MULTIMEDIA GIS OF TOURISM SITES

Ebere Omeje

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ALEXANDER, EMMANUEL JOHNPG/MSC/14/76455

MULTIMEDIA GIS OF TOURISM SITES

IN CROSS RIVER STATE

GEOINFORMATICS AND SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Ebere Omeje Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s NameDN : CN = Webmaster’s nameO= University of Nigeria, NsukkaOU = Innovation Centre

ALEXANDER, EMMANUEL JOHN

MULTIMEDIA GIS OF TOURISM SITES

IN CROSS RIVER STATE

AND SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL

Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s Name DN : CN = Webmaster’s name O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka

vation Centre

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MULTIMEDIA GIS OF TOURISM SITES IN CROSS

RIVER STATE

Submitted by

ALEXANDER, EMMANUEL JOHN PG/MSC/14/76455

BEING A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOINFORMATICS AND

SURVEYING, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.) IN GEOINFORMATICS AND SURVEYING

SUPERVISORS: PROF. CHUKS OKPALA-OKAKA DR. R.I. NDUKWU

DECEMBER 2015

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I, ALEXANDER EMMANUEL JOHN with registration number

PG/MSc/14/76454, a postgraduate student of the department of Geoinformatics and

Surveying, have satisfactorily completed the requirement for this Project for the award of

the M.Sc in Geoinformatics and Surveying. The work embodied in this Project is

original, and has not to my knowledge been submitted in part or full for any other degree

of this or other University. ……………………………………… …............................... ALEXANDER EMMANUEL JOHN DATE

STUDENT

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APPROVAL This is to certify that I, ALEXANDER EMMANUEL JOHN with registration number

PG/MSc/14/76454, a postgraduate student of the department of Geoinformatics and

Surveying, have satisfactorily completed the requirement for this Project for the award of

the M.Sc in Geoinformatics and Surveying. The work embodied in this Project is

original, and has not to my knowledge been submitted in part or full for any other degree

of this or other University

…………………………………. …...................................... PROF. CHUKS OKPALA-OKAKA DATE SUPERVISOR …………………………………. …...................................... DR. R.I. NDUKWU DATE SUPERVISOR ……………………………… ………………………….. DR. E.C. MOKA DATE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ……………………………… ..………………………….. EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE ……………………………… …………………………. PROF. F. I. OKEKE DATE DEAN, FAULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ………………………………………………… ………………………….. DEAN, SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES DATE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My appreciation goes to the Almighty GOD for His grace and love in my life and

that of my entire family. Indeed He is the reason for this work.

My special gratitude also goes to the Head of Department, Dr. Moka Elochukw for

fatherly role he have been playing and encouragement in the course of the study.

I also appreciate my supervisors Prof. C. Okpala-okaka and Dr R.I.Ndukwu for direction

and guidance in this project.

To all the lecturers and staff I appreciate your relationship, for your support towards the

realization of my project.

In conclusion, I also want to appreciate my colleagues (course mate) for their

companionship and the good time we spent together.

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ABSTRACT

This project is based on multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State. Tourism in Cross River State is geared towards the diversification of the state based industry as well as providing an alternative means of improving the state internally generated revenue. The objective of the research is to map the tourism sites and develop a multimedia GIS Database for Cross River State. To achieve the objectives of this research, Hand held GPS was used to locate tourism sites and for update of digital maps of Cross River State. Cartographic digitization was employed to produce the tourism map of the state. A relational GIS database was created using Arc Map 10.1. Ulead Video DV X2 with a Fire wire 1394 adapter was used in downloading video clips recorded by the Digital Video Camera into Personal Computer (PC). Ulead Video Studio Pro X2 which has the capability of converting recorded sound to wave files which are later converted into AVI files and also of converting scanned images and photographs into Video Clips was also used. Microsoft Window Media Player played the Video Clips. Finally, spatial search and multimedia queries were carried out to test the database. This research has been able to demonstrate the dynamic capacities of Geographic information system application in mapping, analysis and modeling of Geographic phenomenon. This is to aid tourism planning authorities, tourists, and government agencies to visualize, plan, monitor, manage and access various tourist sites in Cross River State. This database should be updated from time to time in other to capture new developing areas with the facilities that are present.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PAGES

