multimedia apllication imag, video formats
DESCRIPTION
Multimedia Applications: Image Data types Color Model Images File Formats FramesTRANSCRIPT
![Page 2: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents
• Image Data Types• Popular File Formats (JPEG, PNG,GIF)• Color Models
![Page 3: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Image Data Types
![Page 4: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1-Bit Image
• Each pixel is stored as a single bit(0 or 1).• A 640 * 480 monochrome image requires
38.4kb of storage.• Such Images are also referred as binary
images.• Simplest form of Image.
![Page 5: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Monochrome 1-bit Lena Image
![Page 6: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8-bit Gray Image
• Each pixel is usually stored as byte(0-255).• The entire image can be thought of 2D array of
pixel value. We refer such array as bitmap.• Image resolution refer as the number of pixel in
digital image. Fairly high resolution for such image might be 1600 * 1200 where as low resolution be 640 * 480.
• A 640 * 480 gray image requires over 300kb of storage.
![Page 7: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bitplanes
![Page 8: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bitmap
![Page 9: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8-bit Gray Image
![Page 10: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8-bit Color Image
• One byte for each pixel.• Support 256 out of million possible colors.• A 640 * 480 gray image requires over 300kb of
storage(Same as 8 bit gray).• Requires color Look-up tables(LUT).
![Page 11: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8-bit Color Image
![Page 12: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Color Look-up Table
• The idea used in 8-bit color image is to store only index, or code value.
• If a pixel stores say value 25, the meaning is to go to row 25 in LUT.
• LUT is often called pallette.
![Page 13: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Color Look-up Table
![Page 14: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
24-bit Color Image
• Each pixel is represent by three bytes(RGB).• Supports 256 * 256 * 256 possible colors
(16,777,216).• A 640 * 480 gray image requires over 921kb of
storage without any compression.• Most 24 bit images are 32 bit images, one extra
byte of data for each pixel is used to store for alpha value, representing special effect information.
![Page 15: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
24-bit Color Image
![Page 16: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8-bit Color Image
![Page 17: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
24-bit Color Image
![Page 18: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Popular File Format
• GIF• JPEG• PNG• TIFF• PS
![Page 19: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GIF
• Graphic Interchange Format• GIF devised by UNISYS Corporation and
Compuserve, and initially for transmitting graphic images over telephone line through MODEM.
• GIF uses Lempel-ziv-Welch algorithm (Compression).
• GIF standard is limited to 8-bit(256) color image only.
• Support interlacing.
![Page 20: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Interlacing
![Page 21: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GIF Flavors
• GIF 87a -> Original version, Support multiple
image in a stream• GIF 89a -> Support animation delay, transparent
background and storage of application specific metadata.
![Page 22: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
GIF
![Page 23: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GIF
![Page 24: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Animation
![Page 25: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
JPEG
![Page 26: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
JPEG
• This standard was created by a working group of the international organization for standardization(ISO).
![Page 27: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
JPEG
• This standard was created by a working group of the international organization for standardization(ISO).
• The group is called Joint Photographic Expert Group.
![Page 28: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
JPEG
• This standard was created by a working group of the international organization for standardization(ISO).
• The group is called Joint Photographic Expert Group.
• Provide high range of compression(Lossy)
![Page 29: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
JPEG
• This standard was created by a working group of the international organization for standardization(ISO).
• The group is called Joint Photographic Expert Group.
• Provide high range of compression(Lossy)• Take advantage of limitation in the human
vision system to achieve high rate of compression.
![Page 30: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
PNG
• Portable Network Graphic.
![Page 31: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PNG
• Portable Network Graphic.• Patent held by UNISYS and COMPUSERVE.
![Page 32: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PNG
• Portable Network Graphic.• Patent held by UNISYS and COMPUSERVE.• LZW Compression method.
![Page 33: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PNG
• Portable Network Graphic.• Patent held by UNISYS and COMPUSERVE.• LZW Compression method.• PNG files support upto 48 bit of color
information.
![Page 34: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Color Models in Images
![Page 35: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Color Models in Images
• RGB• CMY
![Page 36: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RGB Color Model
• RGB color model is additive color model
![Page 37: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
RGB Color Model
• RGB color model is additive color model• Red, Green, Blue three colors are added
together in various ways to reproduces Many different colors.
![Page 38: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RGB Color Model
• RGB color model is additive color model• Red, Green, Blue three colors are added
together in various ways to reproduces Many different colors.
• Each of three beams are called component of that color.
