Fig. no. Title Page no.

1. Multilevel car parking system 1

2. Block diagram of parking system unit 7

3. Structure of wooden block 8

4. Structure of lift 8

5. Rack and pinion arrangement 9

6. Structure of conveyor 10

7. Design of Solar panel 10

8. Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit 11

9. Controlling switches 11

10. solar panel 13

11. Solar power system 15

12 Principle of solar power generation. 15

13. Rack and pinion mechanism 16

14. Principle of DC motor 18

15. Construction of DC motor 19

16. Working of commutator 20

17. Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit 23

18. Belt Conveyor 27

8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ch.no Contents Page no.

Cover page i.

Title page ii.

Declaration iii.

Certificate iv.

Acknowledgement v.

Abstract vi.

List of figures vii.

Table of contents viii.

1 Introduction 1

1.1 multi level car parking system 1

1.2 Background 1

1.3 demand for parking infrastructure 2

1.4 purpose of multi level car parking 2

1.5 types of multi-level car parking 3

1.5.1 conventional type 3

1.5.2 Automated type 3

1.6 Advantages and limitations of MLCP’s 4

2 Objective 6

2.1Objective of the project 6

3 Methodology 7

3.1working of project 7

3.2 line or block diagram unit 8

3.3 structure of wooden block 8

3.4 structure of lift 9

3.5 mechanism of parking lift 10

3.6 structure of flat belt conveyor 10

3.7 design of solar panel 11

3.8 design of solar inverter battery charger circuit 11

3.9 Design of control switches 12

3.10 Power supply 12

4 Construction 13

9

4.1 solar panel 13

4.1.1 theory and construction 13

4.1.2 solar power generation 14

4.1.3 principle of solar power generation 15

4.1.4 benefits 15

4.2 Rack and pinion mechanism 16

4.2.1 applications 16

4.3 DC motors 17

4.3.1 principle of DC motor 17

4.3.2 advantages & disadvantages 18

4.3.3 construction of dc motor 18

4.4 solar battery charger 19

4.4.1 solar battery charger specifications 20

4.4.2 12v application 20

4.4.3 minimum head voltage 20

4.4.4 maximum power dissipation 21

4.4.5 current limiting 21

4.4.6 float charge of lead-acid batteries 21

4.4.7 12v solar inverter battery charger 21

4.4.8 solar inverter battery charger circuit schematic 22

4.5 battery 22

4.5.1 working principle of battery 23

4.5.2 lead acid battery 24

4.5.3 lead acid wet cell 24

4.5.4 construction 24

4.5.5 chemical action 25

4.5.6 Caring for lead acid batteries 26

4.6 belt conveyor 26

4.6.1 advantages & disadvantages 27

4.6.2 applications 28

5 Conclusions 29

5.1 Future scope 29

References 30

10

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Multi level car parking system

This project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we

show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors.

Also, in this project, we will show three floors with conveyer assembly. The conveyor carries

the car to each floor. We are using here multimode supply using Solar energy that store their

energy in battery and DC motors power that control conveyor according to slide switches.

Fig.1. Multilevel car parking system

1.2 Background

India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total population. In context to urban

transport system, CBD’ are majorly facing the space issues in terms of open spaces, green spaces

and clear headways on roads, which lead to major inconvenience as well as delays in existing

systems.

Population of India’s six major metropolises increased by about 1.9 times during 1981 to 2001,

the number of motor vehicles went up by over 7.75 times during the same period. Parking is one

of the major concerns in terms of space occupation in these places. It can be broadly classified

into two categories that is on street and off street.

11

1.3 Demand for parking infrastructure

i. Presently demand for cars going up at the rate of 15% per annum. ii.

Presently approximately 15 millions cars are being sold every year. iii. Making

roads more expensive than parking infrastructure. iv. Cars being parked on roads

causing traffic causes traffic congestion and pollution.

v. Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of

space foe a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most of

their time.

vi. State governments would be required to amend bye laws in all million plus cities so that

adequate parking space is available for all residents/users of such buildings.

vii. Land is valuable in all urban areas. Parking places occupy large portions of such land.

This fact should be recognized in determining the principles for allocation of parking

space.

viii. Multi-level parking complexes should be made a mandatory requirement in city centres

that have several high rise commercial complexes.