COVER PAGE i

TITLE PAGE ii

CERTIFICATION iii

APROVAL iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi

ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii- ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLES xii

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the study 1-3

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Need for the study 3

1.4 Aim and objectives 4

1.4.1 Aim 4

1.4.2 Objectives 4

1.5 Scope 4

1.6 The study area 4-7

1.7 Multimedia map 8

1.7.1 Concept of Multimedia Mapping 8-10

1.7.2 Concept of Hypermedia/Multimedia 10-12

1.7.3 Concept of Multimedia GIS 13

1.7.4 Conceptual frame work 13

1.7.5 Theory of Geographical information System (GIS) 15-17

1.7.6 Approach for Designing Map-base Multimedia Product 17

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1.7.7 Requirements for Designing Map-base Multimedia product 18

1.7.8 Database Design 18-19

1.8 Limitation 19-20

CHAPTER TWO 21

2.0 Literature Review 21-28

CHAPTER THREE 29

3.0 Methodology 29

3.1 Research Design 29

3.1.1 Type of Research Design 29

3.2 Material and Techniques 29

3.2.1 Equipment and software 29

3.2.2 Equipment 29

3.2.3 Hardware requirement 30

3.2.4 Software requirement 30

3.2.5 Data 30

3.2.6 Sources of data 30-33

3.3 Geometric data acquisition 33

3.3.1 Acquisition of primary dataset 33

3.3.2 Acquisition of secondary dataset 33

3.3.3 Acquisition of attribute data 33

3.4 Data processing procedure and Database creation 33

3.4.1 Mapping of tourism site in Cross River State 33

3.4.2 Multimedia GIS Database design and Creation 33

3.4.3 Multimedia Database Design 33-36

3.4.4 Database Implementation 37-38

3.4.5 Multimedia database Creation 38-39

3.5 Analysis and Information Presentation 40

3.5.1 Data analysis 40

3.5.2 Spatial search 40

CHAPTER FOUR 41

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4.0 Data Analysis and Presentation 41

4.1 Analysis of result 41

4.1.1 Single criteria queries 41-43

4.1.2 Multiple criteria queries 43-44

4.1.3 Multimedia queries 44-48

4.2.0 Discussion 48

4.2.1 GIS and Hot-linking / Hyperlink 48-49

4.2.2 Application of Multimedia GIS products 49-50

CHAPTER FIVE 51

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 51

5.1 Summary 51

5.2 Conclusion 51

References 52-57

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Relational database structure 36

Table 3.2 Sample of Tourist Site table created in Arc-GIS 10.1 38

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Map of the study area 7

Figure 3.1a: Map of Greater Calabar (Projects and Infrastructure) 31

Figure 3.1c: Cross River Map of Flood and Erosion Site 2012 31

Figure 3.1c: Orthophoto of part of Cross River State 32

Figure 3.3 Spatial data modeling 35

Figure 3.4: Multimedia GIS Database. Author 39

Figure 4.1: show result of query by attribute 42

Figure 4.2 Query by location using identity tool. 43

Figure 4.3 Query for tour sites with syntax “ID”= “2 or<= 14” 43

Figure 4.4 Multimedia Query showing video of cable car in Obanliku L.G.A Cross River State 45 Figure 4.5 Multimedia query showing location, photograph and history (in text format) of monolith in Ikom L.G.A of Cross River State. 45 Figure 4.6 photograph and location of Agbokim waterfalls in Etoung L.G.A Cross River State 46

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Figure 4.6 photograph and location of Agbokim waterfalls in

Etoung L.G.A Cross River State. 47

Figure 4.7 Video of Obudu Mountain Resort in

Obanliku L.G.A of Cross River State. 48N

MNNNM

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

This project is based on multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State. Tourism in

Cross River state is geared towards the diversification of the state based industry as well as

providing an alternative means of improving the state internally generated revenue. It is expected

that the construction and maintenance of huge tourism and travel facilities as well as the

provision of accompanying services would be an important incentive for economic growth and

development of the state. Developing a multimedia GIS database for Tourism industry is a

perceived technical solution to the problem of planning, management and promotion of both

domestic and international tourism in cross river state. Such a database constitutes the basis for

promoting efficient and productive multimedia spatial information services by private and

government tourism agents all over the country (Ayeni 2006).

