Edisi II, 2010

15 millions Households in Indonesia Still Do not Have Access to Drinking Water

Multi Village

INFORMATION MEDIA OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

II Edition, 2010

DrinkingWater

From The Editor.......................................................................................................... 3 Your Voice .................................................................................................................. 4 Main Report StoryonMultiVillageSysteminNTT…………………………………………………..............5 ReflectingOntheMultiVillageSysteminNorthKodiNTT…..…………………..........8 BerndUgner,TearsStreamasTellingTheStoryaboutNTTChildWho ApreciatetheWater…….....................................................................................12Regulation TheArrangementofWaterManagementNeeds aSoundUmbrellaRegulation............................................................................15Agenda TheWorldEnvironmentDay...............................................................................17 TheLandDegradationandWorldDroughtMitigationDay…………………………....20Discourse 15MillionsHouseholdsinIndonesiaDoStillNotHaveAccess toDrinkingWater.........................................................................................……22 BPSABStudyin5DistrictsinWestJavaAndEastJava…......……………………………27Interview BudiYuwonoGeneralDirectorofCiptaKarya…..........……………………………………31Inovasion SimpleTechnologytoTurnRainWaterIntoDrinkingWater.………………….........34 ThroughOzonizationandFiltrationPeatWaterBecomesClean………...……......36Different Side WaterCrisisAndIndonesia’sWaterEndurance…..............……………………………38Testimonial TetiSuryani,TheTeacherWhoBecomesTrashComposer...…………………………..42Reportation CommunityBasedTotalSanitationRoadshowInGrobogan.……………………..…..44 The2010AMPLDevelopmentConsolidationMeeting.………………....................45 TheMinistryofEnvironmentHighLevelForum TheImpactofWaterCrisisOnSociety,Women,andChildren….……………….....46 TheINDOWATERExhibition2010…………………………………….…………...................48 Jakarta’sGroundWaterisNotDecenttoConsume.………………………............…..49Guidelines AnEasyWaytoBuiltSunDistalatorforWaterPurifying.……………………….........52CD Info ………………………………………………………………………..……………............................54Book Info ………………………………………………………………………..…………...........................55Web Sites Info ……………………………………………………………………………………..................56AMPL Library ...…………………………………………………………………………….........................57Facts FactsRelatedtotheWaterScarcity………………………………………………..................58

Information Media on Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Publishedby:Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Working Group(WSES Working Group)

ResponsiblePersonHousing and Settlement Director of Bappenas

Environmental Sanitation Director of the Health Ministry

Water Supply Development Director of the Public Work Ministry

Natural Resources Improvement and Efficient Technology Director of Domestic Affair

MinistryDirector of Spatial and Environmental Facili-

tation of the Domestic Affair Ministry

HeadofeditorialstaffOswar Mungkasa

EditorialStaffMaraita Listyasari

Nugroho Tri Utomo

ManagingEditorEko Budi Harsono

DesignandProductionAgus Sumarno

Sofyar

Circulation/SecretariatAgus Syuhada

Nur Aini

EditorialAddressJl. RP Soeroso 50, Central Jakarta,

Ph/Fax: (021) 31904113Website: http//www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.comredaksi@ampl.or.id

Editors accept external papers/article concerning water supply and environmental

sanitation.

Table of Contents

Edisi II, 2010

3

In the past ten years, the water supply and sanitation development has gone a lot of substantial changes. Especially after the agreement of National Community-Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Policy in 2003 and the

optimal functioning of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Working Group (AMPL Working Group) in AMPL development. This condition encourages the rampant development of Community-based water supply and sanitation in throughout Indonesia, which involves almost all stakeholders ranging from central government, local governments, NGOs, and communities. Further on, the spirit has created a movement that goes far beyond our imagination. Take for example major projects that currently implement community-based approach, among others are WASPOLA, Pro AIR, WSLIC-2, CWSH,

PAMSIMAS, ISSDP that becomes USDP, WES, UNICEF, Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), which has been enhanced to become the national Community Based total Snitation program (STBM) and replicated into Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (STOPS). This is not to mention the activities of NGOs that cooperate with the government including Plan Indonesia, and SIMAVI. Also not to forget, the activities in the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by companies.

From the rise of Community-based activities, the emergence phenomenon of community-based activities involving more than one community and across more than one village, and even reach the population in the number of tens of thousands of people, are identified.

Some people even call it PDAM Village, in term of it size. The interesting fact is that the process is based on community-based. This seems to violate the mainstream rules that the community-based activities are very local (one village, one community), not exceeding certain amount (average 2000-3000 population).

But in reality many areas already have multi-village

drinking water development activities. However, later in this edition we highlight more the example of multi village system in the area of Kodi (NTT) by considering these activities has reached the largest population until now, which is about 17,000 people. This is very surprising considering many of PDAMs’ can only reach around 2.000 – 5.000 customers.

We also need to inform you that until now we have succeeded in publishing Percik in two versions, which are the regular edition and special edition. Regular edition is published 4 (four) times each year, and planned regulrly on a three monthly basis, although in reality it

can only be issued after June. As for the special edition, it is the result of collaboration with stakeholders to present a specific topic, with a flexible time of publication. Until now, there are 3 special editions that have been published, namely edition of “Community-based Solidwaste Management” in collaboration with BORDA and its network, “A Decade of Community-based AMPL Mainstreaming Efforts” in collaboration with

WASPOLA, and “7 Years of SANIMAS” in collaboration with BORDA. In 2010, two editions were planned to be published, one edition on the Sanitation Development Acceleration Program (PPSP) in collaboration with the Technical Team of Sanitation Development, and “The Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) UNICEF” in collaboration with UNICEF. Several special editions are now on the negotiation phase with several stakeholders. The entire special editions were also published in English. Surely this is good news for the development of our beloved magazine.

Starting this edition, readers will lsee some changes in the editorial composition because of the mutations of some members of the AMPL working group, who have been involved in publishing Percik. Nevertheless, we hope that this will not reduce quality, but on the contrary, improves the quality of our beloved magazine.

Finally, we do not forget to congratulate for those who are fasting. Enjoy, and please do not forget the things that we always wait from you, the critics and suggestions from readers. (OM)

From The Editor

POKJA

4

Puskesmas Need Percik Magazine

WeareoneofthePercikMagazinereader, even though until now weonly recievedonceof the lastPercikMagazine March and October 2008edition,wewant tobeapermanentcustomer and get the latest edition.As a Sanitarian who works at thePuskesmaswithmore than 10 years(2000-2010)workingtimeofcourseIhavea lotexperience,but it doesn’tmeanthatallthesanitationproblemscanbehandledeasily.Foroneexample,therewasatimewhenwewereaskedtogivethetechnicalassistanceforthelatrineproduction,specificallyforthebeacharea,floodandstagehouse.Wehad a little bit of problems, becausewe didn’t have the manual book orthe technical guidelines. Beside, ofcourse the knowledge or the theorythatwereceivedattheUniversitywasnoteasytoberecalledagain.

Becauseofthat,wehopeyoucankindlysendusorprovidetheinforma-tiontousaboutthemagazines,books,CDs, and other things that’s relatedto the latrineproduction. Ifyoucan,please include one that’s completedwiththepictureandthesize.

Thankyousomuchforyouratten-tion. We wish that Percik Magazinewillalwayssparkstheknowledgeandtheinformationseverytime,especiallytheonethat’srelatedtothedrinkingwater and theenvironmental sanita-tion.

Na’ Mal SalehPerumahan Puskesmas

BatulampaKabupaten Pinrang,

South Sulawesi

We are very glad to read your letter. Thank you very much for your attention and your trust to our magazine as a media that’s consistently and trusted in providing the information related to the drinking water and environment issues. We will, of course, give attention to your request to get this magazine regularly. Greetings to all friends at the Puskesmas Batulampa.

Save Our Water

Nobody needs no water, Yes,everybody needs water. Everyoneneedsatleast5litreofwatereveryday.Withoutit,therewillbenolife.

But, it’sverydissapointingwhenalotofpeopledoesn’tcareaboutthewatersupply.Spoiledthewaterwithusing it more than what is needed.Just like we didn’t need it. In fact,every human being needs water. Ofcourse,wepayeverydropofthewaterthat’sfilledourbathroomtank,butitdoesn’t mean that we can consumethewaterwithout a limit.Of coursethe Government who controlled thewater,soitcouldbedeliveredtothepublic. But it doesn’tmean that theresponsibilityofthewater is justtheGovernmentjob.Because,thetruthisthatwaterhasitownlimit.Becauseofthat, if every stakeholderdon’t care,there is the possibility of water tostopflowing.

Let’s imagine if the water stopflowing. Dowe have to expect fromthe rain water? Or do we have todistil the seawater? Poor us if thosethingscometrue.Wehavetosavethewater as early as possible. Becausewater would be very useful for ourgenerations,sowehavetotakecareofit.It’samoralresponsibilityforustokeepitsustainable.

Lina Naibaho Medan, North Sumatera

The Deepening Gap of Water Distribution

OurPlanetEarthisrichofwater.Every expert says that our worldhave at least 1.360.000.000 km3 ofwater.Fromthattotalvolume,about1.320.000.000 km3 or about 97,2percent is the sea. 25.000.000 km3orabout1,8percentisgroundwater.250.000km3isplainwaterinthelakeandriver,andrestofit13.000km3orabout0.001percentisawaterintheatmosferinformofraincloud.

However,fromthevolumeofthewater that’s so big, not all of it canbeusebyhumanfor living.Onlytheground water and half of the plainwater volume that can be use forliving. The worst thing is, that cleanwater volume has been decreasingfast because the deforestation,industrial and house toxic pollution,the increased of population of theworlds, also the increased of theliving standards so the consume ofthewaterwasincreasedtoo.

These conditions press theUnitedNationtoproclaimyear2005until 2015 as a ‘water decade’. Theproclaimedof‘waterdecade’byUNisarealpolicy.Fromaseriesofscientistresearches it is known that theusedof the water has been increased sixtimesinthelast100years.Theeffectis,inthatperiod,20percentfromthetotal volume of the clean water onEarthisallgone,whilethepriceofithasincreasedtwiceoftherealprice.The problem is not just that. Fromtimetotime,thewaterdistributioniscreatingabigergap.

Maximus Ali Perajaka Pesanggrahan, Jakarta

YourVoice

5

Edisi II, 2010

The Story About Multi Village System in NTT

MainReport

Kodi Sub district, West Sumba Daya Regency, East Nusa Tenggara is one of the real suc-cessful example of the

multi village clean water facility devel-opment. this is due to the fact that the multi villages drinking water supply program that has been done in view villages in Kodi Subsdrict was done with a high budget and manage to cover services for the public in a very large population. Not to mention the complex problems at the field, neither technical or non technical, during the implementation.

According the coordinator of Pro Air, Bernd Ugner, the service of the drinking water in multi village in

Kodi Sub district, West Sumba Daya Regency was focused on the construc-tion of the clean water service that serves five villages, which are Kori vil-lage, Homba village, Karipir village, Hohawungo village, and Wailabubur village. The total number of the vil-lagers who need this service is 17.000 people with the cost of 37 billions Ru-piah in form of water source protec-tion system.

“The multi village drinking wa-ter system that we do is a pipe with a gravity flow in 4 villages with the wa-ter tank capacity of 400 m3, the trans-mission pipe is 6,8 km, distribution pipe is 60 km, and also build 55 unit of water shop and 210 house con-nections. This multi village drinking

water service in Kodi subsdistrict was finished last year. Now the villagers can be happy and say “Getting water is so near”,” said Bernard.

Bernd recognize that the devel-opment program of drinking water multi villages in Kodi was conducted by the community with struggle. A number of obstacles had occured. The target of pipeline construction almost could not be reached because of the poor work of the contractor, especially the main contractor who were work-ing on the construction at the water source location. "We are grateful that we could easily solve the prob-lems. The main obstacle in the development process of multi vil-

PROAIR

6

lage drinking water successfully solved by replacing the main contractor with the sub-contractors who have a better performance," he said.

In addition to drinking water supply multi villages in Kodi, ProAir also constructing another one in Alor district. From 6 system that’s entirely in the form of pipe system, located in Pantar district, East Pantar, South West Alor, East Alor, Northeast Alor, they are expected to utilized by ± 10.280 people from a number of vil-lages. Now the development of pipe-line proccess is still on going. It is ex-pected that in December 2010 it can be completed.

Special for Bouweli village and Ka-bir in the district of Pantar, the multi village pipeline construction was in a slow progress, but now it’s already back to normal. This is because of changes in the water network system design and construction (Detailed engineering design / DED) from the

consultants that have an impact

on the additional funds request for that extra work. Every time the prob-lems come, we involved the commu-nity and village officials to find the solutions together. The principle is that the society’s interest is important for the development acceleration of facilities and sustainability courses of multi-village drinking water system to be able to succeed.

Other DistrictBeside the Kodi district, the suc-

cess story of ProAir in implementing the multi village drinking water can also be found in the Pili village and Kamura village, which are the vilage program location for ProAir in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) district, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The valuable lessons learned of successful management multi-village drinking water can be seen during the process of filing pro-posals, planning, construction, until self-management, maintenance of wa-ter supply facilitiy by the community itself.

The main reason of all the villages in NTT proposed for the multi villag-es drinking water program is because of the difficulty of obtaining water. To fulfill their drinking water needs usu-ally they have to walk no less than 2 miles to the water source or get water in the river at a distance of 1.5 km.

Spurred by difficulty to fulfill the need for clean water, which they have been experienced for many years, therefore, when the Pili community and its neighboring village recieved information that ProAir offers the cooperation for development of clean water service, some society leaders of Pili village took the initiative to gather the community for discussion in or-der to prepare the contribution that is requiered by ProAir.

During the meeting, the commu-nity discussed several issues that were required in order to be involved in ProAir programs, including the pool-ing of in-cash contribution that must be shown through initial maintenance savings. Soon after that meeting, the

PROAIR

Main Report

7

Edisi II, 2010

Pili village community succeded to collect in cash contribution as expect-ed in time and relatively faster than other villages who also became ProAir program target areas.

In fact the Pili and Kamura vil-lagers raised the maintenance fund no more than three weeks. Some of the community representatives of Pili village then went to the ProAir office to bring the proposal, complete with evidence of initial savings in the form of photo copy of bank account worth Rp.7.000.000, - and several commu-nity consensus documents as required by ProAir.

In response to this request, ProAir followed up with some activities, both planning together with the communi-ty, training or construction activities. The community is very enthusiastic and proactive in following the process, because people really want to get out from their difficulties that they have been facing all those time.

What happen next? Thanks to the cooperation with ProAir, active participa-tion, perseverance and hard work, they were finally suc-ceded in building clean water gravity piping systems with pipeline along the 5403 me-ters and 11 pieces Tugu Kran/Public Hydran. The system can serve 274 households or 680 people. In addition there are also 5 units of well that serve 166 households or about 501 people. For sani-tation facilities, there are 14 units Floor Wash/Bathroom and 1 toilet. Now the people are satisfied and pleased with the presence services.

Since the water is now available, the water is not only used for bathing, wash-ing, cooking and drinking,

they can also use it for business like gardening, planting vegetables for nutritional fullfillment of the family. Beside, the water can also be sold to provide additional income for month-ly fee. Apparently, by experiencing the approach process, which places the community as the main actors, it ac-tually built the independence, while encouraging the awareness of com-munity to be responsible for the sus-tainability of the program’s output.

The sense of ownership and aware-ness to maintain the sustainability of the program outputs is what really is encouraging the community that institutionalized within the Clean Water Management Body (BP-SAB) "Banum Aitium" to fix seriously the group. These are proved by the estab-lishment of a semi-permanent build-ings for office sized 6 x 16 m, formu-lation of rules (AD / ART), which was then legalized with the issuance of Notary Groups, development of

annual work plans and Annual Cash-flow of the group, the collection of monthly fees to increase the financial group capacity. Particularly for finan-cial groups Aitum Banum, until Sep-tember 2009, has been recorded an income Rp. 25,974,370 .- in the form collection of initial savings andmonth-ly fees. Meanwhile, the expenditures are used for management incentives fees, meeting cost, procurement in-ventory, maintenance system (valves replacement ), transportation,office supplies and others, with the total up to to Rp.7.495.549,.

In overall, the cash balance of Banum Aitum group until the end of September 2009 is up to Rp.18.478.821,-. Interestingly, it was noted that the monthly fees was al-ready paid by the community (cover-age members) until December 2010, which is administratively recorded properly and regularly by the treasurer of the group. Thus, any of the techni-

cal side, the group has already had the technical personnel skilled. These people has been following the internship at the time of job construction progress. In addition, they also have been provided with equipment and training by a professional technical person-nel from ProAir before the system was handed over to the community.

Of course everything be-comes a pride for the commu-nity because the result of their hard work also get a positive appreciation from outsiders who are triggered to place the community as the main ac-tors in development, for the sustainable results of the development itself.

PROAIR

8

North Kodi in the Nusa Teng-gara Timur is one of the area in West Sumba, which

experiencing water shortages almost throughout the year. Although dur-ing rainy season, abundant water, soil coral and rock structure of the karst resulting in low capacity in saving wa-ter. The government has sought over-come through several water supply projects in form of providing shallow wells or deep wells, and gravity piping systems, but it seems only to function partially.

And then the latest project is ProAir, namely the Rural Water Sup-ply Project NTT, financed by KFW

and GTZ, had started its activ-

ity in Sumba in 2002 and planned to be finished in 2010.

In 2005-2006, during the time of the survey, the piping system from the community have been damaged, while the deep wells need the expen-sive pump operation and mainte-nance. The water price becomes ex-pensive because the water from wells or the river was transported by the ve-hicles that could reached Rp.150,000 for all conveyance, which is only 2-4 m3, which is only enough for a week. In addition, that water as well as the water sources in the region has been heavily polluted. And then several vil-lages community in Kodi asked the ProAir assistance to build water sys-tem.