![Page 39: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RGB Color Model
• RGB color model is additive color model• Red, Green, Blue three colors are added
together in various ways to reproduces Many different colors.
• Each of three beams are called component of that color.
• Zero intensity of each color gives darkest color(No Light, consider BLACK).
• Full intensity of each color gives white color.
![Page 40: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
RGB Color Model
![Page 41: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
RGB Color Model
![Page 42: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RGB Color Model
![Page 43: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CMY Color Model
• Stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow
![Page 44: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
CMY Color Model
• Stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow• CMY is subtractive color model used in
printing.
![Page 45: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CMY Color Model
• Stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow• CMY is subtractive color model used in
printing.• A printed color that look red absorb other two
component G and B and reflect Red.
![Page 46: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CMY Color Model
• Stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow• CMY is subtractive color model used in
printing.• A printed color that look red absorb other two
component G and B and reflect Red.• In CMY, Black arise from subtracting all the
light by laying down the link C=M=Y=1.
![Page 47: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
CMY Color Model
![Page 48: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
CMY Color Model
• Cyan Subtract Red.• Magenta subtract Green• Yellow subtract Blue.
![Page 49: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
CMYK
• CMYK are supposed to mix to black.• However, they mix to a muddy brown.• Truly black is cheaper than mixing color ink to
make black.• CMYK refer four inks used in some color
printing: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black.• This is called undercolor removal.
![Page 50: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Video Signals
Video signals are organized into three different ways :
• Component Video
![Page 51: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Video Signals
Video signals are organized into three different ways :
• Component Video• Composite Video
![Page 52: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Video Signals
Video signals are organized into three different ways :
• Component Video• Composite Video• S-Video
![Page 53: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Component Video
• Make use of three separate signals for red green and blue image plane.(Component Video)
![Page 54: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Component Video
• Make use of three separate signals for red green and blue image plane.(Component Video)
• This kind of system has three wires (Connectors) for connecting camera or other devices.
![Page 55: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Component Video
• Make use of three separate signals for red green and blue image plane.(Component Video)
• This kind of system has three wires (Connectors) for connecting camera or other devices.
• Color signal not restricted to always RGB
![Page 56: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Component Video
• Make use of three separate signals for red green and blue image plane.(Component Video)
• This kind of system has three wires (Connectors) for connecting camera or other devices.
• Color signal not restricted to always RGB• We can form three signal via a luminance-
chrominance transformation (YIQ or YUV)
![Page 57: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Component Video
• Make use of three separate signals for red green and blue image plane.(Component Video)
• This kind of system has three wires (Connectors) for connecting camera or other devices.
• Color signal not restricted to always RGB• We can form three signal via a luminance-
chrominance transformation (YIQ or YUV)• There are no crosstalk between three different
channels.
![Page 58: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Component Video
![Page 59: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
YUV
![Page 60: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
YIQ
• YIQ used in NTSC(National Television System Committee)
![Page 61: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Composite Video
• Color(chrominance) and intensity(Luminance) signal are mixed into single carrier wave.
• Chrominance is a composite of two color component(I and Q or U and V).
• In NTSC TV, I and Q combine into composite chrome signal.
• When connecting to TV or VCR, composite video uses one wire and video color signals are mixed, not sent separately.
![Page 62: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
S- Video
• S-Video uses two wires: One for luminance and other for and other for composite chrominance.
• There is less crosstalk.
![Page 63: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
NTSC(National Television System Committee)
![Page 64: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
PAL
• PAL stands for Phase Alternate Lines
![Page 65: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Color Models in Videos
• YUV• YIQ• YCbCr
![Page 66: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
YUV
• YUV coding used for PAL.• It codes a luminance signal(for gamma
correction) equal to y’.
![Page 67: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
YUV
• YUV coding used for PAL.• It codes a luminance signal(for gamma
correction) equal to y’.• Chrominance refers to the difference between
a color and a reference white at a same luminance.
![Page 68: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
YUV
• YUV coding used for PAL.• It codes a luminance signal(for gamma
correction) equal to y’.• Chrominance refers to the difference between
a color and a reference white at a same luminance.
• It can be represent by the color differences U , V.
![Page 69: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
YUV
• We go the (Y’,U,V) to (R,G,B) by inverting the matrix.
• Y’ is equal to the same value R’.(coz sum of coefficient is 1)
• For black & white image chroma(UV) is zero.
![Page 70: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
YIQ
• Y’IQ is used in NTSC.• I for in-phase chrominance.• Q for quadrature chrominance.