1.4 Purpose Multi level car parking

Multi-Floor Parking System reduces to a minimum the amount of space required to park each

vehicle and has an average retrieval time of less than two minutes. It operates with the driver

parking and leaving the vehicle in the parking bay at the entrance level. Once the driver leaves

the safety zone incorporated into the parking bay, the system automatically parks the vehicle in

its determined parking place.

The movement of the car is achieved by use of a lift to bring the vehicle to the required floor

level and thereafter by a cart to its parking Way. The quick parking and retrieval times of the

system is achieved by the use of carts for horizontal movement of the vehicles at each parking

level.

Multi-level parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number

of advantages:

i. Optimal utilization of space.

ii. Lower maintenance and operational cost.

iii. Lower construction cost iv. Secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground

implementation renders the outdoor space free for landscaping).

v. Comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height or depth.

12

1.5 Types of multi-level car parking

The equivalent car space that can be accommodated at the parking site would vary with the

technology used. There are two basic technologies used for multilevel parking:

i. Conventional type Multi-level car parking system

ii. Automated type Multi-level car parking system

1.5.1 Conventional type Multi-level car parking system

Conventional multi-level car parking system can be underground, above found or both under and

above ground structure, the above ground structure are usually open-deck parking, which have

at least two sides that are minimum 50 % , open to the outside. The open parking structure is

preferable to close parking structures for above ground, as it do not require mechanical ventilation

and specialized fire protection system. The design of conventional Multi-level parking includes:

a) Entry and exit ramps or car lifts.

b) Circulation space between the vehicles.

c) Car parking area.

1.5.2 Automated type Multi-level car parking system \

Technologies used for automated parking systems are of following type :

I. Puzzle Type

This system has more than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that enables use of all

parking entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets move left, right, upward and

downward and always has one empty slot for movement.

Advantages

i. Operation is simple, no need for parking attendant.

i. Fast retrieval time, generally 2 min.

ii. Extremely safe and reliable with safety and option of automated gates. II.

Elevator or tower Type

This system is particularly designed for large parking of several car spaces, such as public parking

with hourly rates or private parking for large buildings.

Advantages

i. Minimal land use. An area of 25’x22’ can park up to 72 vehicles.

13

ii. Low noise and vibration. iii. Entry and exit is very quick and

convenient. iv. Completely equipped with multiple sensors and triple

safety devices.

v. Has the capability of holding cue memory when multiple patrons come to retrieve their

vehicles during rush hours. III. Multi Floor Type

Multi-level car parking system with stacking of cars in vertical spaces shall be designed in Semi-

Automatic or Automatic Mode of operation with only one palette thereby avoiding multiple

palettes and thus saving the cost of parking system and overall weight of the system

Advantages

i. Because each elevator and cart is independently on each level, entry and exit is quick.

Retrieval time of a vehicle is less than two minutes.

ii. Low noise and vibration. Entry and exit is very quick and convenient. We incorporate a

built in turntable on each elevator.

iii. A self-malfunction diagnostic control provides an excellent level of safety and reliability.

iv. Has the capability of holdings cue memory when multiple patterns come to retrieve their

vehicles during rush hours. IV. Rotary Type

This system is like a mini merry go round in which cars can be accommodated in a vertical height.

Operating like a merry-go-round, an empty pallet to park a car, or a loaded pallet with a parked

car, is brought down to the ground level at the touch of a button.

Advantages

i. Up to 12 vehicles can be accommodated within the space normally taken up

by two vehicles.

ii. It is not applicable by the regulations of the building coverage. iii. There is

no need for an attendant because it is a simple one touch operation.

iv. Senses where vehicle is closes and rotates by directionally for fast retrieval time.

v. Extremely save and reliable. Impossible for vehicles to fall with endless chain and pallet

drop prevention system

1.6 Advantages and limitations of multi level car parking system

Advantages

i. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to manoeuvre his car or drive

backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security.

14

ii. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minute of space.

iii. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast

parking and retrieval times.

iv. Automatic multi-story car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they

typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility

with the same capacity.

v. Costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive

ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security

personal may not be needed.