Water Source "Mataloko" There is only one large water

source in Kodi known as "Mataloko" with debit of water 40 to 250 liters per second. This water source is locat-ed in a cave in the hills of Wailabubur in Rokoraka forest. The ProAir team survey showed that this water source can be used to supply water for about 50,000 people in 10-12 the village in Kodi. However, the effort to build a system of this magnitude actually ex-ceeds the ProAir framework, because it was not anymore a simple develop-ment of rural water supply systems.

However, after a long discussion and long negotiations between the Steering Committee in Jakarta (bet-ter known now as a AMPL working

PROAIR

Main Report

Reflecting On the Multi Village System in North Kodi NTT

9

Edisi II, 2010

group) and the Southwest Sumba district local government, eventually KFW (Credit Anstalt fuer Wieder-aufbau) is willing to provide techni-cal support and financial, and GTZ (Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusam-menarbeit) is ready to provide a sup-port for community empowerment in building the multi village system in four villages (Wailabubur, Homba-karipit, Hoha Wungo and Kori). The support has conditional arrangement that communities provide a cash do-nation and labor and material/energy (in-kind), and were willing to also manage the system.

As the first step a survey that in-cludes water sources measurements and alternative investigation, consid-ering Kodi’s geography is very flat. In addition, in-depth discussion about expected results in terms of social, institutional, financial and technical before any final decision. At the same time, it was also decided to build a special management organization based on the principle 'ownership by society', 'professional management' in the clear 'law framework'.

In 2006 a Master Plan was devel-oped for the North Kodi and in 2007, the monthly fees from the commu-nity began to be collected and initial preparation of water management group was performed. On 25th No-vember 2006 and again in early 2007, the stakeholders gathered at Kodi and agree that at least 75% of money do-nations of Rp 30,000 per member of households for about 15,000 users water must be collected on June 31, 2007. On 4th July 2007 cash dona-tions from community collected to-taled Rp.424.034.505, or 94% of the amount needed Rp. 450 million. This succeed is based on the efforts and cooperated of community groups and government in developing an in-novative approaches, for example by

calculating the contribution of mon-ey in unit volume rice. The donated money required to support the supply system development water by ProAir was intended not to pay for construc-tion but as savings for financing initial operation and maintenance system by community groups manager water (maintenance savings).

With the accumulation of funds, stakeholders decided to prepare the development of water supply system

in Kodi can be continue, including making Detailed Engineering De-sign / DED. On 13th August 2007, KFW submitted to the Ministry of Health that all conditions precedent for the system in Kodi has been met and there’s no other objected imple-mentation in Kodi development sys-tem. So it was began the development of DED and preparation of tenders based on calculation magnitude of the 'safe' from Mataloko source that is 32 liters per seconds.

But a complex system like this is not without challenges. In the pe-riod between October and November

2007, the implementing consultant that empowers the community con-cluded that the payment with one price (Flat rate) as generally in com-munity-based system in rural areas is not sufficient in funding for systems with public taps. To reach the level of service and collection of the funds needed in professional management, it needs a combination of system with the water kiosk and household con-nections.

DED had to be adjusted and In April 2008 a new tender process for pipeline transmission can begin. Ten-der for transmission pipelines and distribution system, as well as supply, should be conducted separately. Beside the preparation and appraisal process that needs a long time, this communi-ty-based system also face many prob-lems in construction. For example, the shift of the pipeline due to renovation or widening the road. Or the need for land purchases in Noha village and Wailabubur border because only this place, which is s l i g h t l y

PROAIR

10

higher, suitable for public reservoir construction of 400 m3. The pur-chase of this land is governed by the community and sub-district heads of North Kodi and facilitated by ProAir and Local Government in Southwest Sumba. The delayed process was com-pounded by problems with local con-tractors and rain, which is happening all over the year. Another problem is the difficulty of obtaining Ministry of Forestry for permission to build a transmission pipeline in Rokoraka forest. Because the governance system and legal forest status is not so obvi-ous, the process of obtaining permits (temporary) takes almost a year. Dur-ing that time, construction transmis-sion work is stops.

Community Based Multi Village Organization However, in 2009 the construc-

tion of the system is well performed,

not only in the terms of construc-tion but also with the development of community-based organizations. The ProAir team has worked hard to build this community organization, not just at the village level but also at inter-village for the comprehensive management by considering the de-cent representation. In the end, this organization is even greater than re-gional organization of drinking water in West Sumba.

The organizational structure for the multi village system in Kodi that was developed in the year 2007/2008, was based on the concept like this: (see diagram)

Professional unit that demands the staff is paid was selected and trained. Members of this unit will do the man-agement, operation and maintenance of daily routine while the multi vil-lage organization will be watching them. This management concept was

developed at 2007 and in its develop-ment will be adjusted with the local circumstances. However, when the water begins to flow later at the end of 2010, all the resources is must already be formed and ready to function.

At this time water rates is set at Rp. 5 per liter or Rp.100 for one buckets or jerry cans of 20 liters. For this reason, a special coin produced by the project is used, until now there is 250,000 pieces. One coin valued at Rp.2.550 worth to pay 510 liters.

The transmission pipeline is cur-rently under construction. When it’s completed, there will be a 6.8 km pipeline transmission and 46.4 km of distribution pipes. The community has built 57 stalls, where one will be used specifically for water trucks. From the target of 210 households connec-tion, 170 connections have already been installed. It is expected that by the end of year 2010 this system will

PROAIR

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Edisi II, 2010

be completed and operated normally. The Kfw total investment is Rp.37 bil-lion or about 3 million Euro.

This complex process of multi vil-lage development and construction is long and difficult because besides in-volving many parties, this process faces various problems. Many peoples are involved. The people team motivator

helps to prepare and guide the people. Engineer and site Inspectors design, manage, and oversee the construc-tion and the construction contractor. Many of the problems faced. How-ever, thanks to cooperation between citizens and local government that has been facilitated by the project team, most problems could be fixed. The lo-

Diagram Konsep Struktur Organisasi Penyedia Air Bersih Kodi Utara

cal government of West Sumba is very supportive and planning to develop a further new type of the system, which is Community Based Organization or CBO that utilizes the professional expertise, and expected to become an organization that is sustainable in serv-ing the needs of water for community, Kodi. With coverage of 10 villages and 50,000 water users, this system is the same size as the system for a rather large city in the province.

For that, it requires support for the CBO, access to the information and "expertise" (special skill knowledge) and the availability of materials and proper equipment, adequate funding and guaranteed, as well as the expertise in the institutional and technical fields. And finally it requires the right proc-cess to develop the organizations as the owner and legitimate managers.

The author is Team Leader Financial

Cooperation ProAir (MOH, KfW Component) / RODECO

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Penguna memilih perwakilan untuk masing-masing Asosiasi Pengelola

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OneofthefiguresbehindthesuccessoftheProAirprograminprovidingwaterserviceforthepeopleofNusaTenggaraTimur(NTT)isBerndUgner.AtallGermanmanwhois198cmtall,maybe

he’soneofthe"Champions"behindthesuccessfulofmulti-villagedrinkingwaterinNusaTenggaraTimur.

"IamoftenoverwhelmedwhenrememberingthestruggleofsmallvillagesocietyinNusaTenggaraTimurtogetdrinkingwater.OneofthestoriesthatIcouldneverforgetisa10yearoldchildwhowalked3kmcarryingajerrycanintooneofawatersource.Whenhereachedthewatersourceandfilledhisjerrycan,hedidnotremovetherestofthewaterthathegot,butputitbackintothewell.Childrenassmallashewasrealizedtheimportanceofthewaterforhisanotherbrother,"saidBerndtouchedwhentellingthestorytoPercik.

BerndUgnerhassince2003involvedintheProAirprogramin

providingthecommunity-baseddrinkingwaterinNTT.AtthefirsttimehegotconnectedwiththecommunityNTT,particularlyinruralareas,theconditionatthattimewasnotlikenow.FirsttimeIwasinEastSumbatheconditionwasmoreapprehensive.Wateravailabilitywasverylimited,thevillagersmustwalkuptotensofkilometerstoobtaindrinkingwaterinNabbowatersource.

AccordingtoBernd,oneofthegreatestobstaclesinmulti-villagewatersupplyinNTTisthegeographicalissuesandculturalissues.GeographicalissueisveryclearbecausemostofvillageinNTTishilly,asfortheculturalissues;thepeopleinNTThaveahabittostayontopofthehill,whilethewatersourceislocatedbelow.Theydonotwanttogetclosetothewatersourceandprefertobeonthehillbecauseofreasonstosurvivefromtheirenemyattacksisfarmoreeasytodo.Andthey’reholditverystrong.Infactthereasonwasabsurd,becauseiftheenemyisalreadycontrolthewatersources,ofcoursetheywillnevergetwater.

PROAIR

Bernd Ugner, Tears Stream as Telling The Story About NTT Child

Who Apreciates the Water

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Edisi II, 2010

Theyalsonolongerabletomovetothesourcewaterbecauseoftheirancestorswereburiedatthathills.

ThefirsttimeIcreatedaprogramtoempowercommunitiestoobtaindrinkingwaterinEastSumba,fromanumberofdistrictsonlytwodistrictsproposedtheneedtogetatechnicalassistanceandinfrastructure.Atleast84villageswereproposingthattheyneedtogetthewaterneedsfullfilledassoonaspossible.Unfortunatelyanumberofproposalshadmanyweaknessesbecauseoftheculturalissuesandwaterresourcesarelocatedunderthevillageandneedtimetoliftitabove.Fromthenumberofthoseproposals(84villages)only8villagesthatmatchedthegravitysystem,theyarewhichProAirhelpedatthattime.Therearemanyseparatedvillage,distancefromonehousetoanotherhouseisquitefar.Thenumberofthisproposalshowstheevidenceofwaterdemandisveryhigh.

"Wetraveledtoeveryvillagetoseehowbigtheirneedswere.Weseethesethingsareveryserious.Itwasindeedarealdilemma,iftheywereprovidedwithwaterpumpstoliftwaterupwardthehillitwouldbeverydifficultbecausetherewasnoelectricityanddiesel.Andwealsodoubtthepublicwasabletomanageit.Finally,weonlyhelped8villages.InvestmentthatProAirprovidetoeachpersonwasabout100Eurosperhead,"hesaid.

ProAir,isaGermangovernmentdrinkingwaterprojectinNTT,whichwasbeganin3districtsnamelyEastSumba,WestSumbaandCentralSouthTimor.AndthenitwasextendedtothedistrictsofAlorandEnde.ProAirisawaterdrinkingserviceprogramthathasabasedonruralcommunitythatusethegravitysystemanddugwells.ProAirinvolveallparties,includingengineersthatsetthedesignandprograminginaccordancewiththerulesofthegameofinternationalstandards,aswellassustainability.

DrinkingwaterwasfounddeepinthesoilaridandrockylandinNTT.Theproblemwashowtoliftthewateruptothesurface,toservethecommunityespeciallyforthosewholiveinthehighland.In

NTTtherearealsoriversthathavealotofwater.Thepositionandroleofthegovernmentisquite

positivethoughthelocalgovernmentitselfisfacingdecentralizationproblems.Specializationisoneoftheproblems,besidethesupervision,thecooperationbetweenpartiesandcommunityservice.PDAMactivitywasmoredirectedattheprovisionofdrinkingwaterinurbanareas,whiletheregularfundsfromthecentralgovernmentwerenotsufficienttosupplydrinkingwaterinruralareas.

ProAirisacommunitybaseddrinkingwaterproject,inorderforcommunitytomaintainandmanagethefacilities.ThisisthetranslationofnationalpolicylistedintheNationalCommunityBasedWaterSupplyandEnvironmentalSanitationDevelopmentPolicy.Ofcourseit’snoteasytochangethepeople'sbehaviorsotheycanberesponsibleformanagingtheirownfacilities.

Thisprojectisdifferentfromtheotherconventionalproject,wherethesystemhasbeenfinishedandused.InProAir,ittakesaverydifficultstruggletomakepeopleawareoftheusefulnessofthesystem,andthefinaltargetispeopleabletomaintain,manageandcareabouttheirownfacilities."Sodon’tbenegativethinking,becauseinProAir,constructionisaprocessnotjustbuildupandfinish.Butit’salsoimportantaboutwhataboutthenext.ThisiswhatProAirwantstoachieve.Ihavetheexperienceabouthowdifficultitistorunthisprogram,"hesaid.

Howdifficultitistogivetheunderstandingtothecommunities.Untilnowwearestilllearning

andlookingforthemostoptimalformsothisprogramcansucceed.Theexpectedcommitmentfromthecommunityisthatthecommunityrealizetheimportancetomanageandmaintainthepublicfacilities,especiallythedrinkingwatersothatthesystemcansurviveaslongaspossibleandnotjustendupasmonuments.

ThisistherealityinvillagesinthemostdistrictsintheprovinceofEastNusaTenggara.Thesmallrainfallrate,dryland

PROAIR

Bernd Ugner, Tears Stream as Telling The Story About NTT Child

Who Apreciates the Water

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conditionshavemadethewaterasarareitem.Almosteveryhouseincountrysideshouldsendoneofitsmemberstowalktogetwaterinaconsiderabledistanceplaceeveryday.Andit’snoexceptionforchildren.Manylearningtimeiswasteddueto“pullingup”theweighttofulfillthewaterneedsathome.

Itmustbeadmitted,saidBernd,theNTTresidententhusiasmtogetwatercouldbeseenfromthecontributionofpersonnelforthesmoothconstructionofdrinkingwaterfacilitiesintheirvillage.Old,young,male,female,allpresenttorealizetheirdreamtogether.Thiscooperationisessentialforincreasingtheownershipsensefrompublicforthefacilities.

IthasbeendescribedbyBernd,thatProAirisasynergyoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRepublicofIndonesia(Kemenkes),KfWBankengruppe(KfWBankingGroup),andGermanyTechnicalCooperation(GTZ),whoagreedtoimplementtogethertheProAirprogramalongthedistrictGovernmentinEastNusaTenggara.

Withinthescopeofthiscooperation,GTZprovidesatechnicalassistanceforthecommunitydevelopment,

andKfWprovidesatemporaryfinancialassistancefor

theinvestment.ProAirpartnersintheregionistheRegionalDevelopmentPlanningBoardAgency(Bappeda),Healthagency,PublicWorksagency,andRuralCommunityEmpowermentAgency(BMPD).

Theaimistoformthestructureofsimplemanagementatthevillagelevelthatenablestheindependenceinthemanagementofpotablewatersupplysystemandsustainablesanitation.Thisprogramalsohelpsthelocalgovernmentsinordertoestablishandempowermanagementorganizationandinfrastructure,buildingmonitoringsystemsforthewaterstructure,anddeveloptheregulationonwatersourceprotection.

Theimpactthat’sexpectedinlong-term,supplyofdrinkingwaterandsustainablesanitationisexpectedtoimprovehealthconditionsofthecommunity.Closerdistancetothewatersourcewillreducethetimespentbythemothersandchildrentofetchthewater.Thiswillopenedupopportunitiestoperformmoreproductiveactivities,whichintheendwillreducepovertylevel.Bytransferringtheresponsibilityresponsibilityformanagingthewaterandsanitationtothecommunity,itwillcreatenewemploymentopportunitiesandeconomicdiversification.

PROAIR

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Water is the gift from God to his people, includ-ing the Indonesian people, while in the Article 33 the 3rd paragraph of the 1945 Constitution

mandated that mastery over the earth, water, and airspace, as well as wealth contained in it is to be used maximumly for the sake of prosperity of the people. The ownery which has wrote does not place the country as the owner, but re-mained on the implementation of countries functions.

Water is the most thing that living things need, includ-ing humans, plants and animals, therefore the used of the water is need to set to provide benefits for the people. In the water network distribution, it’s required a coordinated system, both among the actors or the policy makers, and the guarantee of getting enough water.

So importance the wa-ter problems are, neither to meet the needs of many people’s live or for the ag-ricultural needs (especially food plants) and purposes in other sectors. It can’t be denied that water becomes a commodity that has a stra-tegic position of interests for the needs of living, busi-ness, industry, agriculture / irrigation, and food that has been a part of the national defense system. The strate-gic position of the water in controlling many part of the living can’t be circumvented that the water would be a matter of attraction from various interests. Therefore, the issue of the water must be well handed through the laws and regulations that can protect and realized the

general dicipline that’s reflected the society justice. The Management AuthoritySince the enactment of Otda Law No. 22 on1999 until

it has been revised into Law No. 32 on 2004, laws that’s related to water management is Act No.7 on 2004 on wa-ter resources. In the law of Water Resources there are two types of authority that explained in detail (chapters 16 and 18). The law of water resources provides the authority and responsibility of local government on water resource man-agement including setting water resources management policy, setting the patterns of water resources management, establish a management plan water resources, establish and manage the protected water source resources, carry out

the management of water re-sources, regulate, establish and permit the supply, allocation, exploitation of water, form a water resources council, meet the minimum basic of day-to-day needs of the water and maintain the effectiveness, ef-ficiency, quality, and order im-plementation of water resource management in the river area in one districts / city.

This way, the water resource law in overall describes the au-thority both substantive and technical. Technical author-ity particularly concern rules regarding settings, determina-tion, licensing, supply, alloca-tion, utilization, and the uti-lization of water resources and the formation of councils, while the water authority

Regulation

The Arangement of Water Management Needs a Sound Umbrella Regulation

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is dealing with the other eight substantive authority, which can briefly be said as an autonomous authority of natural resources management.

The water resources law is seen to set about the com-munity participation. In this section letter (d) it says: ‘In line with the spirit of democratization, decentralization, and the openness in the order of society life, nation, and state, the society needs given a role in the management of water resources’. This rules is set more comprehensive and widespread in the CHAPTER XI about rights, obligations and society participation. It has been said “society has an equal opportunity to participate in the planning process, implementation, and supervision of management water resources.” The implementation of that participation will then stipulated in the Government Regulation. This law also stipulates the right of the people that has to fullfil as a prerequisite of the implementation of true participation. Those rights are the rights of information, benefit, com-pensation, objection, reports and complaints and the right to sue to the court as the management of water resources.