![Page 72: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
YCbCr
• Y is the Luma component and Cb and Cr are the blue difference and red difference chroma component.
• Used for digital video encoding digital camera.• YCbCr is used in JPEG and MPEG.
![Page 73: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
YCbCr
![Page 74: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Color Space – Comparison
Color space
Color mixing
Primary parameters
Used for Pros and cons
RGB Additive Red,Green, Blue
Easy but wasting bandwidth
CMYK Subtractive Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
Printer Works in pigment mixing
YCbCrYPbPr
additive Y(luminance), Cb(blue chroma), Cr(red chroma)
Video encoding, digital camera
Bandwidth efficient
YUV additive Y(luminance),U(blue chroma), V(red chroma)
Video encoding for PAL
Bandwidth efficient
YIQ additive Y(luminance),I(rotated from U),Q(rotated from V)
Video encoding for NTSC
Bandwidth efficient
![Page 75: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Sample Input
Gamma Corrected Input
Monitor Output
Graph of Correction L' = L ^ (1/2.5)
Gamma Correction• Gamma correction provides displaying an image accurately on a computer screen. • Images which are not properly corrected can look either bleached out, or too dark.• Trying to reproduce colors accurately also requires some knowledge of gamma. • Varying the amount of gamma correction changes not only the brightness, but also the ratios
of red to green to blue.
![Page 76: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Introduction to Video Compression
• A video consist of time-ordered sequence of frames(Images).
• An obvious solution to video compression would be predictive coding based on previous frame.
• Exploit spatial redundancy within frames (like JPEG: transforming, quantizing, variable length coding)
• Exploit temporal redundancy between frames
![Page 77: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Compression in the time domain
• difference between consecutive frames is often small• remove inter-frame redundancy• sophisticated encoding, relatively fast decoding
![Page 78: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Difference Frames
• Differences between two frames can be caused by– Camera motion: the outlines of background or
stationary objects can be seen in the Diff Image– Object motion: the outlines of moving objects can
be seen in the Diff Image– Illumination changes (sun rising, headlights, etc.)– Scene Cuts: Lots of stuff in the Diff Image– Noise
![Page 79: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Motion Estimation
• Determining parameters for the motion descriptions
• For some portion of the frame, estimate its movement between 2 frames- the current frame and the reference frame
• What is some portion?– Individual pixels (all of them)?– Lines/edges (have to find them first)– Objects (must define them)– Uniform regions (just chop up the frame)
![Page 80: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Motion Estimation
![Page 81: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
MPEG
• Motion Picture Expert Group.• First devised in 1988 by a group of almost 1000
experts(from about 25).• Primary motivations:
– High compression rate for video storage comparable to VHS quality
– Random access capability
• Overall MPEG Standard combines video and audio signal into one large compression algorithm.
![Page 82: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
MPEG-1
• MPEG-1 audio/video digital compression standard was approved by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO) / International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC).
• MPEG-1 adopts the CCIR601 digital TV format also known as SIF (Source Input Format).
• MPEG-1 supports only non-interlaced video. Normally, its picture resolution is:– 352 × 240 for NTSC video at 30 fps– 352 × 288 for PAL video at 25 fps– It uses 4:2:0 chroma subsampling
![Page 83: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
MPEG-1
• The MPEG-1 standard is also referred to as ISO/IEC 11172.
• It has five parts: 1172-1 Systems 11172-2 Video 11172-3 Audio 11172-4 Conformance 11172-5 Software.
![Page 84: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Digital Video Compression Fundamentals and Standards
842008/12/26
Frames Types• I-frame (Intracoded Frame)
– Coded in one frame such as DCT. – This type of frame do not need previous frame
• P-frame (Predictive Frame)– One directional motion prediction from a previous frame
• The reference can be either I-frame or P-frame– Generally referred to as inter-frame– Consist only changes occurs in previous frames.
• B-frame (Bi-directional predictive frame)– Bi-directional motion prediction from a previous or future frame
• The reference can be either I-frame or P-frame– Generally referred to as inter-frame
![Page 85: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Digital Video Compression Fundamentals and Standards
852008/12/26
Group of Pictures• The distance between two nearest P-frame or P-frame and I-frame
– denoted by M• The distance between two nearest I-frames
– denoted by N
I B B P B B P B B I
GOP
Bidirectional Motion Compensation
Forward Motion Compensation N=9
M=3
![Page 86: Multimedia apllication imag, video formats](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061217/54b4d8224a79597d318b4708/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Compressed video stream