Limitations

i. Multi-story car park on surrounding residential blocks cause air and noise pollution caused

by the motor vehicles. ii. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with

concentrated spots of pollutions such as motor oil.

iii. Virtually all of the train that falls becomes run off. The parking lot must be built to

effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted

directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers.

iv. Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually

principally means the planting of trees to provide shade, bur parking lot providers have

long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking

lot.

15

Chapter 2

Objective

2.1 Objective of the project

In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we

show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors. we

will learn to the automation of multi-level car parking system in the modern world. Multilevel

Parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages

- optimal utilisation of space, lower maintenance and operational cost, lower construction cost,

secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground implementation renders the outdoor

space free for landscaping), comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height

or depth. In this project, we using a natural source of energy or power to make a low cost multi

level car parking system in the future. By using solar energy, we will trying to eliminate the

problem of electricity in that project. Through this we can reduce the pollution that produces in

environment during simple parking and also reduce the problems in metro city, shopping malls ,

and residential apartments.

16

Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Principle of working

A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be

used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in

commercial and residential applications.

Each panel is rated by its dc output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges

from. We are using here a solar panel, inverter battery charger circuit, battery as the input supply

of the lift system. We are using here dc motors. The conveyer assembly will be attached with

these dc motors. When we place a car on the conveyor assembly then the pulley that are attached

with conveyor moves upward or downward according to the slide switches output. Because the

pulley dc motor attached with control switches. All the conveyer assembly of floors also attached

with control switches. If we want to park our car at first floor, Then firstly we placed our conveyor

near first floor. Then start forward the conveyer assembly of pulley, At that time we will also

start the conveyer of the first flour and car will be park automatically through conveyer assembly.

All supply control will be setup by slide switches. We are using here solar panels of 10 watt 12

volt for out project supply. We are using here +12 volt 4.5amp battery with this project. we

designed a solar inverter battery charger circuit to charging for battery from solar energy into the

electrical energy. We are using dc motors, which is 12 volt and 45 rpm. A suitable rack and

pinion mechanism is used to provide the liner motion to the conveyor in the horizontal direction

of the parking system with the help of using dc motors. A suitable arrangement of the pulley with

ropes are installed with structure of the system to move the conveyor in the vertical direction to

parking the first or second floor to the car parking system.

We designed a conveyor that are arranged with dc motors and rubber of belts with endless joint

for transporting and deliver the car in available space of the car parking area. so, in this project

our aim is used to using solar energy and utilized in the car parking system. Through this we can

save the environment through pollution with problem of car parking system.

17

3.2 Line or block diagram unit

3.3 Structure of wooden block

In this multi-level car parking system, we make a wooden block, whose length is 2 feet, breath

is 2 feet and height is 3 feet. The wooden block has three multi floors. Each floor contains two

partitions of car parking of available space or area, whose dimensions is length is 1 feet , height

is 1 feet and breath is 1 feet.

Fig.2. Block diagram of parking system unit

Sun Light

Power Supply unit with B attery

Solar Pa nel

Control U nit

Multi - story

A ssembly

Motor e U Deriv nit

DC Motors

18

Fig.3. Structure of wooden block

3.4 Structure of lift

In this project, we make a frame of metal rectangular pipe made up of mild steel. The rectangular

pipe breath is 2 feet and 3 feet height long is adjusted to the wooden block of car parking system.

A flat conveyor is adjusted to that frame rack or pinion and rope arrangement to provide the

vertical or horizontal motions. The frame structure are shown below.

Fig.4. Structure of lift

19

3.5 Mechanism of parking lift

In this multi-level car parking system a suitable a rack and pinion or rope arrangement is

implemented to provide horizontal and vertical motions. A conveyor is installed in the

structure of lift to provide horizontal motion at multi-level floors to the car parking at available

area or space.

Fig.5. rack and pinion arrangement

A rope is arranged with DC motors to provide the vertical motion of the structure of lift, in

which also a conveyor is installed with structure of lift. We can move up or down at multi-level

floor of the car parking area.

3.6 Structure of Flat belt conveyor

the belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used is

used to transport the car from one belt conveyor to second belt conveyor. In this flat conveyor

DC motors used as a driving member to move the driven member of the flat belt conveyor. A

flat rubber material is used as a conveyor belt to providing the motion of conveyor smoothly.