The Water Right ArrangementsThe Water Use RightsThe water use rights enumerated in the Act SDA article

6, 7, 8, and 9 were divided into 2 (two) categories, namely the right to use water and water rights lease. The right to use water is the right to use the water for daily basic needs or noncommercial, while the water rights lease is to cul-tivate water for the purposes commercial. This has been explicitly placed the water as a commodity item that can be traded. Rights of the water may not be leased or trans-ferred, partially or completely, while the right to use water obtained without permission to meet daily basic needs for individuals and for small-scale agriculture within an irriga-tion system.

The right to water use requires a permission by the Government or regional governments within their author-ity if:

a. how to use it was done by changing the natural con-dition of water sources;

b. intended for groups that require a large amounts of water; or

c. used for agricultural irrigation system of the people outside the existing ones.

The right to use the water includes the right to drain the water from or into the soil through other people’s land adjacent to the land based on the approval of holders

of land rights (can contain damages or compensa-tion agreement). These rights can be

granted to any individ-

ual or business party with the permission of the Govern-ment or local government within their authority.

Licensing Can be understood that licenzing put the position and

role of the state in accordance with the basic philosophy Constitution (UUD 1945), in UU SDA it’s important for placing the society sense of justice. Licensing refers to the protection of the interests of the people thought many of the raw water needs and the concept of conser-vation environment and sustainability of water resources. Licensing in SDA was gave as a whole (art.45), including the use of water at the location (4a), Waste water container (4b), the utilization of water resources (4c), water alloca-tion for business and water resource management plan (ar-ticle 46).

Domestic Raw Water

In the case of household drinking water supply, then the development system is became the government and local government responsible, but its implementation can be given to state-owned companies, cooperatives, private enterprises, and communities (Law SDA Article 40). Ad-justing for the provision of systems development drinking water aims to:

a. the created of a quality drinking water management services with a reasonable price;

b. a balance achieving between consumer interests and service providers; and

c. the increased of efficiency and coverage of drinking water services.

Conservation UU SDA emphasizes the concept of conservation of

natural resources and distribution of resources to maintain the stability of the source power and water cycles, as well as administrative thinking (licensing and granting rights). Conservation gets emphasis to the sustainability of the wa-ter resources that have been destructed at the forests on the uplands (mountains) with the prevention efforts in concrete.

Forest and environmental destruction that has been done systematically as stated in UU no. 23 1997 on the Environment is to get more serious attention, the punish-ment against the destructor was formulated in the concept of a very hard punishment neither a physically punishment or fines as much as possible. Conservation must cultivate the spirit to all elements of society to preserve the water resources, farm conservation in the upstream region to be stimulated the spirit of conservation. (eko / dewi)

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The World Environment Day/WED is commemorated on 5th June every year since The UN held environment conference in Stockholm in 1977. The commemoration of the World Environment Day was held

under the coordination of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which established the United Nations since 1977.

On this World Environment Day 2010, it has theme of "Many Species. One Planet. One Future". The Commemoration of the World Environment Day 2010,

as UNEP launched the official site will be centered in the city of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, a country in East Africa.

UNEP is planning to make the World Environment Day (WED) 2010 as the largest celebration in stimulating the public of the world awareness for the importance of environmental sustainability.

WED theme this time is related to the declaration of 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity with COP 10 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Nagoya, Japan, which lasted on 18 to 29 October 2010.

This theme is expected to invite the whole world to preserve the diversity of life on earth. Provide awareness that a world without biodiversity is a very bleak prospect. Millions of people and millions of species sharing together in the same planet, and only together we all can enjoy a

Agenda

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safer and more prosperous future.Living environment, often referred to as the

environment, is a term that can include all living and non living creatures in nature that are in earth or part of the Earth, which functions naturally without excessive human intervention. The opponents of environment are artificial environment, which covers an area and its components which heavily influenced by humans.

The World Environment Day is celebrated in many cases in countries such as Kenya, New Zealand, Poland, Spain and the United States. The activities include rallies and streets parades, as well as concerts, planting trees, and cleaning campaigns. In many countries, the annual event is used to improve the political attention and the action to increase the public awareness about the importance of considering environmental problems.

In IndonesiaIn Indonesia the World Environment Day

commemorations is have a good welcome from the government and people of Indonesia. The President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, along with the First Lady Ani Yudhoyono is celebrating the World Environment Day, which falls on 5th June, 2010 at the State Palace. Indonesia, through the Ministry of Environment, adopted the spirit of the whole nation in the world, and brought the theme, “The Biodiversity, Our World Future”. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) itself picks the theme “Many Species, One Planet, One Future“.

The selection of this theme is considered important by the Ministry of Environment Gusti Mohammad Hatta as it reminds that Indonesia is blessed with biodiversity rich by God and it must be inherited to the next generations. "Indonesia is blessed with a very high biodiversity with a 90 types of ecosystems, 40 thousand plant species, and 300 thousand species of animals. A lot of biodiversity is a potential which can be exploited for the national economic development and increased the society welfare," said Mohammad Hatta. President Yudhoyono himself in his speech said the importance of biodiversity for Indonesia and the world. "Our Country have a unique geography. We are rich of biodivertsity and we also have a wealth of nature, the world's longest beach, the world's third largest forest. Rich of the flora, fauna, and plasmanufa. We have 500 species of mammals, 12 percent owned by the world. 500 species of reptiles or 7 percent owned by the world. 1500 bird species or 17 per cent owned by the world. 38 thousand plant species, 1260 species of medical plants, 700 seaweed species, 450 species of coral stone, and 2 thousand fish species, "said SBY.

"Let us think about it, how God Almighty endowed Indonesia with such biodeversity that’s difficult to find in another countries. Therefore, our moral obligation, our humanitarian duty, is to maintain its sustainability, and when we use for the welfare of the people, and then it must necessarily maintain the sustainability rules for good environment, namely systemable development. Not just for our generation but for our grandchildren in the

future. Green development," Yudhoyono explained.

On this occasion President Yudhoyono gave the Kalpataru award to 12 people/organizations in 4 categories, the Adipura award has increased from 126 cities in 2009 to 140 cities in in 2010. As for the Independent Adiwiyata awards are given to the 25 schools.

Some regions also celebrated the World Environment Day. The Government of Riau Islands Province perform a flag ceremony that’s lead by the Kepri Governor HM Sani himself in the Office of the Governor, Tanjungpinang. The series of commemorations in the province of Riau Islands is the making of book about the environment. This book received the national award level. Other activities

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are management of environmental impact, socialization of the danger of B3 waste for the environment and also the management and utilization of clean water. Another activity is to conduct a memorandum of understanding between the Government of Riau Islands Province, the Controling Agency of Batam and the Government of Batam, about the marine management.

"The peak of Environment Day is planting 500 trees in Sungai Pulai and a dove release at the Governor Office", said the Environment Head of Riau Islands Province, Khairul Ja'far.

In order to commemorate the nature of Gorontalo Province, the 38th World Environment Day at the Provincial Gorontalo together with the meeting of Korpri and the 17th National Family Day at the District Level of Gorontalo, Vice Governor of Gorontalo H. Toni Uloli, SE attended the memorial ceremony and was accompanied by the DPRD chairman of the Gorontalo province Marten Taha at the Bongohulawa District Limboto camp ground in Gorontalo district. This ceremony was started by trees planting by the Deputy Governor of Gorontalo Toni Uloli,

and Chairman DPRD Gorontalo province Marten Taha and then followed by the other officials.

The top of the World Environment Day 2010 in the East Java was held at Dam Sub Selorejo Ngantang Malang and in Kota Batu on 26th July. The head of Environment Agency in East Java Province, Indra Wiragana SH on LJ, said, a series of events was started on 23rd to 26th July with several activities, including a green tent held on 24 to 26 July in Dam Selorejo-Malang.

The questionnaire distribution on "Caring for the Watershed (DAS) Brantas " was held on July 23rd, in Kota Batu. "With the spread of this questionnaire is intended for the community so they will know about the current condition of the Brantas river and make them participate in preserving and improving the quality of this watershed", Indra said. Furthermore, by conducting the vehicle emission tests for the public so they will know about the burden potential of CO2 pollution by motor vehicles, which will be held on July 23rd on the Road of Kota Batu. (Eko)

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In 1994 the UN General has declared June 17th as the Day of the Land Degradation and World Drought Mitigation Day through the resolution No. A/Res/49/115 to increase public awareness about the dangers of land degradation. This shows

that the land degradation is a global problem and it is a dangerous process of environmental degradation in the world. The UN General called on all countries and in civil society groups to commemorated, and support the activities related to prevention and control of land degradation every June 17th to raise the awareness of the society towards sustainable development principles sustainable.

As one of concern from our country and solidarity to the problem of global land degradation, Indonesia ratified the 1998 UN Convention on the UN Convention Combat Desertification, which abbreviated as UNCCD, through Presidential Decree No. 135 of 1998. UNCCD also known as the Convention Rio, which is the result of Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro with the other couple of environmental conventions, namely the Convention on Bio Diversity/CBD and UNFCCC (Convention framework for climate change).

The Ministry of Forestry efforts to invite the society to plant the trees together through the Indonesian plant campaign, such as the National Movement for Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry (Gerhan),

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The Indonesian Planting Action (APSI), Women's Planting and Maintain Trees Movement (GPTPP) is an implementation of the UNCCD convention in Indonesia.

Also the development of society Forest, People's Forest and Non-Wood Forest Products (NTFPs) which is conducted on lands that must be protected. However, nowadays the activities are more referred with the carbon sequestration as a framework implementation of the convention of the climate change (UNFCCC).

The purpose of convening Memorial Day of prevention of land degradation is to recall the problem of land degradation in connection with the carrying capacity of watershed issues for the future of the nation. With that, the goal to be achieved is to increase the understanding of land degradation and awareness the dangers to the national life in order to obtain support from the stakeholder concerning the forest and the land protection and rehabilitation throughout DAS in

Indonesia.This World Degradation Reduction Day in 2010 was

adjusted to the theme of year 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversty, namely: "Enhancing anywhere soils, enhances life everywhere ".

That theme illustrates that land degradation and drought is significantly affecting all of the components of biodiversity in the soil. Size of the critical and very critical land throughout Indonesia has exceeded 30 million ha. The prevention or rehabilitation of degraded land must be carefully programmed which in line with sustainable agricultural development for a positive impact on people's welfare.

In relation to the construction of water supply and sanitation, of course the reduction in critical lands will increase the sustainability of water resources, and reduce flooding in the rain season and drought in summer [Eko].

ISTIMEWA

Discourse

By Lauren Damiar

Drinking water supply in Indonesia is quite big actually. Indonesia has 6 percent of the world's water supply. While in Asia Pacific, 21 percent of water supply is in Indonesia. But compared to Malaysia and some other

countries in Southeast Asia, the fulfillment water supply for the population in Indonesia is much lower.

Until now the Indonesian people who have access of drinking water is less than 40 percent. The coverage of pipe system only 17 percent, far below the target that has been set earlier.

The network covers only 32 percent of the urban areas and much lower in rural areas. Of course the real scope in the field is much lower, and in many places, it’s not optimally functioning.

Currently, the Ministry of Public Works is working hard to build a drinking water facilities for 15 million family in 30,000 village in Indonesia who have a difficulty in getting a drinking water. and the required budget is Rp 15 trillion. Each year until 2010 Rp 5 trillion is needed. The assumption is each village requires Rp 500 million.

The condition of water supply in Indonesia is not so dif-ferent with what happened at the global level.

Indonesia is facing the avail-

15 Millions Households in Indonesia Still

Do not Have Access to Drinking Water

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Edisi II, 2010

ability of drinking water problems that continues to decrease to 15-35 percent every year due to natural damage and pollu-tion. This condition will get worsen if the supply of drinking water are compared with the population growth. By the year of 2015, the number of Indonesia's population is projected to reach 245.7 million people. More than half that number live in the city with a more large drinking water usage per capita than the rural population. Consequently, the growth of drinking water demand is not comparable with the condi-tions of supply and increase of the supply.

Because of that, it’s hard to avoid the majority of Indo-nesia society to deal with the limited compliance of drinking water as their daily problems. About 6 million poor people in several places in Indonesia should buy drinking water from vendors at a much more expensive price than the price of wa-ter taps. At least there are 15 million Families in 30,000 vil-lages in Indonesia do not have a clean water service.

A number of drinking water problems occur in almost every place. In the district of Tembuni, Tembuni Bay, the community found it difficult to gett drinking water because the water is mixed with oil. In Palembang, during the dry

season, people in the Sungai Rengit village, Talang Kelapa sub district, and Limbang Mulia village, Pangkalan Balai subdis-trict, Banyuasin district must be patient to wait in the line of a hundreds people, day and night, to get the drinking water from the only well in the area. And who can’t stand in the line is forced to buy the water at the price of Rp.3.500 per 20-liter jerry can at the Air Batu, 18 kilometers from their village.

Nusa Tenggara Timur: Water Crisis RegionNusa Tenggara Timur is one of the most place that’s face

the worst water crisis. The crisis are both in the aspect of availability (quantity) or quality. Throughout 2007, the news about the water crisis in East Nusa Tenggara fills the pages of local newspapers almost everyday. The drinking water crisis occurred almost of the part of East Nusa Tenggara. From the 19 (now 20) districts in East Nusa Tenggara district only 5 districts that are relatively provided for their needs.

In the dry season, 29 water sources and nine pumped wells that has become the water source of Kupang citizens drops dramatically, from 10-75 liters per second during the rainy season to 0.5 to 20 liters per second. This thing is makes it difficult for the PDAM distribution with the principles of gravity, so that the water distribution reduced from 3 days to 5-7 days.

In addition to supply shortage, the people of Kupang also deal with water quality issues. According to the results of the City Health Office of Kupang, 12 dug wells that serve water tank owned by PDAM and the local entrepreneurs to sell to the citizens is less than 80 meters. Many of them even less than 10 meters. Therefore, the available water was comee from bacteria-contaminated surface water.

Rural, the question of the availability of drinking water is more challenging. Almost all districts in the regency of Ku-pang, which are the rural areas, face the clean water crisis.

Villagers Lefuleo, West Kupang district must walk 4 km from their village to get clean water.

In East Baumata village, North Baumata and Kuaklalo in the district Taebenu, the community can’t afford to fi-nance the operational cost of water pump anymore that need Rp.600.000 per four hours. While in some villages in the dis-trict of West Amarasi, residents are forced to buy water worth Rp. 200.000 thousand per tank.

The water crisis even experienced by the residents of Ti-long, in the Oelnasi village, that has the biggest dam in NTT. The networkpipe and 11 container vessels that have been built in the village, such as fringe benefits of land transfer by the people to the dam (the people surrender the land in cultural way with the promise of getting the water service), and the water was

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never flowed. Every day the mother in Tilong have to walk 3 kilometers to carry the water.

The water crisis is even worse on the island of Sabu, both in West Sabu districts, East Sabu, Sawu Mehara and Liae dis-trict. Evenly across the community there is dealing with the lack of clean water supply. In Belu regency, from the 400,000 inhabitants, only 12 percent who enjoy the clean water. The villages resident in the Benanain riverside like Tafuli village in Rainhat district, Benae village in Central Malacca district, and Manleten village in West Tasifeto district was forced to consume Benanain river water, which is muddy and contami-nated with animal feces. Residents are not able to walk 30-10 km each day to the nearest water source or buy pumps and pipes for water to drain from the water source that is located in the valley. The same pattern was faced by the society of

Kateri village in the Weliman district, and Buliaran village in Sasitamean district.

As in Belu district, the society in Ngada district was also forced to consume river water because the source of drink-ing water is away from the village. Too tiring to walk 3-7 km to the source of drinking water every day, villagers of Mainai village in Wolomeze and Benteng Tawa village in the Riung Barat district, was forced to used the muddy river water and become the puddle of the animals. The residents in Pondok village West Sumba district, experience similar problems.

In Solor, East Flores district and 8 districts in Lembata district, despite having a well, the public consumes water that

is not safe. The residents owned wells are con-taminated by the sea water in-

filtration. To obtain the water that is free from infiltration of sea water, a borehole that reach tens of meters deep is needed. Community do not have a sufficient funds and technology to it.

The Suffering ContinuesDrinking water crisis is affecting many problems, such

as disease, the decrease of the level of prosperity, the low of productivity, and neglect of the opportunity to get education. In East Nusa Tenggara, throughout August until September 2007, 11 childrens died due to diarrhea due to lack of avail-ability of drinking water and the poor conditions of sanita-tion. In this province, children die in case of diarrhea occurs throughout the year.

In addition to drinking water access, which is one of the welfare indicators, for the people who’s forced to buy the drinking water from peddler (tank cars and wheelbarrow), the limited of drinking water mean additional burden budget for home consumption. The price of water on the seller is much more costly than the usual price from PDAM. Therefore, people who do not have the access for the PDAM service or the supply water stops in the dry season, must reduce the another consumption so they could cover the expenditure to buy clean water.

Villages that do not have enough water resources, the people will have to walk for hours just to take one or two jerry cans of water from the source that’s so far away, or spend their time in the long line at the only source of

water that’s existing and limited. If only houses in the villages has been served water pipelines, of course the available time can be used to perform the economic activities that supply the family incomes, or also socio-cultural activities.

For childrens, far and limited water resources from home or settlements means that they will lose the opportunity to continue to go to school. In West Solor, East Flores, before the existance of the development rainwater tanks program (PAH), young women can’t proceed to go to school at the higher level because they must take the responsibility for the availability of the water for household. For hours they spent to walk and waiting in the line to take the water from the sources that’s located far away from home. That responsibility is a division of roles with the parents who work in the fields.

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Edisi II, 2010

The Government ResponsibilityTalking about the causes of

water crisis, we often easily per-ceive it as a cause, things like: the rapid of population growth and industry, and living activities that need water; environmental con-ditions such as dry climate and peatlands; or the environmental changes, either natural or due to vandalism and contamination by human activities. Those things are true. But if you take a look at the mirror to the water crisis in country side that has been men-tioned before, the government policy was also contributed an important role for the water crisis that seems never end.

The most high profile of the Government responsibility to-wards the fulfillment of drink-ing water is the pipeline network construction, which of course related to the Regional Water Company (PDAM). Drinking water pipe network construc-tion in Indonesia has been done since the Dutch colonial era. In that period, drinking water supply piping was intended to meet the needs of the Netherlands people in the big cities in Indonesia.