Cross River State is blessed with a lot of tourism sites which are yet to be discovered. For

the purpose of this work, the technology of Geographic Information System has been deployed

to capture the inventory of the tourist sites within the state to make it known and readily

accessible so that people can have information about them. Each State in Nigeria must be

conscious of her tourism potentials and use multimedia GIS to manage tourism effectively.

According to Ayeni(2006) the Nigerian Government in her quest to diversify her mono-

cultural economy, which is heavily dependent on petroleum export, has decided to take some

bold measures to develop and promote travel and tourism. These measures include the adoption

of the National Tourism Policy (NTP) in 1990, the birth of the Nigerian Tourism Development

Corporation (NTDC) in 1992, the founding of the National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism

(NIHOTOUR), in Baganda, Kano, and the National travel Bureau (NTB), a tour operating

company of NTDC, (NTDC (2001)), the adoption of a Tourism Master Plan and the inauguration

of the National Tourism Council with the President as chairman. The aim of these measures was

to make Nigeria the ultimate Tourism destination in Africa and to make Tourism one of the

greatest foreign exchange earners in an oil dependent economy.

Chomtip Pornpanomchai (2011), multimedia map is one type of electronic maps, which

combine both spatial information and multimedia technology to help people to see the real

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environment with spatial information. Multimedia is a technology that encompasses various

types of data and presents them in an integrated form. There are several types of data that are

used by the technology, including text, graphics, hyperlinks, images, sound, digital and analogue

video and animation. Although many GIS have been successfully implemented, it has become

quite clear that two-dimensional maps cannot precisely present multidimensional and dynamic

spatial phenomena. Moreover, there is a growing need towards accessing spatial data. It seems

that merging GIS and Multimedia is a way to deal with these issues. The latest advances in

computer industry especially in hardware have led to the development of the Multimedia and

Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies. Multimedia provides communications

using text, graphics, animation, and video

The greatest challenges in developing a multimedia GIS is to integrate different types of

data such as text data, graphical data (maps, graphs), pictures data (still and moving Pictures) and

sound data (voice and music), thus creating in some cases, a multiple representation for the same

data. The combination of the Multimedia and GIS technologies will certainly build a powerful

distributed tourism information system which is bound to improve the services offered in the

tourism industry (Benabdallah and Soltane, 2001)

A multimedia GIS system is a way to overcome the limitations displayed by the technologies

when they are used separately. Multimedia can extend GIS capabilities of presenting geographic

and other information. The combination of several media often results in a powerful and richer

presentation of particular image and multimedia data are becoming more prevalent with

changing technology. Depending on the specific content of the data, image data may be

considered either spatial, e.g. photographs, animation, movies, etc., or attribute, e.g. sound,

descriptions, narrations, etc.

The increasing emergence of multimedia invites researchers to explore the possibilities of

extension of GIS in ambit of multimedia integration; e.g. incrementing the availability of

methods to integrate and display multimedia data (Cartwright 1999). However, many

cartographers are of the opinion that the combination of multimedia and GIS helps users to

recognize spatial and content associations of a phenomenon. While GIS functions allow the

depiction and analysis of the spatial aspect of a topic, selected multimedia data in a GIS can

transmit the content aspect of the topic. Moreover, the presence of multimedia data augments the

attractiveness of a GIS since the availability of multimedia data decreases the level of

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abstractness and lets the user feel closer to reality. Thus, cartographic researchers intend to

employ this strategy of integrating multimedia data into GIS to motivate users to analyze maps.