Fig.6. Structure of conveyor

20

In this flat belt conveyor, a rack and pinion arrangement with DC motors to provide the to and

fro motion during parking the car.

3.7 Design of solar panel

In this multi-level car parking system, we using a solar panel of 10W. it emits or absorb the

energy from the sun through radiation in form of heat energy, and that energy is stored in the

form of electrical into the rechargeable battery. This electrical energy of the battery change into

the mechanical energy to run the dc motors to run the multi-level parking system.

Fig.7. design of solar panel

3.8 Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit

In this multi-level car parking, we design a solar inverter battery charger circuit to store the energy

of the sun in the form of electrical energy into the rechargeable battery.

Fig.8. design of Solar inverter battery charger circuit

21

3.9 Design of control switches

In this project multi-level car parking, we make a system of switches to control or start and stop

the revolutions of dc motors to run the system.

Fig.9. Controlling Switches

3.10 Power supply

In this multi level car parking system, we using a rechargeable battery of 12 volt and current

carrying capacity of 4.5 amp to giving the power supply to run the dc motors of the car parking

system.

22

Chapter 4

Construction

4.1 Solar Panel

A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can

be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in

commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under

standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel

determines the area of a panel given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt panel

will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can

produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A

photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a

battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring

Fig.10. Solar panel

4.1.1 Theory and Construction

Solar panels use light energy or photons from the sun to generate electricity through the

photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thinfilm

cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module

can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage

and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film

cells. These early solar panels were first used in space in 1958. Electrical connections are made

in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current

capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper

or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to

23

one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels

use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the

system.

Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to

maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline

silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics to prevent damaging panel section

reverse current. Reverse currents could lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become

less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar

panels.

Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or

mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area

in a cost-effective way

4.1.2 Solar power generation

Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photo voltaic

(PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to

boil water which is then used to provide power. Solar power has the potential to provide over

1,000 times total world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided only 0.02% of the total

that year. If it continues to double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the

dominant energy source this century. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are

concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been

built. Completed in 2008, the 46 MW Maura photovoltaic power station in Portugal and the 40

MW Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic

power stations. Much larger ones are proposed, such as the 100 MWFort Peck Solar Farm, the

550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW Rancho Cielo Solar Farm.Terrestrial solar power

is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all

times, we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will and will not be available.

Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators have an element of thermal storage, such

as molten salts. These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which can be made available

overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity. Orbital solar

power collection (as in solar power satellites) avoids this intermittent issue, but requires satellite

launching and beaming of the collected power to receiving antennas on Earth. The increased

intensity of sunlight above the atmosphere also increases generation efficiency.

24

Fig.11. Solar power system

4.1.3 Principle of Solar Power Generation:

The principle of power generation behind the solar cells consists of the utilization of the photo

voltaic effect of semiconductors. When such a cell is exposed to light, electron-hole pairs are

generated in proportion to the intensity of the light. Solar cells are made by bonding together

ptype and n-type semiconductors. The negatively charged electrons move to the n-type

semiconductor while the positively charged holes move to the p-type semiconductor. They

collect at both electrodes to form a potential. When the two electrodes are connected by a wire,

a current flows and the electric power thus generated can be transferred to an outside application.

Fig.12. Principal of solar power generation

4.1.4 Benefits

i. Highest Efficiency: Panel efficiency of 18.1% is the highest commercially available for

residential applications.

25

ii. Attractive Design: Unique design combines high efficiency and an elegant, all-black

appearance. iii. More Power: Delivers up to 50% more power per unit area than

conventional solar panels

iv. Reliable and Robust Design: Proven materials, tempered front glass, and a sturdy anodized

frame allow panel to operate reliably in multiple mounting configurations.

4.2 Rack and Pinion Mechanism

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which convert

rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear

"gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move,

thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

Fig.13 Rack and pinion mechanism

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of

the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate

tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper

cutter.

4.2.1 Applications

i. Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator, where the

rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear motion. ii. The rack

carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is usually small, so that

the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus torque, may still be substantial and

so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or

worm gear reduction.

iii. Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw actuators

26

4.3 DC Motors

DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering practice. However, DC

motors have been used in industrial applications for years Coupled with a DC drive, DC motors

provide very precise control DC motors can be used with conveyors, elevators, extruders, marine

applications, material handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile applications, automobile,

aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control applications.