Because of that, the construction of pipelines is only serv-ing the certain region only such as in Menteng Jakarta and the Dutch settlements in cities such as Bogor, Medan, and Bandung.

After the Independence Day, before the 1970s, there were several construction project of piped drinking water, such as the construction of drinking water facilities at Pejompongan-1 for the City of Jakarta and projects conducted by the France Entrepreneurs (Degremont) in the big city like Jakarta, Band-ung, Makassar, Padang, Manado, and Surabaya. Of course, in the middle of the efforts to maintain the independence, the limited resources, and so many of urgent issue - which should be handled as a country that is still very young - the construc-tion of drinking water instalation at that time was woefully inadequate and only meet the very small community.

In the early 1970s, when the ruling government was in-troduced a form of construction planning of Five-Year Plan, included the construction of drinking water in the social sec-

tor category. The grouping into these categories is related to the order of priorities and allocation of funds. Categories in the social field are a category that is among the priorities to other sectors. No wonder if in 1970, the carrying capacity means drinking water throughout Indonesia as much as ± 9000 liters per second with ± 7 per cent coverage in urban areas. With the population at that time ± 110 million people, the level of average consumption (national) was 7.1 liters per person per days.

In the following years, until the 1990s, the piped drinking water facility construction was done

wider. It was set a target of 60 Iiter per day for everyone, with the coverage of 60 percent for urban. The investments made by the central government, intended

as an initial investment. At a later stage PDAM and local government is expected to develop their own drinking water services in accordance development in its territory. For rural areas, the emphasis of construction of drinking water facilities is more to the improvement of infrastructure quality and individual drinking water facilities and the simple piping systems that are controled by the com-munity.

Between the years 1990-1997, the full-cost recovery for piping drinking water services started to be implemented by PDAM in the urban areas. With this principle, the piping investment construction network that’s funded by soft foreign loans must be paid back by PDAM with the rates collected from the consumer society. Nevertheless, the Government sets the upper limit of the maximum price was not must be less than 4 percent on average family income. In those days the private sector began to enter the business development and installation of the clean water.

Admittedly, from 1970 to 1997 has occurred a drink-ing water production capacity 10-fold, than 9,000 liters per second to 94,000 liters per second. But the increased was not significant when it’s compared the population, especially urban residents which amounted to 4 percent per year (about 12-fold

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between 1970 to 1997).For that the central and local Governments are required to

increase the accelerated development of clean water facilities. But in 1997, construction of drinking water facilities moves to the opposite direction. Financial difficulties due to the eco-nomic crisis led to the development and expansion of drink-ing water facilities is reduced drastically. On the other hand, PDAMs were experiencing the increase of the operational cost and the insufficient operational cost.

That condition is still affecting until now. The Associa-tion of Indonesian Water Supply Enterprises (Perpamsi) men-tioned, in the late of 2001 only 29 of 293 PDAM throughout Indonesia which in a good condition. About 264 others bear the debt of Rp 4 trillion to the Government. In 2004, that number was increased to Rp 5.3 trillion.

Of course, the economic crisis cannot be a ‘black goat’. The attention from the Governments in the provision of drinking water should continue to be prosecuted. One of the measure to assess how much is the responsibility of the Government in drinking water supply for the people is through how much the Government allocate its budget for water supply. Every

year until 2010 Rp 5 trillion is needed. The assumption is every village needs Rp. 500 million. With a rough calculation, each population needs 6 liters of water per day then to meet the needs of 200 million population of Indonesia, the budget needed is Rp. 4 trillion per year. In fact the number that gov-ernment has allocated for the provision of drinking water for the society is only Rp 1.2 trillion or 1 percent from APBN. The amount is far below the budget for the military or for the interest payments and foreign debt (Odious debt).

The conditions above are affecting the fulfillment of drinking water needs for the people. Although the services have seen increased but the real scope in the field would be lower, remember at many places, the installed network is not optimally working. From the cases that has been described previously, it has been so many years the network was not flowed by the water, only flown a few times a month, even a few times in a year. In some places, the water that’s flowed through the PDAM pipes is muddy in the rainy season.

The writer is Health and Environment activies PIKUL NTT

ISTIMEWA

Discourse

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Edisi II, 2010

TheAuthorsJemima SY and Deviariandi Setiawan

The Indonesian government is committed to achieve The Millennium Development Goals/ MDGs, and in order to do so, it is estimated

around 78 millions of people needs the clean water services in 2015. From about 70,000 villages in Indonesia, 80% classified as rural areas despite some of it is start to developed into a part of the city, largely

unserved by means of adequate drinking water. In 2005, only 2% of the total number of te villages that was served by the pipeline to homes or through the public taps - the majority of villages in rural areas (52%) is depend on the shallow wells. In terms of the population, data on the year of 2006 revealed that 47% of the Indonesian society in rural areas rely on non-piped water systems and only 5% of rural populations have the access to the facilities of water

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piping.The MDG target for rural water sector indicates

a challenge for Indonesia. Rural population includes 63% from 35 million poor people in Indonesia. The growth improvement of the public services is the key to reducing rural poverty for millions of people. In relation to the drinking water development, the MDGs require the improvements in water supply (piping and other protected sources) by the rural community. It means that is need an additional water supply for the 26.5 millions of people in rural areas.

The government has made great efforts to improve a sustainable access to the clean water facilities in rural areas, through a large-scale investments projects that’s supported the water supply infrastructure development in rural areas that’s managed by the community through the BPSAB.

In accordance with the national policies and drinking water community-based environmental sanitation, the type that used to approach is to facilitate the community to generate demand for project interventions; the contribution to society construction; establishment of working teams participating communities at the time of

execution project and subsequently, their responsibility to operate and maintain the clean water facilities, as well as a training for the governing body to develop skills that’s required in carrying out the management functions.

Starting in the 1990s the Government of Indonesia, with the World Bank support, has implemented the investment in projects, which are estimated to have provided clean water through rural schemes for more than 4,000 villages. Some of the same project also has been implemented with support bilateral agencies such as AusAID and GTZ; institution such as UNICEF and the multilateral development banks of Asia; and CBOs, some do with partnerships with corporate philanthropy. It is estimated that at least 6400 new systems will be built and managed by the people between 2008 and 2013, through the development programs of clean water implemented through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Public Works. Moreover, the water supply facilities and sanitation will be also built through the program of National Society Empowerment (PNPM), a covering program for infrastructure development multi sector based on community, which will be held in the whole village in 2009. The community water development is

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Edisi II, 2010

also a popular program among the local governments, using special allocations funds (DAK) for the clean water.

Nowadays, the projects are focus on the early construction challenge of rural water supply; which is build and preparing the community work unit to operate it. When this investment project completed, there is a desire to see systems that is managed by that community to provide the services extendability to the public. There is also hope to see that community organizations are good as organizations and explore its ability to become the motor in service improvement of clean water in rural areas in Indonesia.

Water Project, which is managed by the Second Generation Society (Second Generation Project) focused on introducing the post-project interventions. The project help BPSAB to increase its capacity, and introduce mechanisms to improve BPSAB professionalism; development of the legal aspects, get enter into the service agreements with the government district, introduced a service contract with the private sector and micro-finance through commercial bank.

Learning OutcomesBPSAB has become a useful forum for the

implementation project -in the literature on rural development about a number of community-based is have positive results from this approach, including the increased the sense of the project ownership, reducing the project cost, a more equitable distribution of benefits, and so forth. However, the performance BPSAB on post-construction period is uncertain, although showing opportunity to perform well.

A study conducted on 171 samples of BPSAB in 5 districts in West Java and East Java find that they provide services satisfying the average-serve 1200 peoples per BPSAB, or as a whole serves more than 200,000 inhabitants. Of the total number of BPSAB which operates in 5 districts it can serve about 800,000 people, equivalent to 7% of the total population of the district concerned. Almost all of BPSAB could provide the water for 20 – 24 hours of service (70%), seven days a week (85%), but the level of adequacy for the entire pressure system is considered “less pretty”, which indicates low performance of the system.

The majority (70%) of BPSAB produce sufficient revenues to cover their cost operations. However, taking into account BPSAB, which fundamentally is an organization who rely on the cash transactions, in reality some of BPSAB have billing period for one month or

more, which indicates that they face some problem.A total asset that’s currently managed by BPSAB today

is pretty significant. They manage the water facilities production, transmission and reservoirs, office buliding and owning land. But it still for the assets, BPSAB in this two Province manages assets worth billions of Rupiahs. However, many BPSAB don’t have the adequate records regarding the value and status of their asset. This is a barrier to their ability even to begin to understand their initial position, for planning the replacement and development, in addition it may have an implications on its accountability.

BPSAB operates in the fast changing environment. Economic and population growth (urbanization) that’s previously a rural community often expect an improved a better service levels as the increase in revenue. In theory, BPSAB will be able to operate the infrastructure initial clean water system in accordance with the age of tools design (generally 10 years) and the services develop for the unserved. In fact, other factors that arise, which affected their ability in doing a few things:

• The limitations in commercial management systems The development requires a management solutions

that’s more complicated beyond that currently can be managed by BPSAB. The addition of the number of subscribers for example, would require better billings and collection practice, more orderly

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customer registration and financial records that’s more tidy.

• Barriers in technical design and implementation The engineering design and construction require an

input from experts that is not available, or cannot be accessed by the public. The public sector often slow to respond on this need, and also BPSAB is tend to make an improving system without the inputs. Design errors in development could threaten the technical quality of the system.

• Access to financial capital BPSAB is highly depending on internally generated

cash/IGC to fund the development. The grants are often unable to be estimated; when BPSAB is depend on internal cash income, this will inhibit BPSAB to the needs of the fund at the needed times because they have to save/ waiting for years. Very few BPSABs that have a relationship with the bank - only 9 BPSAB that have the experience in borrowing for the investment and only 20% deposit their funds in the bank.

• Legitimacy, legal certainty and clarity relationship with area

Nowadays the decentralization is laying the water services authority to the district Government and under the Government Regulation 16/2006, BPSAB operating activities arranged at the request of the local Government. But the articulation of rights and obligations of both parties, both from the local Government and BPSAB is still under development. While the local Governments have just started to understand and get the responsibility of drinking water supply, many local governments do the approach "hands-off" in the development of BPSAB post project and supervision that has been established through the national programs. This thing is often leaves a vacuum for BPSAB to access the technical support and management that’s so much needed. At the same time, BPSAB is less accountable to the poor performance in managing the public infrastructure. The complexity of the problem, generally due to BPSAB’s limitation to take the form of an entity that is legally recognized, which will allow them to exist, do the transactions with or seeking support from other agencies under the framework and clear rules.

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Edisi II, 2010

Drinking water and good sanitation are important elements that support the human health. But unfortunately the fulfillment of the need has not been fully going well. To achieve a good water and

sanitation target, it needs more effort from everyone. It must be admited, the field service for drinking wa-

ter and sanitation in Indonesia is still far from the Millen-nium Development Goal's (MDGs) target. To reach the goal, the government should strive to afford it. Currently, the government provides funds of Rp.11, 8 trillion for the drinking water and Rp.14, 2 trillion to sanitation until the end of 2014. For learning more about this issue, Percik reporter, Eko Budi Harono, have the op-portunity to conduct an interviews with the General Director of Cipta Karya, Ministry of Public Works, Budi Yuwono, after the ceremony of the new Sanitation and Envi-ronmental Engineering Indonesia (IATPI) office.

Question Can you explain what

are the government efforts related to the drinking wa-ter development in rural areas? And how it’s related to the achievement target of the MDGs.

Answers Quite a lot has

been done, being

done, and will be done of course. Now the government is doing the efforts to synergize and consolidate the imple-mentation of the programs related to MDGs achieve-ment. Related to the poverty reduction based on society, drinking water, and National sanitation. That consolida-tion is expected could generated an Action Plan, which can be made as a basic for all parties to contribute. The program of MDGs Accelerating Achievement Target in the Cipta Karya that is constructed by the General Direc-tor of Cipta Karya at the period of 2010 - 2014 that is includes the providing urban drinking water in the 820

City District (IKK), 577 Low Income Com-munities Area (MBR)/A Healthy Sim-

ple House (RSH)/Simplified Flats (Rusuna), and 100 special area and rural drinking water in 2340 water crisis village/isolated/Outer small island and the development of Wa-

ter Supply and Sanitation Based on Community (PAMSIMAS) in 2310

villages.While the provision of

sanitation systems activi-ties development and

waste water facili-ties infrastructure (Off Site) in 11 cities, the wastewater infrastruc-ture and

Interview

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“We Will Provide Drinking Water in 2.340 Water Crisis Village”

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the Local System (On Site) development in 210 districts / city, and solid waste activities. Additionally, the acceler-ated of drinking water supply and sanitation program will be supported by DAK (Special Allocations Funds) drinking water and sanitation with the allocation funds of Rp. 3.4 trillion, the acceleration of urban water sup-ply program through the national bank loan financing, the drinking water and wastewater program, as well as the sanitation programs to encourage the society self-acceleration. That was a series of strategic programs that government pursued.

Question Why MDG's target is become an important priority

for the government?Answers The Achievement of the Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs) is one of the three development programs, which is set by government through the Presidential Di-rective 3/2010, beside the pro-people programs and jus-tice for all programs. Of all the outlined programs in the Presidential Instruction, which is related to the duties of the General Director of Cipta Karya is the poverty reduc-tion programs empowerment by community based which is a pro-people programs and the provision of drinking water and sanitation which is the environmental sustain-ability quarantee program.

So far we have seen the exercise of various achievment programs of MDGs on the field of Cipta Karya, either funded by APBN, APBD, private parties like corpora-

tion, and non-governmental organizations. But we have not been able to map the actual achievement data of the MDGs targets because there is no consolidation program between the development actors.

It should be recognized the stakeholders program of Drinking Water Supply and the Sanitation Based on Community (PAMSIMAS) has doing a steady coordi-nated, both at the central and district level. If not, there will be a mutual wait, doesn’t walk along together and eventually too late to reach the target. The basic principle of PAMSIMAS is the implementation of community em-powerment. Which is, the old, young, male, female, rich and poor public must be involved in the entire develop-ment process. In addition, this program has a responsive approach to the community needs.

Question We saw a number of potential that exists in the mid-

dle of society and also a number of donor countries are still not touchable well, what’s the problem?

Answer The potential that exists in society and the business

world and a number of other institutions have not fully empowered by the Government. While the coaching function is not fully touch the people who want to meet their own needs. The citizens also still think that the water as a social object and is still regarded as the govern-ment matters. This is indeed a challenge that we need to answer in wise and prudent ways.

PAMSIMAS will be implemented in 15 provinces,

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Edisi II, 2010

covering 110 districts/cities with a target held in 4000 vil-lages and 1000 replication villages. Within 4 years, each district may only have a maximum proposed of 50 villag-es. Every village will receive a grant of USD 275 million and will given to the village community. The funds came from APBN/World Bank loans Rp. 192.5 million (70%), budget district at least Rp. 27.5 million (10%), and the contribution of rural community 20% which consists of Rp. 11 million in cash (4%), and Rp. 44 million in form of labor and materials (16%).

Therefore, the strengthening of the community groups will be the PAMSIMAS key of success. During the imple-mentation of PAMSIMAS, the local government can expand the coverage through the same implementation program (cloning) in other villages which at the same technicly and quality with the Programs of PAMSIMAS and refer to the User Guide book and the provisions of PAMSIMAS. This is what we called the replication in PAMSIMAS principle.

Question Do the local governments respond in good spirit re-

garding PAMSIMAS program?Answers Interesting questions. At the PAMSIMAS implemen-

tation, the government is able implement consistently, continue and develop PAMSIMAS in their areas indepen-dently with the fully resourches from local governments and community. Funds came from local government and communities to finance the training preparation of the community, physical implementation or facilitators.

General Director of Cipta Karya is currently consoli-dating those programs, so it could achieve the equality data and information about the achievements, plans and the accelerating achievement of MDGs targets, to encour-age the accelerating achievement of MDGs.

The first step of the consolidation is done by the General Director of Cipta Karya by organizing regional technical meeting in a marathon in four areas in Indone-sia. Technical meetings attended by regional goverment, provincial and district/city, the target will produce an Action Plan that can be used as the basis for all parties to contribute.

The Action Plan for Accelerating Achievement of the MDGs targets will include updating the existing of avail-able data, the plan achievement of the MDGs in each district/city, the steps that has to be performed by each re-spective districts under the coordination of the province, in the drinking water, sanitation, and the PNPM sector,

which is integrated, based on common views, agreements, and commitments of all parties, particularly local com-mitment, to achieve the target.

Question Are there any special treatment or program assistance

that is provided by the government for drinking water and sanitation program?

Answers The government through the Ministry of Public Works

has disbursed a grant of Rp. 119 billion for drinking water and sanitation to 29 cities in Indonesia. The government through the grant assistance that is provided by the Aus-tralia government (USAID) to Indonesia worth to 60.5 million Australian dollars for a period of one year (June 11, 2011) intended to provide the better access to the drink-ing water and sanitation for the community. The assistance program pattern is considered by the Minister of Public Works as the first that has been applied in Indonesia.

The reason is, the Local Government (Regents/Mayor) prepares an access of the connection of drinking water and wastewater piping prioritized for low-income com-munities program that’s using the APBD. After the pro-gram is successful, the funds are replaced with the grants. According to the PU Minister, when the program was later runs good then do not close the possibility value of such assistance will be improved next year.

We immediately went continue the Australian grants for drinking water and waste water programs for 29 cities in Indonesia. And grant of 25 million AUD (first phase) will be used to build 42,300 units of House Connection (SR) drinking water and for cities that have a centralized wastewater management systems.

This programs as the incentive and motivations of the head district so they could be more seriously in increase the drinking water and wastewater in their own area. Beside, the application output concept based in this pro-gram is fairly good for applied in other regions.

This grant program is one of the achievement accelera-tions program of MDGs in the field of drinking water and sanitation that is arranged by Directorate General of Cipta Karya for the period 2010 - 2014. The program is planned to be further developed by the local governments, especially those who interested until 2011 with the goal of adding 60 thousand of new home connection. Meanwhile, the grant of wastewater program will be developed to the cities, which has a system of wastewater ma-nagement.