Indeed, among cartographers, there is the opinion that the integration of multimedia data in GIS

helps gain additional knowledge and to raise questions that are not intuitive (Peterson 2007a).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State is important because of the

need for a current digital tourism database and lack of up-to-date information for proper

utilization, planning and management of the tourist sites. Developing a multimedia GIS

database on Tourism for Cross River State will provide technical solution to the problem

of planning, and management.

1.3 The need for the Study

Tourism in Cross River State is geared towards the diversification of the state

based industry as well as providing an alternative means of improving the state internally

generated revenue. It is expected that the construction and maintenance of huge tourism

and travel facilities as well as the provision of accompanying services would be an

important incentive for economic growth and development of the state. The success of

tourism in any country depends on the ability of that country to develop, manage and

market tourism facilities and activities. The main result of the research project is the

development of a Multimedia GIS database for Tourism Industry which contains a record

of Ecological, Cultural and Modern Tourist Features and activities, and their

geographical locations in Cross River State. According to Benabdallah (2001), one of the

problems often encountered in the tourism industry is lack of data and a quick update and

maintenance of available data.

The multimedia database provides a credible and pragmatic solution to this

problem because a GIS database is a well structured and intelligent electronic database

which can be easily updated, and secured with a good database management system. In a

multimedia GIS database, tourism features and activities are not only recorded in form of

a text, but also in form of maps, pictures, movies, and music and voice data.

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1.4 Aim and Objectives

1.4.1 Aim

The aim of the study is to develop multimedia GIS database for tourism in Cross

River State.

1.4.2 Objectives

In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives will be captured.

i. Mapping of tourism sites in Cross River state.

ii. Multimedia GIS Database design and creation.

iii. Geometric data acquisition

iv. Attribute data acquisition using social survey

v. Analyses.

vi. Information presentation (sound, video, animation etc)

1.5 Scope

This project is based on multimedia GIS of the tourism sites in Cross River State. Based

on the purpose and the significant of the project, the scope of the project involves

database design, data capturing (i.e. Geometric, attribute data and multimedia data),

database creation, data analysis and information presentations are the width and length of

the project.

1.6 The study area

Cross River State is a coastal state in South-South Nigeria, named after the Cross

River, which passes through the state. Located in the Niger Delta, Cross River State

occupies 20,156 square kilometers. It shares boundaries with Benue State to the north,

Ebony States to the west, to the east by Cameroon Republic and to the south by Akwa-

Ibom and the Atlantic Ocean.

Cross River State is located within latitudes 4º 15’N and 7º 00’ N and longitudes

7º 15’E and 9º 30’ E. It is made up of 18 Local Government Areas ( Abi, Akamkpa,

Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Bekwarra, Biase, Boki, Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Etung,

Ikom, Obanliku, Obubura, Obudu, Odukpani, Ogoja, Yakuur, and Yala local

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Government) with its capital in Calabar. The State is composed of three major ethnic

groups: the Efik, the Ejagham, and the Bekwarra. The Efik language is widely spoken in

Cross River State. The Efik-speaking people live mainly in the Southern senetorial

districts of Cross River, or as it is commonly referred to, the Greater Calabar district,

which includes Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo,

Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs. There is also the Qua community in Calabar, which

speaks Ejagham. The main Ejagham group occupies mostly the Greater Calabar areas of

Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akampkpa sections of Cross River State.

There are also the Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA,

while the Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA. Further up the core northern

part of the state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo,

Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs.

Also, the Yala/Yache,Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuka, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utugwanga

people are found in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu and Obanliku LGA's. The Yala are a subgroup

of the Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's subgroups are the Igede speaking people

believed to have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State.

Cross River State epitomises the nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and it is

important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the indigenous languages in

the state have common linguistic roots as Niger–Congo languages. Finally, the state

boasts of being the venue for the largest carnival in Africa.