4.3.1 Principle of DC Motor

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is

placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as

motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also

reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and

based on that the working principle of dc motor established. The direction of rotation of a this

motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger

and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index

finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of current,

then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor.

Structurally and construction wise a direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator, but

electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the

input port and derive mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the block

diagram shown below.

Fig.14. Principle of DC motor

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the electrical port or the input

port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or

output port. The input and output port variables of the direct current motor are related by the

parameter K

T =K I and E =K ω

27

So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite phenomena of

a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation from the same

machine by simply reversing the ports.

4.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DC Motors

Advantages

i. It is easy to control their speed in a wide range; their torque-speed characteristic has,

historically, been easier to tailor than that of all AC motor categories. This is why most

traction and servo motors have been DC machines.

ii. Their reduced overall dimensions permit a considerable space saving which let the

manufacturer of the machines or of plants not to be conditioned by the exaggerated

dimensions of circular motors.

Disadvantages

i. Since they need brushes to connect the rotor winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases

dramatically in low pressure environment.

ii. Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains explosive

materials.

iii. RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby TV sets, or electronic devices, Etc.

iv. DC motors are also expensive relative to AC motors.

4.3.3 Construction of DC motor

The construction of DC motors are given below:

Fig.15. Construction of DC motor

I. Stator

28

The stator generates a stationary magnetic field that surrounds the rotor. This field is

generated by either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings.

II. Rotor

The rotor, also called the armature, is made up of one or more windings. When these windings

are energized they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor field will be

attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to turn. As the motor

turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different sequence so that the magnetic

poles generated by the rotor do not overrun the poles generated in the stator.

This switching of the field in the rotor windings is called commutation.

III. Brushes and Commutator

Unlike other electric motor types, BDC motors do not require a controller to switch current in

the motor windings. Instead, the commutation of the windings of a BDC motor is done

mechanically. A segmented copper sleeve, called a commutator, resides on the axle of a BDC

motor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes slide over the commutator, coming in contact with

different segments of the commutator. The segments are attached to different rotor windings,

therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor when a voltage is applied

across the brushes of the motor. It is important to note that the brushes and commutator are the

parts of a BDC motor that are most prone to wear because they are sliding past each other.

Fig.16. Working of commutator

As the rotor turns, the commutator terminals also turn and continuously reverse polarity of the

current it gets from the stationary brushes attached to the battery.

4.4 Solar Battery Charger

This is the most simple and affordable solar battery charger that the hobbyist can make. It has a

few drawbacks over other similar controls, but offers numerous advantages. It is intended for

charging lead-acid batteries, but may also be used for charging any battery at a constant voltage.

Voltage output is adjustable.

29

Advantages

i. Simple, small & inexpensive.

ii. Uses commonly available components. iii.

Adjustable voltage. iv. ZERO battery discharge

when sun is not shining

Disadvantages

i. High drop-out voltage may be marginal for 6V application.

ii. Current limited to 1.5A

iii. No LED indicators—no bells or whistles

4.4.1 Solar battery charger specifications

i. Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V)

ii. Output voltage range: 5 to 14V (adjustable) (may be reduced further by shorting R2)

iii. Max power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of D1)

iv. Typical dropout voltage: 2 to 2.75V (depending upon load current)

v. Maximum current: 1.5A (internally limits at about 2.2A)

vi. Voltage regulation: ±100mV (due to regulation of series rectifier)

vii. Battery discharge: 0mA (this control will not discharge the battery when the sun doesn’t

shine)

4.4.2. 12V Application

i. Output voltage: Set for 14V

ii. Input voltage: Set for 12V

iii. Battery discharged: (12V): 14.75V Min at 1.5A

iv. Battery charged: (14V): 16V Min

4.4.3 Minimum Head Voltage

This is also referred to “drop-out voltage.” The input voltage must exceed the output voltage by

about 2.75V at 1.5A. Fortunately, when the battery discharged, the output voltage is lower so the

solar panel voltage will also be lower.