34

Waterisanaturalresourcethatisveryvitalforthesurvivalofthehu-manlife.Humanusuallyusewaterfordrinking,bathing,washing,andirrigatingfarmland.However,lately,

insomeareasinIndonesiasuchasEastJakartaandNorthJakarta,waterbecomesararecommodity.Wa-terCrisisintheseareasisgenerallycausedbydrinkingwaterinfrastructurethatisverylimited.EnvironmentalSpecialistfromUniversityofIndonesia,Dr.Ir.SetyoS.Moersidik,DEAsaysthatthespeedofprocurementofdrinkingwaterinfrastructureislowerthanthespeedofthepopulationgrowthinIndonesia.

So,nowonderifmanyoftheJakartacitizenwhostillchoosetoconsumethegroundwater,whereastheexcessiveuseofgroundwatercancausethelandsubsidenceandseawaterintrusion.Thisisbigandim-portantproblemssoitrequiressolutionsthatisfast,accurate,andcomprehensive.Oneofthesolutionsistofindthesourceofalternativewaterthatcanreplacethefunctionofgroundwater.

ThemostpotentialalternativewatersourceinIn-donesiaistherainwater.Asweknow,Indonesiaisatropicalcountrythatisrichwithrainfall.Eachyear,therainfallinIndonesiacouldreach2000-4000mm.Unfor-

tunately,whentherainfallinIndonesiaisquitehigh,peoplerarelyto

useit.Thisrainwaterismorewastedthanexploited.Conversely,whentherainfallinIndonesiaisvery

low,thecommunitysufferslackofwater.Thisbecomesaninevitableironieswhenothercountriesthat’shavealimitedrainfallcanusetherainwaterverywelllikeEngland.Withtherainfallonlyabout700mm/year,Englandhasneverexperiencedwatershortage.Theybuildartificiallakesfortherainwaterharvesting,sothatduringthedryseasoncomestheystillhavesuffi-cientreserveofwater.

Actually,thereisalreadyanIndonesiansocietythat’sutilizingtherainwaterinawaytoaccommodatetherainwaterinatankfirst.However,thecollectedrainwaterisusuallyusedonlyforwashingpurposesnottoshowerorevendrinking.Forthedrinkingwaterdemand,peoplearestilldependongroundwaterandpipedwater,eventhegroundwaterreservesinIndone-siaisdwindlingandthepriceofpipedwaterarealsoclassifiedasexpensive.

Inaddition,toconsumewaterpipedasadrinkingwateralsoneedthecookingprocesstoosothegermsandbacteriathat’scontainedinthewaterisdead.Drinkingwatertreatmentprocesseslikethatwouldbeimpracticalandwastefulofenergy.So,inindirectwaysitcouldbesaidthatthemethodsoftherainwaterinIndonesiaisstillnotoptimal.

Fromtheabovedescription,ofcoursewewonder

Inovasion

A Simple Technology

to Turn Rain Water Into Drinking Water

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Edisi II, 2010

whyIndonesiaisnotbeginingtodeveloptechnologythatcanprocesstheabundantrainwatertobeareadydrinkingwaterthatmeetstherequirementsqualityofdrinkingwater?Thesimpleansweristhequestionoftechnologytransferiscostlyandwaterqualitystan-dardsthatareestablishedbytheMinistryofHealth.

BasedKepmenkesNo907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002abouttheTermsandSupervisionQualityofdrinkingwater,drinkingwatermustbefreeofunorganicandorganiccomponents,suchasbacteria,toxins,danger-ouswaste,andchemicals.Today,alottechnologythatcanremovetheunorganiccomponentthatiscontainedinwater,suchaswiththefiltration.Likewisewiththeremovaloforganiccomponentstechnology,suchasbacterialdisinfec-tiontechnology.

Forasimplescale,dis-infectionofbacteriacandonebyprovidingchlorineintothewater,orbydryingthewaterwithsunlightorultravioletlight.Bacteriawithchlorinedisinfectionwillcausethewatersmellsofchlorineandcontainchlorine.Ifweusesolarradiation,atthesunnyweatherusuallyrequiredasufficienttimethatisabout5-6hoursforcompeletelydisinfectionprocessbacteria(www.who.or.id,2010).Therefore,rapidtechnology,andeffectivefordisinfectionofbacteriaisrequired.

Oneofthetechnologies,whichcandisinfectbac-teriaisCatalysis.Thistechnologyisanintegratedtechnologybyphotochemicalreactionsinvolvingacatalyst.Thisreactionresultedinbacterialcellwallsandmembranesdamaged,sothebacteriaaredead.It’scalledphotocatalystbecauseitonlybecomesactivewhenexposedtolight,includingsunlight.Theusedofcatalyst,namelytitaniumoxide(TiO2),whichissafeandenvironmentallyfriendlybecauseofnon-toxic.Inaddition,becauseitusesradiantenergyofsunlight,Catalysis,isincludingtotheenergy-savingtechnolo-gies.Withthat,catalysisisquitesolutiftechnologiestodisinfectbacteria.

Inanattempttotheapplicationofthistechnology,AyukoCheeryoSinagaandIkhaMuliawati,undertheguidanceofCatalysisExpertLecturerDepartmentofChemicalEngineeringUniversityofIndonesia,namely

Dr.Ir.Slamet,MT.,hasconductedsmall-scaleresearchtodisinfectbacteriausingthecatalysistechnology.Byusinghometapwatercontainingbacteriaasasample,theyconductedexperimentswiththreevarietyofcon-ditions,namely:first,thesampleirradiatedUltraVioletrays(UV)aloneandsecondly,thesampleirradiatedwithUVlightandphotocatalyst.Eachexperimentsperformedonthetestboxofacryliccoatedaluminumfoilcontaining6.75Lofwatersample,witha±1gofcatalyst,aUV-Alampwitharadiatedpowerof8Wfor80minutes.

Inthisstudy,theyuseTiO2DegussaP-25asanano-sizedcatalystthensuperimposedintopumice.Pumiceusedconsistsoftwovariationsinsize,diameter0.5

to1cmandadiameterof1-3mm.Byvaryingthepumicesize,therewillbesubmergedpumicestonebeneaththetestboxandfloatedonsamplesurface.Inaddition,withthesizeofsmallerstone,thenthecon-tactsurfaceareabetweenphotocatalystwithsampleswillbeevengreater,sothatthedisinfectionprocessbac-teriawillbemoreeffective.Theresultsaresatisfactory,thefirstsampleshoweda

decreaseofthenumberofbacteriainabout7.74%andthesecondsample27.83%.Withthat,it’sprovedthatwiththecatalysisprocessdisinfectionofbacteriaintothreeandahalftimesfasterthanwithoutphoto-catalyst.Toachievedisinfectionprocessbacteriacom-pletely(killallbacteriainthewater),wecanincreasetheamountofcatalystandalsoincreasetheintensityoflightused.

Intheory,bacterialdisinfectionprocessisdirectlyproportionalwiththeintensityoflightused.So,ifweusingthesun'sintensityinfactit’ssomuchlargerthanthelightUVusedinthisstudy,thentheprocessdisin-fectionshouldalsobemuchfaster.

Theconclusionis,ifwecombinethefiltrationtechnologywithCatalysis,rainwaterthathadbeenrarelyusedbyuscanbeareadytodrinkwater.Bothtechnologiesarepotentialtechnologytosolvetheproblemsrelatedtothedefenseofnationalwaterincomprehensiveway.[Eko/varioussources]

Talangair

Tankiberteknologifotokatalisis

Teknologifilter

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Provisionofcleanwaterforeverydaylifeisstillamajorconstraintforresidentsintheresource-richprovinceofSouthKalimantan.Geographicalcharacteristics,whichispeatyanddominatedbytheriverforcedthe

residentstoconsumecontaminatedwater.Togetthewatertheresidentsisforcedtomakeawellanddigdeeperintothewaterchannelinthemiddleoftheirricefields.Itisoftenthatthewaterisonlycouldbefoundatdepthsofdozenmetersfromtheground.

Becausethebottomlayerofsoilispeat,thenthewaterthatcomesoutfromthewellisblackish,brown-ishoryellowishwithhighlevelofturbidity.Yettheres-identswereforcedtorelyonthisdirtywaterfortheirdailyliving.RizaNiftahulKhair,aresearcherinMasterofEnvironmentalEngineeringofGajahMadaUniver-sityoffersatechnologythatcanchangethecoloringpeatswampwaterintoareadytodrinkwater.

"Wecallitactivecarbontechnologyforthewaterpurification",saidRiza.Byplacinganactivecarbon,dirtywaterfromtheswamporpeatcanbeturnedintocleanandwereevenreadytodrink.

Peatwaterissurfacewaterthat’scoloredbrownandacidic.Tobeabletomakethepeatwaterasasourceofcleanwater,itneedstobedoneinaseriesofprocess.Thisresearchaimstoreducethecolorinten-sityofpeatwaterusingozonationandamediafiltercombination(activatedcarbon,activatedsand,andzeolite)continually.Acidhumusthat’sconsistingofhumicacid,fulvicacid,andhuminastheformingcolorinthewatercanbeneutralwiththepeatozonationprocess,oxidationandadsorptionbythemediafilter(Zeolite,ActivatedCarbon,ActivatedSand).

Themethodthatwasusedisthereductionoftheintensityofpeatwaterwithozonationprocessandfil-tercombination(Akit-zeolitsand,activesand-activatedcarbon)continuouslywiththevariationwithin30min-utes,60minutes,120minutes,240minutes,and300minutesateachtreatmentprocess.Maximumresultsfromtheprocessofpeatwatercolorintensitycanbe

reducedupto21.21%withtheozonationprocessatthetimeof300

minutes.IncombinationproccessofOzone-Zeolite-ActiveSand87.88%in240minutesandintheprocessofcombinationofozone-ActivatedCarbon-ActivatedSandamountedto87.88%in300minutes.Thede-creaseofthecolorintensityinthiswaycanbeanal-ternativewaysingettingthecleanwaterfromthepeatwater.

Thepeatlandisaheterogeneousmixturebetweenthevegetationthataccumulatessedimentenviron-mentEmittersaturatedwater.ThemainformationofpeatlandinIndonesiaisbecausethetropicalforestvegetation.Peatwatergenerallyhasayellowtobrowncolorvariation,dependingontheprocessofweather-ing,typeofcropandsedimentcontent.Theelementsofpeatlandcreationareorganicmaterialconsistingofcarbon,nitrogen,oxygen,andhydrogenaswellassomeinorganicelementsconsistingofsilica,potassiumandmagnesium.

Filter AidPeatwaterisnotpropertouseforbathingand

washingcanbeprocessedintoclearwaterwiththecreationsofafiltersystem.Thisfiltersystemconsistsofpumpwater,peatwaterstoragetanks,andtubefil-ters.Thethreecomponentsareconnectedwithpipes.

Healsoexplainedthatthefiltertubeismadeofgravel,sand,foam,paperfilter,andactivatedcarbon.Thectivatedcarbonismadefrompeatsoilthathasbeenactivatedbyheatingat400oCtemperaturerangeupto500oC.

Theuseofactivatedcarbonfiltersystemmainlytoreducethelevelsofacidity,reducingthemetallev-els,reducingodorsandreducingwaterturbidity.Theadvantagesofthisfiltersystemaretoimprovethepaetwaterqualitysoitcanbeusedasclearanddecentwaterusedfordrinkingandtoilet.

AccordingtothedatafromtheRegionalEnviron-mentalAgency,itdeclarestheresultsoftheirresearch,whichwasconductedinanumberoflocations,suchasRiamKiwaRiversandTabukrivers,getthehighofheavymetalcontent.Theriverwaterprovedtocon-tainheavymetalsintheformofArsenic(AS)withthe

Through Ozonization and Filtration Peat Water Becomes Clean Water

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Edisi II, 2010

contentthat’sfarabovefromthenormallimitof0.005Mg/Ltr.Heavymetalarsenicispoisonwhichisverydangerousandcancauseadeath.

Likewise,theMercuryMg,iron(Fe)andE.colicon-tentreaches1600orabovethenormallimitsof1000.Thisconditionshows,thattheriversaswellastherawwaterforpublicconsumptioninSouthKalimantanin-appropriateandharmfultohealth.

Rizaalsomentioned,thehighlevelofrivertur-bidity,makingitshouldissuealargefundsforwaterpurificationprocess.Thereforeinthepresenceofthiswaterpurificationtechnology,theBandarmasihPDAMwilldesigntheuseofactivatedcarboninthewatermanagementforthecommunity.

ThefirstprocessoccursintheclarifiertankthatservesclarifyandincreasethepHvalueto8-9throughthepro-visionofsodaashorcalciumoxide,whichhasdissolved.Asaresult,itwillbeformedagreenblobandwillgraduallyfloattothewatersurface,butnottoolong(approximately25minutes).Thatblobfromsomemetalsanddissolvedorganicwillchangeit’scolorintoyellowbrownandslowlysettles(30minutes).

Tospeedupthedepositionproccessitcouldbeusedanalumorpolyaluminumchloridewithstirringdirectioninaboutfiveminutes.Thematerialsusedandthedosedeterminedthroughsimpleexperi-mentalinthefield.

Waterthathasbeenneutralizedflowedintothewaterplace1and2.But,thoughitwasclear,thewaterstillcontainsasmallfloatingparticles(organic),iron,highenoughmanganandsmelled.Inthenextstageoftheoxidationprocess(canbedonewithair,chlorine,orpotassiumpermanganate).Potassiumpermangan-atecolorwaschosenwithconsiderationandodor-less,inadditiontoalsoenablethemanganesezeolitemediafortheoxidationprocesscontinuedfromironandmanganese,afterfilteredwithasilicasandfilter.Furthermore,odorandcolorremovalprocessisusingtheactivatedcarbon.

Waterthathasbeenclear,odorlessandcolorless,

thenfilteredagainbyusingthemicrofilterwithsizesfrom0.1to0.5μm,toreducethetotalsuspendedsol-idstolessthan500mg/l.Thisprocessisessentialforrapidmembranenotdamagedeasilyandcanlivelon-ger.Membraneisonlyusedtoreducethelevelsofthesaltonly,witharecoveryratioof35percent.

Theprocessedwaterthathasbeenclear,tasteless,odorless,andfreefrombacteriathatcanbedrinkdi-rectlyisaccommodatedinatubofcleanwaterreser-voir.Beforetheprocessofbottling,toavoidrecontami-nation,thewateriscontinuethroughthemicrofiltra-tionandultravioletirradiationforsterilization.Asthefinalresult,thewaterislooksveryclear,odorless,andisnolongersalty.

The Short ProcessToproccesspeatwaterintoa

readytodrinkwaterisactuallynotdifficultandexpensive.Thebrownishwatercanbeprocessedwithasimpledrinkingwatertreat-mentandcanbemadebythecommunitybyusingmaterialsthatcanbefoundatthelocalmarketsuchasdrum,faucets,bicyclepumps,tanksfilterandgravel,sandandfibers,aswellaschemi-callimeandalum.

Thepeatwatertreatment,isstartedwiththeNeutralizationtoregulatetheacidityofthewatertobeneutral(PH7-8),namelybythelimegranting.

Furthermore,aerationisdonetocontacttheairwithrawwaterforironcontentandmanganesepresentintherawwaterreactingwithoxy-gen,whichisintheairtoformironcompounds,andmanganesecompounds,whichcanbeprecipitated.

Besideofit,theaerationprocessalsoservestoeliminatingthetoxicgasessuchunwantedH2Sgas,methane,carbondioxideandtoxicgasesandother.For1"partspermillion"(ppm)ofoxygen,accordingtohim,canbeusedtooxidizetheironion6.98ppm.Thisoxidationreactioncanbeinfluencedpartlybytheamountofoxygenthatreacts,inthiscaseinfluenced

bytheamountofairwhichiscontactedwiththewateraswellasextensivecontactsbetweentheairbubbleswiththesurfacewater.

38

If all goes normally, it is certain that in 2010 seven billion people will inhabit the earth. A very large number in the history of Earth civilization that of course require the availability of resources so it can sustain and maintain the continuity of

life and living. One of it is clean water. Clean water is a basic need for human beings that has a very limited number. Until now, the water is still cannot be replaced by other materials. Unfortunately, the number of it has an extremely limited availability, especially to be able to meet the needs of seven billion people on this earth.

WATER is one of the main needs of all living creatures in the world. However, the water availability was dwindling. The amount of clean water stored in the recesses of the earth (aquifer) of land, sea, and atmosphere, which is actually limited, continuously reducing its number. In the future, water will become so valuable and may soon become the main commodities of the world and have the potential to be a very serious conflict. For the countries in the Middle East and Africa, the water availability has been a problem for a long time. But now a country with a large population like China, India and the United States also began to experience the similar problems.

The problem is, the 97.6 percent of the total available water (1.403 billion cubic kilometers) in this universe is salt water so it could not be used directly as a clean

water sourches. Meanwhile, most of the plain water (33 million cubic

kilometers) is in the form of ice, snow, and water inside the soil. Theoretically, the water that can be used is no more than a 126.7 million cubic kilometers, or only 0.009 percent of the overall water total. This amount is something that should be and will be contested by all of the inhabitants of the earth and it’s already becoming a serious problem associated with shortages that can lead to the humanity conflict and crisis.

Agricultural Agency (FAO) has warned that at least four billion people will live in areas with minimal clean water on 2025. More than half the world's population will live in drought, search a second food and penetrated the coastal areas that have been polluted for the last 50 years. The uncontrolled waste and poor water policies management is a major cause of all these problems, especially those that occur in the developed country. That was the report from the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), which works with more than 200 world water resources expert.

"Today, more than 800 million people in the world's have a trouble to access the clean water sources. This thing is suggests a crisis, "said Halifa Drammeh from UNEP. This institution, which since 2003 launched the International Year of Freshwater for the world's population, reported the occurrence of shrinkage of the coral reefs and coastlines because of the weather changes. Some developing countries will also experience a water crisis, crop failure and conflict around the river and lake water management if they’re not doing the rescue

The Other

Side

POKJA

Water Crisis And The Water Endurance in Indonesia

39

Edisi II, 2010

steps against mismanagement of the irrigation and don’t improve their management pattern of freshwater resources.