In line with the objectives of the former Governor of the state Mr. Donald Duke to

mix business with pleasure, there are many festivals. These festivals bring in tourists

from far and wide into the state to enjoy themselves and also do business in the state.

These festivals include The Cross River State Christmas Festival, which promises to be

an event that will rival any festival events in Africa, with over 30 days of endless fun,

carnival, games, cultural display, art exhibition, and pageant and music performance. The

Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually, while the

Cross River State Carnival Float – 26th and 27th December yearly. The Yakurr Leboku

Yam festival holds 28 August annually.

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Another Interesting Festival in cross River state is Anong Bahumono Festival

which holds in Anong Village, during which different cultural dances are showcased,

including Ikpobin (acclaimed to be the most entertaining dance in the state), Ekoi, Obam,

Emukei and Etangala Dances.

From the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the Rain forests of

Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar

River which provides sights and images of the Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar

Marina, Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar Slave Park along its course, there is

always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist visiting Cross River State.

Other tourist attractions are the Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths of

unknown age), the Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River

National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa

Business Resort and the Annual Calabar Carnival that takes place during the Christmas

period.

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Figure 1.1 Map of the study area (source: Office of the Surveyor General of the

Cross River State)

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1.7 Multimedia map

According to Pornpanomchai (2011), a static map is spatial information on a

paper-based drawing, which shows a lot of information e.g. roads, buildings, bridges,

water pools, etc. The static map uses different notations, symbols and colors to represent

a lot of spatial information for users. Nevertheless, a static map cannot still serve endless

human need. Nowadays, people use an electronic map instead of a static map for more

convenience and more accuracy, and to get more information. The electronic map (also

called a digital map, screen map or instantaneous map) is a visual map, which includes

many new technologies e.g. geographic information system (GIS), multimedia, hypertext,

virtual reality and data communication techniques, etc. A multimedia map is one type of

electronic map, which combine both spatial information and multimedia technology to

help people to see the real environment with spatial information.

Unel, Gundogdu, and Yalpir (2015) said that information is a phenomenon that

human beings need and is accessed any time in an easy way. A Geographic Information

System which is associated with map and in which any kind of information may be

included will make the users’ lives easier by providing access to all kinds of data via the

internet on mobile devices.

1.7.1 Concept of Multimedia Mapping

In the not-so-distant past the sole medium for which we designed and created

maps was print on-paper. Whether the map was to be published as a single sheet; bound

in an atlas, book, or journal; or destined to remain in manuscript form, the stages of map

compilation, development, production, and the final product were essentially paper-

based. In the1960s automated cartography gave us a new set of tools for map creation.

Cartographers were able to issue sets of commands and coordinates via a terminal or

punch cards to generate output (in the form of a paper map). Recent technological

advancements have created a computer desktop which has, for the most part, replaced

hand-drawn, pen and ink, drafting table map production. By and large, however, the

output and final form of our maps is still paper.

Multimedia has the potential to change all that. It has already made tremendous

transformations in the how graphics are presented and communicated, and maps will be

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no exception. One only needs to pick up the latest issue of any computer trade magazine

to know that motion; on-screen presentations, sound, and color have become integral

components in graphic communication. Cartographers cannot and should not shelter

maps from the changes that are taking place in graphic information capture, creation,

manipulation, and presentation. We have, in fact, already started to make use of some of

these tools to improve and facilitate the processes we use to create maps through mapping

and illustration software and high-end image output devices. These technologies,

however, offer even greater possibilities to alter cartographic practices. Not only can they

be adapted to facilitate and improve traditional map creation methods, they have the

potential to change the look of maps and how we communicate spatial information. It is

worth restating this idea to make it clear that what is being discussed here are not merely

changes in map compilation and production methods, but how these new technologies

will change how maps are conceived, how they communicate spatial information, and

how they will be used. The incorporation of map animations in recent electronic atlases

and encyclopedias are just a few examples of cartographic ventures into this new

territory.

Multimedia systems try to take advantage of human senses to facilitate human-

computer interaction, and human-human computer mediated communication.

