multilingual education standards and practices - the european perspective 4th international language...
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Multilingual education standards and practices - the European perspective
4th International Language and Education Conference: Multilingual Education for ALL in Asia and the Pacific – Policies, Practices and
Processes
Elżbieta KuzborskaElżbieta Kuzborska, PhD, PhD
Bangkok, 6-8 November, 2013Bangkok, 6-8 November, 2013
National or ethnic minorities – 105 mln (14% of 770 mln Europeans)National or ethnic minorities – 105 mln (14% of 770 mln Europeans)
General informationGeneral information on languages in global perspectiveon languages in global perspective
Area Number of languages
Percentage of world total
Europe 230 3%
The Americas (South, Central, North)
1,013 15%
Africa 2,058 30%
Asia 2,197 32%
The Pacific 1,311 19%
Dr. T. Skutnabb-Kangas, 2004
European perspective of multilingual education European perspective of multilingual education standardsstandards
European standards in multiethnicityEuropean standards in multiethnicity role of education in promoting intercultural role of education in promoting intercultural
dialogue and tolerancedialogue and tolerance educational rights of national minoritieseducational rights of national minorities
Implementation:Implementation: Highly politicised Highly politicised Strong ideological connotationsStrong ideological connotations
Balance Balance between the between the maintenance of the culturemaintenance of the culture and and identity identity andand free integratifree integration on in the societin the societyy
Main regulations Main regulations Principle of non-discrimination Principle of non-discrimination
+ special rights+ special rights
UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (art. 4)Linguistic Minorities (art. 4)
UN Convention Against Discrimination in UN Convention Against Discrimination in Education (art. 5)Education (art. 5)
UN Convention of the Rights of the Child (art. UN Convention of the Rights of the Child (art. 29)29)
OSCE Copenhagen Document (par. 34)OSCE Copenhagen Document (par. 34) OSCE Hague RecommendationOSCE Hague Recommendations s regarding the regarding the
Education Rights of National MinoritiesEducation Rights of National Minorities European bilateral treatiesEuropean bilateral treaties
European perspective – main regulationsEuropean perspective – main regulations
EU Constitution – The Union shall respect its rich – The Union shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversitycultural and linguistic diversity
Council of EuropeEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority LanguagesEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Framework Convention for the Protection of National MinoritiesMinorities
OSCE - The Hague Recommendations regarding the - The Hague Recommendations regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities Education Rights of National Minorities
„„ssufficient demandufficient demand““, , „„areas inhabited traditionallyareas inhabited traditionally / / by significant number of nmby significant number of nm““, , „„at the request from at the request from
the communitythe community““, , „„justifiedjustified““, , „„limitedlimited““
Disparate models of MLEDisparate models of MLE
Particular regulations are determined by country’s Particular regulations are determined by country’s ethnic structure, socio-political landscape and ethnic structure, socio-political landscape and historical background.historical background.
Main challenge:Main challenge:Roma minorityRoma minority - special needs - special needs
44 models of models of education in mother tongueeducation in mother tongue in Europe in Europe
I All subjects are taught in national minority language. State language as a separate subject
II Most of the subjects are taught in national minority language, some of them in state language
III Most of the subjects are taught in state language, some of them in national minority language
IV One school, 2 language streams
Country Main characteristics
Poland No strong minority. II model. Liberal regulations
Romania Strong Hungarian minority. I model, 3 faculties with Hungarian language of instruction in Romanian university (including faculty of medicine)
Lithuania Strong Polish and Russian minorities. IV model, I model changed into II
Sweden Special attention to pre-school education in minority language
Finland Two national languages, special attention to small minorities
Main recommendationsMain recommendations
TTo create and retain the balance o create and retain the balance between the use of the official between the use of the official language and the use of minority language and the use of minority languages in educationlanguages in education
To clarify legal norms and standardsTo clarify legal norms and standards
To avoid linguistic genocideTo avoid linguistic genocide