Based on the data from NASA and the WHO, it was reported finding data about the water crisis that will affects about 400 million people today will be the serious impact on at least 4 billion people later in 2050. The management of sanitation facilities that are not adequate will adversely affect more than 2.4 billion of the world people, and this number is just a 40 percent of the amount of existing human beings. Half of the coastal region, where more than a billion people depend their life, will get shrink due to the excessive development or environment pollutions.

For children under five years old, a disease that’s caused by the contaminated water (vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) is one of the main threats for them. WHO reported that half of the total hospital beds in developing countries is filled by the people who suffer diseases like this.

The Condition in IndonesiaFor Indonesia, the problem is more due to scarcity

by our failure to manage the water resources. This causes further unbalance between the demands, availability and the ability to supply the requirements. This situation also exacerbated by increasing levels of water pollutions by liquid or solid waste and the serious threat from the

impact of climate change and anomaly already become a reality today. So, no wonder, when we talk about water crisis, at the same time we are faced with the water-related disasters streak, such as floods and landslides.

For local areas, such as Java for example, the looming water crisis became a threat, which is worrisome. The drought has begun to bother the farmers in different rice production centers. More than 800,000 hectares of rice fields in northern Java and thousands is already puso and hectares of crop failure due to shortage of water threatened. Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics even estimate in August, all Indonesian regions would experience drought. As a result of damage to forest ecosystems in many areas, Java can face four times of water deficit in each year. The Minister of Environment even claimed, in 2005 the island of Java have experienced the water deficit of 13 billion meters cubic. And this number is certainly growing each year.

Depreciation of water and drought that’s repeated every year, not only because the natural phenomena, but also occur because of the severe environmental damage. Compared to the existing area, forest on Java Island is only a piece of 3,289,131 hectares. Of this amount, approximately 1714 million hectares of forests, either in the form of protected forest or forest conservation-is in critical condition. This condition is worsened with the critical lands outside the forest area, every

year the numbers is continue to rise. Source Stabilization of Forest Area in Java-Madura, mentioned that the number of forest regions must to be greening must have reached 10.731million hectares, or 84, 16 percent of the area throughout the mainland of Java. With that, you could imagine in the future, the island of Java will be more "thirsty". With the number of forest is minimal, only about 20 percent of rain water which can be absorbed by the soil. The rest flows into the gratuitous sea.

In fact, according to the data from the Ministry of Environment, just in 2003, the water demand in the island densest across Indonesia have already reached 38 billion meters cubic. When water availability is only about 25.3 billion cubic meter, it will be a quite a lot of water deficit, in one period only.

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40

The Spread of Water PotentialIn theory, Indonesia has the potential water bargaining

at 1957 billion cubic meters / year. With nowadays total population that has been reached 228 million inhabitants, the amount of water bargaining is equivalent to 8583 cubic meters / capita / years. This amount is above the world average value, that is 8000 cubic meters / capita / year (Bappenas, 2006). However, the water availability is highly variable, both interregional / regional and intertemporal.

From that number, almost 87 percent between potential surface water flow is generally concentrated in the island of Kalimantan, Papua, and Sumatra. The rest are spread unevenly in Java-Madura-Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, and other areas. Java islands, which has an area of less than 7 percent of total Indonesia's land area and is inhabited by 65 percent (148 million) from the total population of Indonesia only has more than 4.5 percent of total national freshwater reserve.

In terms of quantity and distribution, it has been obvious imbalance. In terms of quality, even

more concern because it is

very associated with whether could or not these freshwater utilized. Most water sources in urban areas, especially in Java, continue to be contaminated by waste. As an illustration, of the 13 rivers / times that flowing in Jakarta area, except the Krukut river, nearly all of it is not worthy as a water resources for the needs of everyday living by PAM Jaya.

As a result of the disruption to the water source quality, the clean water treatment costs, either due to need for chemicals and energy costs for processing and to distribute the water, continue to experienced a significant increase from time to time. So, this will cause people have to pay more to get the water, as is happening in some areas in Jakarta.

Meanwhile, the ability of the government through the 372 Regional Water Company (PDAM) to meet the needs of clean water is still far from what expected. Until today, Indonesia has approximately

7.1 million water connections which roughly only able to serve approximately of 35.5 million people that’s majority residing in urban areas. And for the most people who do not have the access to clean water was forced to put their needs to other sources of other surfaces, such as the river, pond, rain water, shallow wells, land in, and even though brackish water. The utilization of that water resources is of course risky, especially if associated with security guarantees quality (health aspect) and the threat of ecological disaster in urban areas (due to excessive exploitation of ground water in and subsequently the face of the land or lands subsidence).

Some of the major problems that marked the occurrence of the water crisis, among others, is the scarce availability of sufficient drinking water resources for about 1.1 billion of world population. Secondly, the soil water uptake excessive had a role for the shrinking of the agriculture land. Third, the pollution and the use of spring water excessive harm biodiversity. Fourth, emerging regional conflicts caused by various policies and politicization that based on the mastery problem of clean water sources.

POKJA

The Other Side

41

Edisi II, 2010

WEST REGIOND.I. ACEH PROVINCE KAB.SOUTHEASTACEH KAB.EASTACEH KAB.ACEHTENGAH*) KAB.ACEHBARAT KAB.BIGACEH KAB.PIDIE KAB.NORTHACEH KAB.Simeulue KAB.Singkil KAB.Bireun KAB.ACEHBPOWER KAB.GayoLues KAB.ACEHJAYA KAB.NaganJAYA KAB.AcehTamiang

NORTH SUMATERA PROVINCE KAB.NORTHTAPANULI KAB.TAPANULISLTN KAB.NIAS KAB.LANGKAT KAB.KARO KAB.DeliSerdang KAB.Simalungun KAB.ASAHAN KAB.LABUHANSTONE KAB.Dairi KAB.TOBASAMOSIR KAB.MandailingNatal KAB.NIASSELATAN

WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE KAB.SOLOK*) KAB.SW.LUNTO KAB.Flatland KAB.PPARIAMAN KAB.AGAM KAB.50CITY KAB.PASAMAN*) KAB.KEPMENTAWAI

RIAU PROVINCE KAB.INDRAGIRIUPSTREAM KAB.BENGKALIS KAB.INDRAGIRIDOWNSTREAM KAB.Pelalawan KAB.ROKANUPSTREAM KAB.ROKANDOWNSTREAM KAB.SIAK KAB.KSINGINGI

JAMBI PROVINCE KAB.MEANGIN KAB.SAROLANGUN KAB.Batanghari KAB.TJABUNGWEST KAB.TJABUNGEAST KAB.BUNGO KAB.TEBO

SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE KAB.OMCOGANILIR*) KAB.MuaraEnim KAB.LAHAT KAB.MusiRawas KAB.MUSIBANYUASIN

BENGKULU PROVINCE KAB.REJANGLEBONG*) KAB.NORTHBENGKULU

LAMPUNG PROVINCE KAB.CENTRALLAMPUNG KAB.NORTHLAMPUNG KAB.WESTLAMPUNG KAB.BONEONION KAB.TANGGAMUS KAB.RIGHTWAY

PROVINCE BANGKA BELITUNG *) KAB.BELITUNG

CENTRAL REGIONDKI JAKARTA PROVINCE JakartaMunicipalityCENTER***) JakartaMunicipalityNORTH***) WestJakarta***) JakartaMunicipalitySELTN***) EASTJakartaMunicipality***)

WEST JAVA PROVINCE KAB.SUKABUMI KAB.CIANJUR KAB.BANDUNG KAB.GARUT KAB.TASIKMALAYA KAB.CIAMIS KAB.BRASS KAB.CIREBON KAB.MAJALENGKA KAB.SUMEDANG KAB.INDRAMAYU KAB.SUBANG KAB.Purwakarta KAB.KARAWANG KAB.BEKASI BOGORCITY SUKABUMICITY BANDUNGCITY CIREBONCITY

CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE KAB.BANYUMAS KAB.PURBALINGGA KAB.BANJARNEGARA KAB.KEBUMEN KAB.PURWOREJO KAB.WONOSOBO KAB.MAGELANG KAB.BOYOLALI KAB.KLATEN KAB.SUKOHARJO KAB.WONOGIRI KAB.KARANGANYAR KAB.SRAGEN KAB.GROBOGAN KAB.BLORA KAB.REMBANG KAB.PATI KAB.HOLY KAB.Jepara KAB.DEMAK KAB.SEMARANG KAB.TEMANGGUNG KAB.KENDAL KAB.STEM KAB.PEKALONGAN KAB.Pemalang KAB.TEGAL KAB.BREBES

D.I. YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE KAB.BANTUL KAB.GunungKidul*) KAB.SLEMAN

EAST JAVA PROVINCE KAB.PONOROGO KAB.TRENGGALEK KAB.TULUNGAGUNG KAB.BLITAR KAB.KEDIRI KAB.MALANG KAB.LUMAJANG KAB.JEMBER KAB.BANYUWANGI KAB.Bondowoso KAB.SITUBONDO KAB.PROBOLINGGO KAB.PASURUAN KAB.SIDOARJO KAB.MOJOKERTO KAB.JOMBANG KAB.NGANJUK KAB.MAGETAN KAB.MADIUN KAB.NGAWI KAB.BOJONEGORO KAB.TUBAN KAB.LAMONGAN KAB.GRESIK KAB.BANGKALAN KAB.SAMPANG KAB.PAMEKASAN KAB.SUMENEP

BANTEN PROVINCE KAB.LEBAK KAB.TANGERANG KAB.SERANG TANGERANGCITY KALWESTPROVINCE KAB.PONTIANAK KAB.SANGGAU*) KAB.KETAPANG KAB.SINTANG*) KAB.KAPUASUPSTREAM KALCENTRALPROVINCE KAB.KWEAST KAB.KAPUAS KAB.SOUTHBARITO KAB.NORTHBARITO

SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE KAB.Kotabaru KAB.BANJAR KAB.KUALABARITO KAB.TAPIN KAB.HRIVERSLTN KAB.HRIVERTNGH KAB.HRIVERNORTH KAB.TABALONG

EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE KAB.KutaiKartanegara KAB.BERAU KAB.BULUNGAN KAB.NUNUKAN KAB.MALINAU KAB.WESTKUTAI KAB.KUTAIEAST EASTREGION

BALI PROVINCE KAB.TABANAN KAB.BADUNG KAB.GIANYAR KAB.KLUNGKUNG KAB.BANGLI KAB.KARANGASEM KAB.BULELENG DENPASARCITY

WEST SOUTHEAST NUSA PROVINCE KAB.CENTRALLOMBOK KAB.EASTLOMBOK KAB.SUMBAWA*) KAB.DOMPU*) KAB.BIMA*)

EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE KAB.MIDDLESOUTHTIMOR KAB.MIDDLENORTHTIMOR*) KAB.BELU KAB.ALOR KAB.EASTFLORES KAB.SIKKA KAB.ENDE KAB.NGADA KAB.MANGGARAI KAB.EASTSUMBA*) KAB.WESTSUMBA*) KAB.LEMBATA

GORONTALO PROVINCE KAB.BOALEMO

MALUKU PROVINCE KAB.MALUKUSOUTHEAST*) KAB.WESTSOUTHEAST MALUKU KAB.BURU KAB.ARUISLANDS*)

NORTH MALUKU PROVINCE KAB.CENTRALHALMAHERA KAB.NORTHHALMAHERA KAB.SOUTHHALMAHERA KAB.SULAARCHIPELAGO

PAPUA PROVINCE KAB.Jayawijaya KAB.JAYAPURA KAB.NABIRE KAB.YapenWaropen KAB.BiakNumfor*) KAB.JAYAPEAK KAB.MIMIKA

WEST PAPUA PROVINCE KAB.MANOKWARI KAB.FAKFAK

Description: *) Districts have limited drinking water supplies **) District with the less conditions of drinking water ***) Regional groundwater not ready for consumption.

(Eko/wawasan.com)

These are the areas that’s Prone of Water in Indonesia according to the data of General Director of Cipta Karya the Ministry of Public Works..

42

Testimonial

Teacher who takes care of trash and waste, Teti Suryati, was born in Garut, 18th April 1961, her love for the plants and the environment pushes her aggressively to socialize the processing waste into compost

and as the first pillar for the school environmental health. Initially, the Biology teacher in SMAN 12 Jakarta was merely sharing her knowledge with fellow teachers in Jakarta, and then extends to the various regions in the country.

Teti answered the reluctance of people to process waste and household waste by creating the compost maker or a simple composter. Composter from Teti was made by a 25 kg size of cans, which was given the rotator on the side or lid. All of this began when Teti was elected as a cadre of cleanliness by the Department of Sanitations of DKI Jakarta, six years ago. As a cadre, she received more information about garbage and waste processing into compost.

She did not wasted the knowledge that she had gotten. On

the contrary, she develops it by creating the composter. To meet the tastes of society, Teti has developed 13 types of composter with cans as the raw materials with rotator. Last year, she developed a composter suspension made from water jars, to teach residents to make liquid compost. "Every time I talk about the sewage treatment and waste around the house, people even ask “why go through all these difficulties to manage the trash?" They feel they have already paid the cleaning so they don’t have to thinking about the trash," Teti told.

When she asked the people to learn to make compost, "Some of residents replied, for what? Just buy it, compost it's cheap, only Rp 1,000 per kilogram, " she said. The citizen apathy that she went through the group gathering, study, PKK, housing residents, teachers, and it still did not dampen Teti spirit to share and change the society paradigm about garbage. Those complaints were just made her much more creative by creating a composter to reduce trash and waste in the house.

Generally, the citizens don’t want to dealing with the waste and organic waste that’s easy to get stink.

DOK.PRIBADI

The Teacher Who Becomes Trash Composer

43

Edisi II, 2010

They are reluctant to open the garbage, and then stir it so it does not smell. "From that thing I think I should make the stirrer tool so that the trash and organic waste doesn’t have to be opened frequently. And then I go to the welders, ask for the cans to be perforated on the left and right side, and then fit gears that allow the stiring of garbage and waste inside of it, "she said. Teti’s composter can even be stored in the living room, without people aware that its content trash and wet wastes. Even the hanging composter is suitable for the house with no yard.

Clean and greenTeti Involvement in inviting the residents to sort

and process trash and waste was getting intense when her husband was elected as Vice Chairman of RW 15, Kampung Bulak, Klender, East Jakarta, in 2004. Teti, who was active as an instructor of environment education for teachers of DKI Jakarta, felt that she must support her husband's duty. "When there is competition of clean and healthy RW at the village level. I got involved in the PKK and had to move all of the residents to participate", she remembered.

The condition of the slum neighborhood that is dirty and narrow inspired her to invite the residents to turn it into a clean and clean environment. She asked each household to plant two trees. "This raises the pros and cons".

The resident of the community, which is generally at the lower-middle level, was objected to purchased and potted plants. Teti also suggested tin cans instead of pots. In addition, every 16.00 o’clock, one of the household members must clean their own yards. For those residents who not willing, there are penalties to provided two trees in front of their home.

"That way is works to raise the awareness of the citizens. They participate actively in creating a hygiene environment. Having looked at the result, the people so fond of farming", said Teti. The result? RW 15 was appointed as sample RW in East Jakarta.

However, the love to plant raised another problem. They found it hard to find planting media. And then Teti introduce compost as a planting media.

The making of compost makes the residents have a habit of sorting garbage and waste at home. Trash and organic waste is collected by the resident at a six post, whereas non-organic garbage and waste, such as paper, plastic, and wood, sold or manufactured handicraft. The cleaner only carry trash and waste, which can not be recycled at all.

In the period 2004-2006, RW 15 "only" get the third place prize of clean and healthy RW at the province level in DKI Jakarta. However, the habit of managing solidwaste and processes it into compost has been a life pattern of the resident. They love the environment not because there is competition.

In 2007, RW 15 became the national champion of clean RW that was held by the Ministry of Environment. Since then, this area often visited by the people and officials who want to know how the local people manage the household trash and waste.

To raise the awareness of citizens, such as sorting the trash and waste at home, not as easy as turning the palm of the hand. In fact, rubbish and organic waste reached 60 percent of the total of the household trash and waste. "If all people want to work a little, sorting the trash and waste and then manage it, imagine, how good is this environment will be. As a result of global warming can be minimized", she said.

In the year of 2006 Teti initiated the local content of environmental as subject matter in her school. Waste treatment and waste are included as one of the material that she taught. She made a sort of curriculum, students are invited to practice at home and at school.

What she did meet the expectation. Her school, SMAN 12 Jakarta, was chosen as the environmental school at the national level. In the competitions of utilization of waste and wastewater by the students that was held by the World Wildlife Fund, SMAN 12 Jakarta made the second champion. The students process the plastic waste into an accessory.

Teti vigorous gait to introduce the waste and proccessing at the household and school level attracts the attention of all parties who care about the environment. She is often being asked to become a speaker to various cities, such as Balikpapan, Pontianak, and Bandar Lampung. She appeared in radio and television talk show.

Teti is getting busy as a speaker on the trash and waste processing, and empowering citizens to creating a cleaner and green environment. However, she did not neglect her duty as a teacher.

Nama :DraTetiSuryatiLahir :Garut,18April1961Agama :IslamProfesi :GuruSMAN12JakartaSuami :HeriyantoAnak :MutiAxanoriyanti,MetiAsokariyantidanMediaHeriyanto

44

Reportation

The Community Based Total Sanitation Programme (STBM) has been introduced in the District of Grobogan since the year 2008.

Through this program, Grobogan AMPL working group and the Plan Indonesia has made the cooperation to form STBM teams across district level in Grobogan with CLTS pilot in 6 villages. Until now, the Grobogan district is already have 2 villages that were freed from the open defecation behavior, namely Panimbo village and Mount Tumpeng village. The successful implementations of STBM in Grobogan district will be developed with the scaling up in 153 villages in 10 districts. The upscaling is one of the coorperation with the AMPL working group and Plan Indonesia.