Considering that we live in a world of multimedia events (Rudnicky, 1992). Many people

believe that multimedia communication is natural and corresponds more closely with

how the brain has developed (Alty, 1997), and, therefore, multimedia exercises the whole

mind (Marmolin, 1991). In this viewpoint, the human brain is seen as having evolved in a

multisensory environment, where simultaneous input on different channels was essential

for survival. Thus, the processing of the human brain has been fine-tuned to allow

simultaneous sampling and comparison between different channels (Alty, 1997).

Multimedia systems have the potential to make appropriate and efficient use of

human perceptual and cognitive capabilities by making our interaction with computers

more natural. A related feature to naturalness is realness or the degree of correspondence

between the representation and the real thing. Naturalness and realness are similar but not

the same. Naturalness is concerned with the mapping between the stimuli and the senses

taking recognition of the fact that people normally gain information from the world from

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multiple senses (e.g. hearing an explosion would cause people to look for a cloud of

smoke or flames). On the other hand, realness is concerned with how close the

representation of the explosion corresponds to an actual explosion. Two consequences for

systems that possess these features appear to be that they show properties of believability

(the closer they are to the real thing, the more believable they appear to be) and fidelity

(the degree of detail).

Unel (2015) indicated that Multimedia Elements in GIS Collections of geo-

referenced images and videos (as opposed to individual pieces of image or video data)

have proven very useful in multimedia research. Such collections are becoming

increasingly popular and accessible thanks to photo-sharing services such as Flickr and

Google Picasa Web that have realized the need to tap into geographical information for

search, sharing, and visualization of multimedia data. Also researchers found that

multimedia elements effectively supported the capture and communication of data,

information, and knowledge presented in qualitative forms. Multimedia is defined as

photographs, video, text, or audio materials that are used to express or communicate a

viewpoint. In addition, multimedia elements may be included into animation, panoramic

image and graphic data which are prepared in Microsoft Office Excel.

1.7.2 Concept of Hypermedia / Multimedia

The concept of hypermedia was first introduced by Vannevar Bush in 1945. He

envisioned a Memex system which would allow for a mechanized associative linking of

the vast amounts of information available in the mid 20th century. Memex would free

investigators from being bogged down in the ever growing mountains of research

produced by increased specialization into fringe disciplines. Not only would the record of

human achievements continue to be enormously extended, it would be accessible. Today,

the term hypermedia refers to information structures in which various nodes containing

information are associated through direct links much the same way as information is

associated within the human mind. It is an automated as opposed to mechanical

realization of Bush's vision. Hyper-structures are thus beyond the sequential style of

composition found in most books; they are akin to the neural structure of a thesaurus

(Lauriru and Thompson 1992).

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Authors of hypermedia documents present information not only as disparate

chunks found in the nodes themselves, but also through the structure of the node links

which reflect the author's conceptualization of the relationships between the node topics.

These data nodes are commonly referred to as hypernodes and the associative links as

hyperlinks. The data residing at a hypemode may appear in various forms including

animation, audio, text, video; CD-ROM, static graphics and spreadsheets. Thus,

hypermedia structures may be multimedia in nature by incorporating diverse media

within a single structure (Barker and Tucker 1990).

Hyperlinks may reflect a hierarchical structure within the data, a consensus of

association developed through multi-user input, or perhaps a domain specific ordering

which guides experts between intuitively linked nodes For instance, in a GIS, hypernode

linkages may be constructed to allow the circular sequence" map layers, land use,

agriculture, erosion, rainfall, cloud cover, greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide levels,

pollution, industry, map layers, etc. Types of links include inferential and organizational

hyperlinks which may be constructed to connect the data to hardware and non-

hypermedia programming languages. Implication links can connect hypernodes in

inference trees. Execute links can be sliders or buttons which are used in high level

programming interfaces for steering computation. Index links may connect to a relational

database.

The cartographer developing a hypermedia document must decide whom to target

as viewers and what information and meta-information they should have access to.