When fully charged, the battery voltage will be high, but the current is very low—at this point,

the drop-out voltage reduces to about 2V and the open circuit solar panel voltage also comes into

play. The schottky rectifier was selected to reduce this head voltage requirement—the voltage

drop of the schottky is about 0.5V at 1.5A or about half that of a typical silicon rectifier.

More advanced controls have a much lower head voltage requirement and will function better

under marginal conditions.

30

4.4.4 Maximum Power Dissipation

In this solar battery charger project the power is limited by the thermal resistances of both the

LM317T and the heat sink. To keep the junction temperature below the 125°C Max, the power

must be limited to about 10W. If a smaller or less effective heat sink is used, the maximum power

dissipation must be de-rated. Fortunately, the LM317 has internal temperature limiting so that if

it gets too hot, it shuts down thus protecting itself from damage. Max power comes into effect

when charging a 12V battery at 1.5A: e.g. battery voltage = 12V, solar panel = 18V. P = (18V –

12V) * 1.5A = 9W. So thermally, it is carefully matched to the current rating. If a solar panel that

is characterized for 12V is applied with a 6V battery, the maximum current must be reduced to

about 0.7A: e.g. battery voltage = 6V, solar panel voltage = 18V. P = (18V – 6V) * 0.7A = 9.6W.

In this case, the solar panel power may not exceed 10W.

When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to “top off” or completing

the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully charged, the heat sink runs

cool. This heat is not exactly wasted power—it is excess power that is unneeded in the process

of charging a battery.

4.4.5 Current Limiting

Current limiting is provided by the solar panel—it is not a commonly understood fact that the

solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a solar panel can withstand a

short circuit. Therefore, the control does not need current limiting.

4.4.6 Float Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries

This control charges the battery at a constant voltage and also maintains a charged battery (float

charge). The float charge voltage specification is a little lower, so to accommodate both charge

and float charge voltage, a compromise is reached by simply reducing the voltage slightly-that is

how ALL automotive systems operate. To obtain maximum charge in a 12V battery, set the

control to 14.6V. Automotive systems further reduce voltage to 13 to 13.5V in order to

accommodate high temperature operation as the battery is usually located in the hot engine

compartment—battery has a negative thermal coefficient of voltage.

4.4.7 12V Solar Inverter Battery Charger

Here is an energy saving solar inverter battery charger. It harvests solar energy to replenish 12

volt inverter battery. It has auto cut off facility to stop charging when the battery attains full

charge. The charger uses a 24 volt solar panel as input.

The circuit uses a variable voltage regulator IC LM 317 to set the output voltage steady around

16 volts. Variable resistor VR controls the output voltage. When the solar panel generates current,

31

D1 forward biases and Regulator IC gets input current. Its output voltage depends on the setting

of VR and the output current is controlled by R1. This current passes through D2 and R3. When

the output voltage is above (as set by VR) 16 volts, zener diode ZD2 conducts and gives stable

15 volts for charging.

Charging current depends on R1 and R3. Around 250 to 300 mA current will be available for

charging. Green LED indicates charging status. When the battery attains full voltage around 13

volts, Zener diode ZD1 conducts and T1 forward biases.

This drains the output current from the regulator IC through T1 and charging process stops. When

the battery voltage reduces below 12 volts, ZD1 turns off and battery charging starts again.

4.4.8 Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit Schematic

Fig.17. Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit

Connect the circuit to the solar panel and measure the input voltage. Make sure that it is above

18 volts. Connect the circuit to the battery with correct polarity and adjust VR till LED lights.

This indicates the conduction of ZD2 and output voltage. Use heat sinks for LM317 and TIP 122

to dissipate heat.

4.5 Battery

In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical energy, solar energy,

and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.

Daniel cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell, the battery has been the most popular

source of electricity in many daily life applications.

32

In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery one of them is which can be used once

before it gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable which means it can be

used multiple times by recharging it externally. The former is called primary battery and the later

is called secondary battery.

Batteries can be found in different sizes. A battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so

big in size that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of

sizes, the battery is used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship.

We often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network. This is the most

popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent positive terminal of the cells and

smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in the battery.