Related to this, the Grobogan AMPL working group conducted STBM roadshows in the context of socialization and advocacy programs of STBM to stakeholders. This activity was held on Tuesday, July 15th, 2010 in the Room Riptaloka County Government Office Grobogan, Central Java. The event was opened by the Vice Deputy of Grobogan district, Icek Baskoro, and also attended by the Director of Settlement and Housing Bappenas, Budi Hidayat.

In his speech, Budi Hidayat spoke the importance of STBM, considering there are still about 70 million

Indonesian people that are still practice open defecation and consequently the country experienced economic loss up to 56 trillion each year. For that, it’s required the cooperation of all parties to overcome

the issue. This thing was also agreed by the Vice Deputy of Grobogan, who welcomes this STBM scaling up plan. As a commitment, through this occasion, the declaration of commitment of 10 sub-districts to be free from open defecation behavior in 2012 was made.

For the programs and approaches of STBM to be well socialized, during this event, there was also a talk show being held, which was attended by Nugroho Tri Utomo from the Directorate of Settlement and Housing Bappenas, Atang Saputra from the Directorate Environmental Health Ministry of Health, dr. Djauhari from Grobogan and District Health Office and Alit Avianne from Plan International Indonesia. In the discussion it was suggested that this approach of STBM is quite effective, because learning from past experience that the construction of sanitation cannot be successful if the community does not change their behavior. In addition, STBM approach focuses on involvement and active community participation in development. However, it is important to note that, despite the active role of community needed, the involvement of local government also needed to maintain the sustainability. For that, it needs a clear division of roles in the development. DHA

Community-Based Total Sanitation Roadshow In Grobogan

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Edisi II, 2010

As an effort to respond and synergize the AMPL development activities in Indonesia, the AMPL working group held a planning meeting in

2010. The meeting was held in order to consolidate AMPL activities conducted by central ministries and partners consisting of programs and projects and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).

This meeting was held at Hotel Sahira Bogor, on 2nd to 3rd August 2010, and attended by all members of the AMPL Working Group (Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Health, and Bappenas), and their partners from Program / Project (PPSP, WASPOLA, Unicef WES, ProAir, and others). The meeting was opened by Maraita Listyasari of Perkim Directorate, as the Coordinator of National AMPL Secretariat.

In the discussion about synergy, it was revealed some of the needs to support the acceleration of the achievement of the national development targets listed in RPJMN 2010-2014 and the MDGs. The identified need, among other are the need of efficient implementation of water supply and sanitation to avoid redundant activities by the various actors in the same location, synergizing activity schedule of various actors so as not to collide, the need for building location database of AMPL development, as well as the need to increase the role of provinces in the national water supply and sanitation development.

From that discussions, among others, it was agreed that there is the need to consolidate the schedules and activities of various actors who translated into AMPL Almanac to be a reference to the determine the schedule activities, creation of local database, and preparation of Roadmap AMPL and operational guidelines, technical guidelines of AMPL development as a reference for water

supply and sanitation development actors.After the discussion with partners, the AMPL working

group members held the kick-off meeting preparation for the implementation of the MA 999 Rural, which is the AMPL working group budget resources. This kick-off meeting will be a point of departure the implementation of the 2010 AMPL working group activities, which begins this August. The ctivities include capacity building, Coordination and Policy implementation,

Support to Programme/Project AMPL, Advocacy and Dissemination, and Monitoring and Evaluation.

Data Issues

The AMPL Data management is a part of the AMPL activity, which is basic human needs and become mandatory affairs for the central and local governments. This Data Management is

necessary in order to improve the performance of AMPL development. However, the awareness of the need for accurate data still becomes a problem. Look at the scale problems; it needs a practical concept that can be used as a reference for managing data in AMPL.

The offered concept basically covers shared perception on the importance of data AMPL in the development of AMPL in local level, either planning or monitoring. Start with the most prioritized variable of data that is needed (refer to to the MDG monitoring variables). Records strating from the lowest level needed for planning and monitoring, starting from the hamlet, village, district, to the district. Offers a method of registration households for the region with a small population sizes, and stringed test (sampling) for the region with relatively large population. Also equally important is to involve the community to volunteers and the local data stakeholders. (Eko)

The 2010 Consolidation Meeting on AMPL Development

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The Ministry of Environment High Level Forum

The Impact of Water Crisis For the Society, Womans, and Childrens

A high-level meetings for the Ministry of Environment from Asia, Africa and the European in order to specifically discuss the issue of

Drinking Water, Sanitation and Environment was held in Johannes Berg, South Africa, 15th-17th June 2010. The meeting was initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) United Nations before the Assembly UN General Assembly that discusses the issues of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Health that was held in New York in September 2010.

During the meeting, The Board of World Health revealed that the drinking water problem can occur within a country, region, or create impact to the vast

continent because use of the water together. In Africa, for example,

more than 57 large river and lake shared by two or more countries; the River Nile by nine, and the River Niger by 10 countries. Meanwhile, in the worldwide, more than 200 rivers, which cover more than half of the earth's surface, is used jointly by two countries or more. In addition, many layers of underground water resources stretching across national borders, and siphoned off by one country can cause a political tensions with its neighbors.

This world catastrophic water crisis also said by the Unesco general director Koichiro at the third World Water Forum that was held in Kyoto Japan on December 16th to 23rd March 2010. "The world will have a water crisis, in the few decades in the future, due to the increased of population, pollution and climate change

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that eliminates the natural most valuable resources, that was the UN report issued on Wednesday. Of all the social and natural crisis that we had experienced, water crisis is the most important for the continuity of our lives and this planet Earth," said the UNESCO General Director Koichiro Matsuura.

According to him, there would be no part of the earth that are free from this crisis that touches every facet of this life from children's health to the ability of a country to be able to ensure the provision of food for their people. The water provision has decreased drastically at not sustainable level.

For the next twenty years, the average of water providing for all people will decreased to one third of existing today. This report is referred as the collection of information that most complete and detailed inventory world water that has been released by UNESCO coordinator international conferences, the water conference of the Third World Countries, which will be scheduled this month in Japan.

The future of the majority of the regions of the world looks bleak. The report also contains the estimates in 2050, where the number of population reached 2 billion, spread over 48 countries, and more of 7 billion in 60 countries, will shortage of clean water.

That numbers are very dependent on the number of population and the government policies to suppress the pollution and waste.

Although the birth rate was declined significantly, the world population will still reach approximately 9.3 billion in 2050 compared with 6.1 billion in 2001. Pollution is the biggest and worst thing that causes damage to the viability of clean water. Every day as many as two tons of waste was thrown into rivers, lakes and other water sources.

At this time according to that report there are 12 thousand sq. km of water sources that has been contaminated with the note if the pattern of life remains the same as what happen now then the number will reach 18 thousand square km in 2050 nearly nine-fold of the amount used for irrigation at this time.

The study also added a findings obtained in previous studies that the global warming, the rise of the Earth temperature is caused by the human carelessness who’s burn the remains of the fuel which is contained in a layer of the earth that cause severe damage to the clean water

sources. The weather changes is also became one of the causes

of scarcity of clean water supplies therefore the rainfall pattern will change as well.

Earth region that has high humidity is likely to experience a higher rainfall despite the fact that the region expects the decrease and the situation will get worse in the tropical and sub-tropics. Water quality will progressively decreasing with increasing pollution and temperature.

The report recommends several ways, among others, world leaders must have a policy intention to face the water crisis and realize the commitments that have been made by each country.

In addition, promoting the waste handling systems for irrigation, especially in poor countries. Furthermore, encourage the planting of capital in the provision of clean water and waste disposal. About 12.6 billion U.S. dollars is needed as the additional funding per year to be able to meet targets that are proclaimed by the UN. That cost was intended for the 2015 program which aims to reduce half the number of people who do not have the access to clean water and basic sanitation systems.

The report led to controversies that have questioned the need for clean water supply conducted by private parties. The private sector must seen as a catalyst that will help to solve the water problem but the oversight of the water resources should be made by the government and users, " that was the report advises. While the water quality supervisor from the UN in their report said that Finland has the best water quality while Belgium has the worst”.

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The Association of Water Supply Companies of Indonesia (PERPAMSI), the Association of Indonesian Environmental Technics (IATPI)

and the International Water Association (IWA) will hold the Indonesia Water and Wastewater Expo and Forum (IWWEF) 2011, which will be held on the 18th until January 20th, 2011 at the Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta. It was expected that this expo was followed by 394 PDAM throughout Indonesia and was attended by 5000 people and will be opened by the Vice President, Budiono.

On that occasion, Director General of Cipta Karya, Budi Yuwono confirmed through this activity that it is expected that technological transformation can occur and are found tips or a good strategy in increasing public awareness of clean water and sanitation environment. "I

hope we were not just become a spectators and users of technology but

also create new technologies in the field and environmental engineering of clean water that can be shared to the people who Need it," he said on the sidelines of the Press Conference related to the implementation IWWEF 2011 July 2, 2010 at Jakarta.

According to him, the Directorate General of Cipta Karya, Ministry of Public Works targeted in 2015, nationwide coverage reaches 63 percent of clean water and sanitation by 62 percent. Therefore we need to map the problem at the local level. These objectives are part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which was initiated in 2000. This program is a continuous program to clean water and sanitation for the people of Indonesia.

During the journey of 10 years these objectives were still unrealized well as there was many obstacles. There are also obstacles such as there’s still a lot of unhealthy PDAM. Besides the problem of clean water and sanitation in the city / county has not been inventoried with good. So to get a regional solution we must

sit together with the central government. It is said that his side wants to make real steps to consolidate programs achievement of the MDGs in a Roadmap that can be basis for all parties to contribute.

According to Budi, during this fulfillment of the MDGs Indonesia are mostly located in right track while others still require hard work. For that, he continued, it still needs to be done a sharpening in order to encourage the acceleration of achievement. Those efforts need to consider the region disparity, so that not only views of the portfolio throughout the region in achieving the goals set, but also on tha province aggregate that need to be benchmarks together towards the goal. "By this, the achievement will be assessed from the whole province related to MDGs which incidentally this things need of common concern, especially from the provincial and district / city parties," he said. [Eko]

The INDOWATER Exhibition 2010

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Ground water in Jakarta is no longer usable since 12 years ago. And so, what has been taken by the citizens of Jakarta from the ground is no

longer ground water, but rather an ancient water reserves that stored in the rocks. "We've taken our ancient groundwater reserves, what we fill was not so many as what we take," said the Chairman of the Water Institute, Dr. Firdaus Ali in media discussions in Jakarta, at the end of July in IATPI.

The use of an ancient land of water constantly, said Firdaus Ali, may cause the declining of soil surface so that the estimated Jakarta will sink before the water supply of the ancient land was exhausted. "We do not have a choice. What is important now is to brake the rise of the sea water, the ground water is not come down, by not letting all the needs of the clean water rely on ground water, use the surface water, piping, PAM" , he added.

For information, according to data presented by Firdaus Ali, the speed of land subsidence in Jakarta on 2007-2008 reached 26 centimeters per year. For that, according to Firdaus Ali, we need a strategy for Jakarta to meet the water needs without exploring excessive ground water, by improving the piped water services (PAM), the control stand exploitation of water resistant in the Governor Regulation 37/2009 which was carried out, planned and efforts to implement rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling, and restoration and protection urban surface water sources.

Jakarta raw water deficit has reached 11,982 liters per second in 2010. The amount is believed to swell more than three times as much at the end 2025, namely to 35,786 liters per second. This thing was submitted the Drinking Water Supply Regulatory Body (BRPAM) DKI Jakarta Firdaus Ali.

According to Firdaus Ali, Jakarta experienced a water deficit because the 13 rivers that pass through Jakarta cannot be a viable source of raw water. And so, the water

supply piping (PAM) is covers only the 44 percent of the water needs of the people of Jakarta. "There are 13 rivers that pass through, but none of them is worthy except Kali Krukut to became a PAM water. But I say, Krukut is also not feasible, the leaks of the PAM is still very high too", he said.

In addition, the price of piped water in Jakarta, according to Firdaus Ali, is still very high to compare with

It’s Been 12 Years

The Ground Water in Jakarta is Not Safe to Consume

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50

prices in other cities. The highest price of piped water in Jakarta at Rp 14,650 per meter cubic, while in Surabaya only Rp 10,000 per meter cubic, according to data from May 2010. Prices are also much higher than the price of Piped water in the other countries in Southeast Asia. For example, Taipei only fix the price of Rp 2196 for each cubic meters of water pipes.

These conditions will then resulted in the use of ground water that are not controlled by the residents. In 2007, said Firdaus Ali, according to government data, the number of ground water usage by residents is reaches about 22 million. "In fact, according to my calculations, what Jakarta's take is 11 time more than what was said, from 22 million", he said.

Meanwhile, the Chief of BPLHD Jakarta, Ir Peni Susan mentioned the birth rate and urbanization cause the increasing number of city dwellers. This led to the need of water increase as well. In 2009, the number of Jakarta's population reached 8.5 million people. Based on IWA standards, each person needs 190 liters of water per days, while the business world requires 30 percent of total domestic demand. In total, the community Jakarta with a total population of 11.437 million people (Water Supply Regulatory Body, 2010) need of clean water around 2.099 billion liters per day or 24,300 liters per second.

Based on data from Water Supply Regulatory Body Drinking Establishments, clean water production in 2009 reached only 19,328 liters per second. In fact, it already has increased from around the Treatment Plant Water (IPA) that exist today. With that, in the 2009 deficit alone is 4972 liters of clean water per second. And the problem of leakage that still very high, which is about

48.1 percent. To deal with the problem, the next PAM Jaya had to have a

strategy to cope with water deficit.

Walhi ResearchWhile the Indonesia National Executive

Environment Forum P. Raja Siregar, said the condition of ground water has been increased, decreased and improper consumption. The data of the Ministry of Local Government and the Environment in 2002 found that ground water in Jakarta, among others, have been contaminated E.coli bacteria, and seawater intrusion, which until now has reached the Slipi area, West Jakarta.

"About 50 percent of Jakarta residents consume the contaminated water drawn from their wells, because only 50 percent of which are

connected by a pipe PAM", he said. Raja Siregar said, in the area of Rawamangun, East

Jakarta, the water even no longer fit to be used for bath, because it’s oily, brown and slippery.

Meanwhile, the residents of Tomang, West Jakarta claimed more many choose to use water from Water Company (PAM) than the soil water.

"Ground water here can not be used again," said Ny. Ibrahim, a resident of Jalan Rawa Kepa Village Tomang. According to her, the soil water suction from the machine results a yellow water pump and sometimes there is a slightly oily. Clothes will be filthy if washed with the water.

Even Eman, the Chairman of Neighborhood (RT) in Kelurahan Tomang, said that the bucket used to collect water from the water pump was colored yellow and can not omitted.

"Nowadays, if you want to obtain ground water with a clear conditions, it’s very difficult", he said.

According to him, if you still want to use the pump with jet pump electric type, must be drilled to depth of more than 30 meters, can only be obtained ground water is clear and can be consumed. And if the drilling did not reach more than 30 meters, the generated water will be colored yellow because it contains so much iron.

The local village secretary, Riyanto, said that citizens prefer to use piped water rather than ground water. "The water is clear and odorless, even if the flow is very small during the day and only at night the flow is heavy", he said.

The Travelling Water SellerAs more and more the citizens using the tap water

facility (PAM), so the provision of the water sellers who

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were traveling in the region of Tomang tends to decrease. However, itinerant water seller in North Jakarta still survives, because the land water in this area has a long sea water intrusion.

"It's not so busy as before, but until now we can still selling it. Enough to eat everyday”, said Wartono, the employee of Saron water, which are located in South Ancol I No. 47, Sunter Agung, North Jakarta. They now claim only sell water to the food stalls on the roadside that have become regulars. Without customers, it is impossible for the seller water to survive. "We have regular customers, if we’re not who would like to buy", said Marto, itinerant water seller who has been selling since 1981. Therefore, Marto said, most of the travelling water seller has been operated since the 1980s. He even claimed to have a number of costumers for 15 years.

"Our business sales of water per week was usually could up to 30 to 40 tanks, but now only 15 to 20 tank", said Iman, a water tank businessman. The situation of water taking at Water Warehouse seen five-tank trucks water waiting for orders. According to Jim, if the order is many, the queue line of the extending tank truck will line up until the Pasar Induk Kramat Jati that has distance of approximately 400 meters from Water Warehouse. Although quiet, but Iman confident that the water sales

are still going to survive, because the clean water is an important requirement. "PAM can not serve the entire community, the alternative is to buy a tank water", said Iman.

Groundwater conditions in Indonesia, especially big cities such as Jakarta is concerned. In the region plot dayak, Jelambar, West Jakarta, is one of the sample. If it’s left like this, Jakarta will have water shortages later in 2015. Nearly the same conditions are experienced by the residents in East Nusa Tenggara. Besides snoring, the ground water that is only used for bathing and wash is smelly and have a brackish taste.

Indonesian Forum for Environment Research (WALHI) shows, as much as 94 percent of ground water in Jakarta is already polluted and colifom E.coli bacteria. This bacterium arises from the pollution of the household and industrial waste. The development that does not pay attention to the environmental and water catchment systems also make the groundwater conditions worse.

Water crisis is also marked by drought in summer and and floods in the rainy season. If the repairs of the regulatory of the city build and water controlled is not done, this condition will get worse. The role of the community such as minimize the water use, greening, and make water absorption is also needed (eko)

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Thisarticledescribesthedistilatorsolartechnologythatcouldusedforthewaterpurification,aswellaschangingtheseawaterintofreshwater(desalination).Thistechnologycanbeusedanywhereaslong

astheplacegetsthesunshines.Thistechnologyisoperatedthroughtheevaporationprocessfollowedbycondensation.Thesolardistillationisveryusefulforpurifyingwaterfromdangerouspolutions.Whenheated,waterevaporateswhilethepollutantsleftbehind,becausedifferencesinvolatility.Inthecaseofdesalination,purewater(notcontainingsalt)andthenevaporatedcondenseswhilesaltandothermineralswillremain.Anditwillbeobtainedarelativelyvery

purewaterandnotsaltyatall.

Sun Distilator ConstructionSolarDistilatormadewiththeformofwatertank,as

aplacethatwillpourthewaterthatwillbedistilled.Thistanksrelatedthroughtheconnectingpipeandarrangedinsuchawaysothateachchargebecontinuedandmutualsoit’sformingtheangleof30°.Thiscausethewatercanflowfromthefencetoptodownduetogravity.Atthetop,thetankcompositionwascoveredwithtransparentcover(Glass,mica,acrylic,plastic).Sothelightfromthesuncanheattheincomingwater,causingevaporationofwater.Thewatervaporiswentupstairs,andtheresultwaspreventedbylowersurface/

deepcoverthathasalowertemperature,resultingthewatervaporcondensestoformgrainsofwater(condensate).Becauseofthat,thecondensategrainsflowsalongthecoverandfallattheendforthenextaccommodated.FormoredetailsseeFigure1.

Productivity Thefluxofsolarenergyreaching

thesurfaceoftheaverageearth'satmosphereis1.4kW/m2.However,becausevariousfactors,onlylessthan1kW/m2,whichisreallyuptothesurfaceofthesoilduringtheday.Theamountofenergyfluxreceivedbydistilatorsolardependsonslope,weatherconditions,location,andothers.MaximumFluxenergythatcanbeacceptedbyapproximatelysolardistilator8kWhour/m2/day.Nevertheless,inmanysolardistilator

Guideline

An Easy Way to Built a Sun Distalator for Water Purifying By M Rois Bilad, theLIPIScientist

Gambar 1: Ilustrasi konstruksi Distilasi Surya

53

Edisi II, 2010

astagethathasbeenmade,mostwidelyaccepted6kW/m2/day(estimatedinIndonesia,intheUSAonly56kW/m2/day).Thisenergyislargeenoughtousedtoevaporatethewater.Forevaporatethewaterneededanenergyamountingto540calories/gram.Sotoevaporate1literwateramountedto0.628kWofenergyneededjam/m2/dayatconstanttemperature.Soif6kWjam/m2/dayusedfordistillation,theobtained9.6liter/m2/days.Fromthiscalculationcanbecalculatedbroaddistilatorsolarneededtomeetdailywaterneeds.

Distilator Surya Multi StageAtonestagedistilatorsolar,solarenergyusedonly

onceforevaporation.Atthetimecondensation,latentheatofwatervaporlosttotheenvironmentsothatthephasechangesintoliquidformcondensate.Disposalofthisenergymakesthesystemonephaseisrelativelylessefficient.Toimprovetheproductivitycanbeusedadistilatorsolarsystemmulti-stageasillustratedinFigure2.Inmulti-stagesystem,theprocesstakesplacemulti-effects.Instageone,radiantsunshineisenteringthebottomlayerisusedfortheevaporationofwater.Watervaporcondensedintheundercoverofstep2andtransferheattoheatwatertwo,andsoon.In

thissystemlosesnottoomuchenergysothattheirproductivityincreases.Generallythe3stepdistilatorsolarcanimprovethedistillateproductivity2.5timesofonestepsolardistilator.Inotherwords,each1m2of3stepdistilatorsolarcangenerateapproximately24litersofdistillateperday.Forsolardestilatordimensions3x3(lengthxwidth)withanareaof9m2willproduce216litersperdayofdistillate.Thisamountisalreadysufficienttomeetdomesticwaterneedsofonefamily.Inaddition,waterqualityassuredgood,muchbetterthanwaterfromthePDAM.

Utilization 1.Drinkingwatertreatment:Asweallknowquality

waterfromthetapsisverylow.Solardistilatorcanbeusedtopurifywatertapsanddistillateusedasdrinkingwater.Sonolongerneedtobuydrinkingwater.

2.WaterRecycling:Inarareareaofwater,thistechnologycanalsobeusedforrecyclingwater.Waterthathasbeenusedforwashingorbathingcanbeaccommodatedandre-usedinthedistillationagain.

3.Conversionofseawaterintofreshwater:

Totheedgeofseathat’shavelesswatersupply,thistechnologyisusefultochangethewaterseaintofreshwater.Especiallyit’ssupportedbythetemperatureinrelativesealevelatthehigherlevelsolarlighting.

Gambar 2: Distilator surya multi tahap

Gambar 3: Beberapa contoh distilator surya

54

CD Info

The Management System of Community-Based Water Supply (SPABBM): Penjaringan RW 12, North Jakarta, 2010.Inthis30-minutecd,whichwasrevealedtheeffortsofPenjaringanresidentsRW12,NorthJakartawhoisinvolvedinthedevelopmentwatermanagementand

sanitationsystem.StartedwhentheRW12condition

(equivalenthamlets)didnothaveabasicsanitationuntilfinallytheyhaveagoodandcleanwatermanagementsystem.

Bridging the Knowledge GapTheCDismainlyaboutanumberofvaluablestoriesofAMPLthatpublishedbyIRC.This40minutesCDdurationisrevealaboutthelessonsfromthenumberofcountriesinbuildingthebasicsanitationandmanagementofcleanwaterinagoodway.Numbervaluablelessonsfromtheplanning,decision;buildanorganizationandproductstreatmentthat’spresented

ininterestingway.

Public-Private Partnership for Hand Washing With a Soap (PPP-HWWS).The25minutesCDisdescribingtheeffortsofpublic-privatepartnershipsforHandWashingWithaSoap(HWWS),whichisaninitiativeinvolvingandencouragingglobalrolegovernmentandprivatesectorstoworkcollaborativelytopromotethewashinghandswithsoapbehavior.Thiseffortisinordertoreducetheincidenceofdiarrhealeadingcauseofdeathofchildrenunderfiveyearsoldindevelopingcountriestodayandthesecond largestcauseofdeathinchildrenunderfiveinIndonesia.Thispartnershipisbackgroundbythelearningfromothercountriesthathasbeenprovenasamodeleffectivetolowerthelevelsofdiarrgeadisease.

The Sanitation STOPS Programme and Sanitation Marketing in SD Mancar 1 Peterongan - Jombang and Surrounding Community.This35minutesVCDcontainsanumberofTheSanitationSTOPSProgrammeandSanitationMarketinginSDMancar1Peterongan-Jombang.MadebytheOfficeofHealthServiceintheyearof2010.

Edisi II, 2010

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Book Info

Note About: Housing and the settlement of Indonesia at the Transition time 1998-2004 Author: Tjuk Kuswartojo Publisher: Jakarta, Directorate General of Housing & Settlements, Depkimpraswil, x + P. 132 things. Year of Publication: 2010

Beforethefinancialcrisisin1997,fornearlytwenty-fiveyears,theGovernmentcontinuedtryingtobuildahousingsystematicandorganizedsothatmoreofIndonesianpeoplescouldreachadecenthousing.Inadditiontoforminghousingbuilderorganizationandinitiatetheformationofhousingfinanceinstitutions,alsoencouragetheemergenceofcompanieshousingbuilder.

Thehousewasbuiltinorganizedbytheprivatebuildingcompanywasincreasedfaster.Manycompanies,whichisabletobuildhousinginthecityscalewithhigherquality.Inonesideisapotential,butintheothersidealsocreatesanewchallenge.Housingdevelopmentwasbuiltbyprivateenterprisetothesocietyandachievesconsumersthroughthemarketmechanism.Intheendthesocietywhocouldobtaintheirhomeisthemwhoabletobuyitandnotalways

themwhoneedsit.Housesbecomecommodities,ormerchandise,whichisseparatedfromtheGovernment'sgoaltoincreasethewelfareofthecommunity.It’sbecamemoreproblembecauseofthisdevelopmentbetweenothersmustusetheresourcesthatcannotbereproducedsuchassoilandwater.Becauseofthat,thegovernmentisalsomaderegulations.

HousingandSettlementRulesthathasbeenpublishedin1992,amongothers,isanefforttoguaranteetherightofeverycitizenofthestatestoobtainhomeandstriveforlandthatwouldberaretousefairlyandefficiently.

Intheperiodoftransitionwhoseconditiondescribedinchaptertwo,housingdidnotgettheattentionofallparties.AlthoughtheGovernmentpublishessomepoliciesandconductstudiesforpolicydevelopmentasillustratedinchapterthree.Thehousingconditionsitselfdisclosedinthefourthchapter.Finallyinthefifthchapter,wetrytodescribewhattodointhefuture.

The Community Empowerment Evaluation and Feedback Activities – Tips for Developing Community-Based Evaluation Publisher: PKPM, Bappenas, JICA, 2010

Thisbookistheresultfromoneoftheactivitythat’scarriedoutbyPKPMthatcontainstheprocessandactivityresults.Thepublicationitselfnotpursuetheoutputonly,butisexpectedafurtherreferencefortheactivistsofcommunityempowerment,whichis

sofarparticipatedinPKPMandactiveinvariousinterestedpartiestobuildaproperunderstandingoncommunityempowerment,andwillingnesstoworkasacompanioncommunitywithaneffectivemethodology.

Howeverthisbookonlyanexperience,improvementactivitiescapacitybuildingforthecommunityfacilitatorsthroughtraininginPKPM.

The Pattern of Water Resources Management: Solo River region. Publisher: Ministry of General Works. Year 2010

BengawanSoloRiverintorawwatersourceisveryimportantforcommunitiestomeetvariousneeds,butalmosteveryyear,catastrophicfloodingatagreatcost.

ResourceManagementPatternsWSBengawanSoloWateritmeanstocreateabasicframeworkinmanagementwaterresourcesBengawanSoloRiverregion.GoalpreparationofWaterSourcemanagementpatterninWSBengawanSoloistoguaranteetheimplementationofmanagementwaterresourcesthatcanbeprovidebenefitsfortheinterestsofsocietyinalllifefields.

56

International Water Management Institute http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org

On this site the visitors can find the different kinds of publications and data base on water. What is interesting here is the published results research carried out by IWMI with research topics among others about

Basin Water Management, Land, Water and Livelihood, Agriculture, Water and Cities, Water Management and Environment, Benchmark basins. IWMI is a nonprofit scientific organization financed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IWMI research agenda are grouped into four main themes, including issues related with land, water, livelihoods, environment and health. Institutions to concentrate on issues of the water and land management that’s faced by the countryside society. These challenges include malnutrition, livelihoods and health, which associated with environmental problems. IWMI work through a research collaboration with partners in North and South, to help developing countries to eradicate poverty and regulate water and land resources better

International groundwater Resources Assessment Center (IGRAC) http://www.igrac.nl

At this site the visitors could obtain the data base, following collection process data, and presentation tools associated with water (especially regarding ground water). The purpose of establishment of the

International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), which was launched at the 5th International Conference of Hydrological Sciences

in February 1999, is providing benefits to the entire international community

in the field of under

water soil. The organization is based in the Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands. At first, organization was funded by The Dutch Interministerial Bureau 'Partners for Water'. IGRAC, procedurally, operates under the auspices of UNESCO and WMO.

Working Group on Air Communication http://www.komunikasiair.org

Water Communications Working Group is an individual collections from various Environmental NGOs life and health that’s moving in the communicating processes environmental management and all its aspects, especially

the water resources and delivery of information in the form of "call for action " through various media. K3A build the communication of various parties in the water resources management from various aspects, to the sustainability of a better life, for generations present and future, especially in the areas of West Java.

Rainbow http://www.pelangi.or.id

In this site the information regarding programs is run by the Rainbow among other programs climate, energy, forestry, and transportation and air quality. Visitors can also read some of the publicity materials that have associated with the life

environment. Some interesting titles that can be found here include: The Earth's Heat: The Threat of Climate Change in Indonesia, Loe Loe Gue Gue: the crack on the social adhesiveness, Environmental Damage in Jakarta, the Kyoto Protocol: Beyond 2012, The Asia Pacific Region Speaks: Perspectives on Climate Change. This site is owned by Yayasan Pelangi Indonesia, which has the purpose to become an independent research institution with a nationally and internationally reputation is the reference and pioneer through study and advocacy of strategic issues.

Web Sites Info

Edisi II, 2010

57

Book TheSynergyofCentralandRegionalinFiscaldecentralizationPerspective.TheGovernmentManagementHandbook.MinistryofFinance,2010.

GreenOpenSpaceasthemainSpaceCityelement.DirectorateGeneralofSpatialPlanningPUYear2010

TheEffortstoSolvethefloodsProblems.SiswokoSismodiharjo.PublishersFoundationPublicWorksYear2010.

StimulatingInfrastructureInCrisisCentral.MinistryofFinanceYear2010.

Report TheMonthlyReportofWaterSupplyandSanitationWorkingGroupJune2010

Studies TarakaninEastKalimantan

TheStudyonConnectioncaseofCleanWaterforthePoorEnvironmentalServicesProgram(ESP)

Guide TheEmpowermentCommunitiesGuidewithInvolvingGenderandPovertyinSanitationDevelopment,Year2010

TrainingGuideforCommunitybasedEnvironmentalSanitationFieldFacilitatorSpecialAllocationfund,MinistryPublicWorks,year2010

Magazine PercikJuniorEdition13,March2010"KeepingTheRiverofLife"

UKSNewsletter,May2010,ImportanceofBalancedNutritionandFoodSafetySchoolSnacks

DrinkingWaterMarchEdition2010"AllPDAMMustHealthyinYear2014"

Leaflets WaterSavingTips

EnvironmentalManagement:Manage&MonitorEnvironmentalProgram

Poster CanI........?(CWSH–CommunityWaterServices&Health)

AMPLLibrary

58

1.Thewaterscarcityoccurs,evenintheareaswheretherearealotofrainfallsorwaterisveryeasytofind.Afterallwaterisconserved,usedanddistributedinsociety,andthequalityofavailablewatercandeterminewhetherthereareasufficientfundstomeettheneedsofhouseholds,agriculture,industryandtheenvironment.

2.Waterscarcityaffectsoneinthreepeopleineverycontinentoftheworld.Thesituationisgettingworsebecauseoftheneedofthewaterincreaseswithpopulationgrowth,urbanizationandincreaseddomesticandindustrialthatuseit.

3.Nearlyone-fifthoftheworldpopulation(about1.2billionpeople)livesinareaswherewaterisphysicallyscarce.Aquarteroftheglobalpopulationthatliveindevelopingcountriesthatfacethewatershortageduetolackofinfrastructuretotakewaterfromriversandwatersources.

4.Waterscarcityforcespeopletorelyonthesourcesofunsafedrinkingwater.It’salsomeansthattheycannotbathingorcleantheirclothingortheirhomesproperly.

5.Poorwaterqualitycanincreasetheriskofdiarrheadiseasesuchascholera,typhoidfeveranddysentery,andinfectionofwater-borne.Scarcityofwatermaycausediseasessuchastrachoma(eyeinfectionthatcancauseblindness),plagueandtyphus.

6.Thewaterscarcityisencouragedthepeopletosavethewaterintheirhomes.Thisthingcanincreasetheriskofdomesticwaterpollutionandprovidesaplaceforbreedinggroundformosquitoes-Whicharecarriersofdenguefever,malariaandillnessother.

7.Thewaterscarcityishighlitstheneedforbetterwatermanagement.Goodwatermanagementalsoreducedthesiteofinsectbreedingsuchasmosquitoesthatcantransmitthediseaseandpreventspreadofinfectionwater-bornesuchasschistosomiasis.

8.Thelackofwaterhasencouragedtheuseofwastewaterforpoorurbanagriculturalproductionandruralcommunities.Morethan10%ofpeopleacrosstheworldeattheirrigatedwiththewastewater,whichmaycontainchemicals,ororganismsthatcancausedisease.

9.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalnumbers7,thetarget10aimstodecreasehalfoftheproportionofpeoplewithoutsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandbasicsanitationon2015.Waterscarcitycouldthreatentheeffortstoachievethisgoal.

TheimpactfortheGeneralPublic:a.Everyday,thousandsofpeoplediedfromlackofaccesstodrinkingwater.

b.Millionsofpeopledieeveryyearfromdiseasesthatassociatedwithwater

c.43%ofwater-relateddeathscausedbydiarrhead.84%ofwaterassociatedwiththegreatestdeathisatthechildrenaged0-14years

e.98%ofwater-relateddeathsoccurindevelopingcountriesf.884millionpeoplelackedtheaccesstosuppliessafewater,oraboutoneineightpeople.

g.Thescarcityofwaterandsanitationcrisisclaimedthelivesofmorethanthevictimsofwar.

h.Atanygiventime,halfofworldhospitalbedsoccupiedbythepatientsthataresufferingfromdiseasesassociatedwater.

i.Lessthan1%oftheworld'sfreshwater(orapproximately0.007%ofallwateronearth)isreadilyaccessibletodirecthumanuse.

j.Lessthan1%oftheworld'sfreshwater(orapproximately0.007%ofallwateronearth)isreadilyaccessibletodirecthumanuse.

k.Aboutathirdofpeoplewhodonothaveaccesstothewatersourceincomeislessthan$1perday.Morethantwo-thirdsofpeoplewithnosourceofincomewaterlessthan$2perday

l.Poorpeoplelivinginareasslumsoftenpay5-10timesmoreperliterofwaterthanrichpeoplewholiveinthesamecity.

m.Withoutfoodapersoncanaliveforweeks,butwithoutwateryoucanexpecttoliveonlyseveraldays.

n.Dailyrequirementforsanitation,bathing,andcookingneeds,andtoensuresurvival,isabout13.2gallonsperperson.

TheimpactforChildren:a.Every15seconds,achilddiesofillnessassociatedwithwater.

b.Childreninpoorenvironmentsoftencarry1000parasiticwormsintheirbodyatalltimes

c.1.4millionchildrendiefromdiarrheaeachyear.d.90%ofalldeathsduetodiarrhealdiseasesarechildrenunderage5years,especiallyindevelopingcountries.

TheimpactforWomen: Millionsofwomenandchildrenspendseveralhoursadaytocollectwaterfromdistantce,oftenthesourcesofpollution.[Dissertations/ampl.or.id/kruha.org/eko]

The Facts Related to the Water Crisis

POKJA

Facts

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Edisi II, 2010