We are often confused about the terms battery cell and battery. We generally refer a battery as a

single electro-chemical cell. But literally, battery does not mean that. Battery means a number of

electro-chemical cells connected together to meet a certain voltage and current level.

Although there may be a single cell battery, literally, battery and cell are different.

4.5.1 Working Principle of Battery

To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have some basic concept

of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two dissimilar metals or metallic

compounds are immersed in an electrolyte, there will be a potential difference produced between

these metals or metallic compounds.

It is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get dissolved and

produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called an electrolyte. The popular

examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts, acids, and bases etc.

The energy released during accepting an electron by a neutral atom is known as electron affinity.

As the atomic structure for different materials are different, the electron affinity of different

materials will differ. If two different kinds of metals or metallic compounds are immersed in the

same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons.

Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose them depends upon

the electron affinities of these metals or metallic compounds. The metal with low electron affinity

will gain electrons from the negative ions of the electrolyte solution. On the other hand, the metal

with high electron affinity will release electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte

solution and are added to the positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these metals or

compounds gains electrons and another one loses electrons. As a result, there will be a difference

in electron concentration between these two metals. This difference of electron concentration

33

causes an electrical potential difference to develop between the metals. This electrical potential

difference or emf can be utilized as a source of voltage in any electronics or electrical circuit.

This is a general and basic principle of battery.

4.5.2 Lead acid battery

This was the first form of rechargeable secondary battery. The lead acid battery is still in use for

many industrial purposes. It is still the most popular to be used as car battery .

It was a carbon-zinc wet cell battery known as the Leclanche cell. Crushed manganese dioxide

mixed with a bit of carbon forms the positive electrode and a zinc rod is used as the negative

electrode. Ammonium chloride solution is used as a liquid electrolyte. After some years, Georges

Leclanche himself improved his own design by replacing liquid ammonium chloride solution

with ammonium chloride. This was the invention of the first dry cell. Thomas Alva Edison

discovered the alkaline accumulator. Thomas Edison's basic cell had iron as the anode material

(-) and nickel oxide as the cathode material (+).

4.5.3 Lead-acid wet cell

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly

used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the application of battery

power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is

typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used

in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The charge

and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long as the cell

is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and discharge currents

shortens the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of

secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a

specified battery voltage.

4.5.4 Construction

Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of plates welded

to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to

3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony

alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the

grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive and negative electrodes.

In the forming process, the active material in the positive plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂).

The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb).

34

Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The electrolyte is put in at

the time of installation, and then the battery is charged With maintenance-free batteries, little or

no water is needed to be added in normal service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure

vent, without provision for adding water.

4.5.5 Chemical action

Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell discharges, lead

peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to form water and with sulfate

ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate ions also produces

sulfate. Therefore, the net result of discharge is to produce more water, which dilutes the

electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates.

As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding circulation of acid in

the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the outside terminals of old batteries.

When the combination of weak electrolyte and sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the

battery, charging is necessary.

On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The reversed direction of

flow of ions in the electrolyte results in a reversal of the chemical reactions. Now the lead sulfates

on the positive plate reacts with the water and sulfate ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric

acid. This action re-forms the positive plates and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric

acid.

At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react with hydrogen

ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative plate to react with

hydrogen ions. It also results in formation of current which can restore the cell to full output,

with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and the required

concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is

Charge

Pb + pbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2pbSO₄ + 2H₂O

Discharge

On discharge, the pb and pbo₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the equation to

formlead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation.

One battery consists of 6 cells, each having an output voltage of 2.1V, which are connected in

series to get a voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get an 24 V

battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.

35

4.5.6 Caring For Lead-Acid Batteries

Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves, goggles and

old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool clothing. The

quickest way of ruining lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave them stand

“dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a chemical change in the

positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide (when charged) to lead sulfate when

discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few days, some part of the plate does not

return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains in a discharged state for

a longer time, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the

plates that become “sulfate”, no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and

then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year. Check your batteries on a

regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity

of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the

specific gravity reading will be lower than it should be because the electrolyte at the top of the

battery may not have mixed with the “charged” electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the

wet-cell batteries at least four times a year and top each cell with distilled water. Do not add

water to discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are discharged. If you add

water at this time, and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess.

Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or remove

cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a hydrogen explosion

inside, and ruin one of the cells.

On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is reversed. Then the

pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form the lead and lead peroxide

electrodes. Also the SO₄ ions combine with H₂ ions from the water to produce more sulfuric acid

at the left side of the equation.

4.6 Belt conveyor

The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used for

transporting horizontally or at an incline up or down. The structural diagram of conveyer are

shown below.

36

Fig.18. Belt Conveyor The

main components of a belt conveyor are:

i. The belt that forms the moving and supporting surface on which the conveyed material

rides. It is the tractive element. The belt should be selected considering the material to

be transported.

ii. The idlers, which form the supports for the carrying and return stands of the belt.

iii. The pulleys that support and move the belt and controls its tension. iv. The drive

that imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt and its loads.

v. The structure that supports and maintains the alignments of the idlers and pulleys and support

the driving machinery.

4.6.1 Advantages and limitations of conveyor belt

Advantages

i. A wider range of material can be handled which pause problems in other transportation

means. Belt conveyor can be used for abrasive, wet, dry, sticky or dirty material

ii. Higher capacity can be handled than any other form of conveyor at a considerably lower

cost per tonne kilometre.

iii. Longer distances can be covered more economically than any other transportation

system. A single belt conveyor or a series of belt conveyors can do this. Belt conveyors

can be adopted for cross-country laying.

iv. By the use of many forms of ancillary equipment such as mobile trippers or spreaders

bulk material can be distributed and deposited whenever required.

v. Many other functions can be performed with the basic conveying like weighing, sorting,

picking, sampling, blending, spraying, cooling, drying etc.

37

vi. Structurally it is one of the lightest forms of conveying machine. It is comparatively

cheaper and supporting structures can be used for many otherwise impossible structures

such as crossing rivers, streets and valleys.

vii. The belt conveyor can be adopted for special purposes (fire resistant, wear resistant,

corrosion resistant, high angle negotiation etc.) and can be integrated with other

equipment.

viii. It can be horizontal, incline or decline or combination of all.

ix. Minimum labour is required for the operation and maintenance of belt conveyor system.

limitations

i. The loading and transfer points need to be properly designed.

ii. Numbers of protective devices have to be incorporated to save the belt from getting

damaged by operational problems.

iii. The belt needs higher initial tension (40-200% of useful pull). iv. The use of belt is

restricted by the lump size.

v. Conveying of sticky material is associated with problems of cleaning and discharge

causing poor productivity.

vi. Higher elongation of the belt (4% elongation may take place at the working load).

4.6.2 Applications

Conveyor belts are widely used in mineral industry. Underground mine transport, opencast

mine transport and processing plants deploy conveyor belts of different kinds to adopt the

specific job requirements.

38

Chapter 5

5.1 Conclusions

In India, the concept of automated parking is still restricted to large cities. Some of the problem

in this system as felt by the industry is the absence of a regular body for monitoring the quality

of such systems, lack of skilled labour.

With less land available, parking is a growing concern in the Indian context. Various

technological options are rapidly catching demand, as there are considerable technology

providers for these for the past few years.

These seem to be getting absorbed in the Indian context as there as these are easy to install and

operate, capital costs are relatively cheaper than fully automatic parking systems, and involve

lesser consumption of electrical energy by using solar energy. there are various projects are

available of multilevel parking system, but it mostly works on using electrical energy not using

solar energy. We are trying to make it simple not so much complex trough showing in our

prototype of multilevel car parking system by using solar power, We so that system can easily

implemented in the future.

5.2 Future scope

i. Optimal utilization of space.

ii. Can be constructed on minimum available space.

iii. Low construction cost. iv. Low maintenance

and operational cast. v. Safety of vehicle.

vi. Environment friendly. vii.

Benefits to the humans.

39

References

i. http://www.paricarparking.com/types_of_systems/multi_level

ii. http://www.nbmcw.com/products/car-parking/24450-multilevel-car-parking-systems. iii.

http://www.electroschematics.com/6275/pv-power-systems

iv. http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=multilevel+car+par

king+system

v. http://www.electroschematics.com/6888/solar-battery-charger-circuit

vi. http://www.parkingsystemsolutions.com/multi-floor