Design considerations for the graphical symbols representing hyperlinks along with their

visual placement, and the organization of hyperlinks within hyper documents are pressing

issues for developers Hyperlinks should be designed and placed so as to provide the user

with information about the probable nature of the destination hypernode. The very

existence of links in hypermedia conditions the user to expect purposeful, important

relationships between linked matenals (Landow 1991).

Hyperstructures should stimulate the user to explore through stylized iconography

and color schema which highlight active hyperlinks. It has been suggested that query

capabilities should include devices that allow users to see where they have been, to see

new paths to a destination they have previously visited, to review paths taken to a

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particular hypernode, and to put the user into a previous context. These +design

considerations should prevent users from becoming lost or disoriented when perusing a

document. A review of the psychological implications of becoming lost in hyper

documents can be found in Harpold (1991). Hypermedia lends itself to easy and rapid

prototyping the lure of its capabilities for popular use has insured authoring of transparent

interfaces and scripting languages by product developers.

Hypermedia documents can be in themselves high-level, flexible representations

that require minimal familiarity for new users to adopt (Woodhead 1991). Their

effectiveness for data portrayal and learning is becoming apparent. Yager (1991)

contends that hypermedia / multimedia solutions enhance audience immersion and that

multi-sensory presentations speed and improve understanding, and increase attention

spans. The ability of pictures to enhance recall of textual information has been

demonstrated (Kozma 1991). For spatio-temporal data, "there is a statistically significant

difference between the time it takes to answer a question (at any reading level) looking at

an animated map [shorter time] and the time it takes to answer the same question looking

at a static map [longer time] displaying the same spatio-temporal phenomenon" even

though the quality of answers is not significantly different (Koussoulakou and Kraak

1992), parenthetic comments by this author) Lastly, Beer and Freifield (1992) report that

the US Department of Defense finds that learning assisted by hypermedia / multimedia is

cost effective. Interactive videodisc instruction takes a third less time, costs about a third

less and is more effective than conventional methods of learning even though the initial

outlay costs are high.

1.7.3 Concept of a Multimedia GIS

The term “multimedia” in the 1970s meant a sound track synchronized to one or

more slide projectors and an automatically advancing collection of slides. Today,

multimedia implies the use of a personal computer (PC) with information presented

through the following media: 1) text (descriptive text, narrative and labels); 2) graphics

(drawings, diagrams, charts, snapshots or photographs); 3) digital video (television-style

material in digital format); 4) digital audio sound (music and oral narration); and 5)

computer animation (changing maps, objects and images) (Hu 2001). Multimedia

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technology has been extensively utilized by commercial encyclopedia ROMs such as

Microsoft Encyclopedia CD-ROM to provide a multi-sensory learning environment and

the opportunity to improve the understanding of a concept. Although the interactivity is

not the essence of multimedia system, it is, however, the feature of a hypertext system.

The essential feature of a hypertext system is the concept of hypertext (nodes or

concepts) and hyperlinks (relationships) (Nielson 1990). In other word, hypertext

represents a single concept or idea and is connected to other information by activating

pre-defined hyperlinks. Interactive multimedia combines the ideas from both multimedia

and hypertext system. It utilizes multimedia information in various formats and features

interactivity and non-linear information retrieval (i.e., forward, backward, and cross-

referencing).Geographic information system is a computer-based information system for

the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of geographic information tied to a

common geographic coordinate system. Therefore, it is a logic step forward to integrate

multimedia technology with a GIS. The integration of multimedia and GIS, or

multimedia GIS, will combine the strength from both technologies and provide more

useful tools for the capture, storage, retrieve, analysis and display of spatial, temporal and

multimedia geographic information.

1.7.4 Conceptual frame work

The U.S. Department of Labor has identified Geo-technology as one of three

mega technologies for the 21st century noting that it will forever change how we will

conceptualize, utilize and visualize spatial information. Of the spatial triad comprising

(GPS, GIS and RS) Geo-tech, the spatial analysis and modeling capabilities of

Geographic Information Systems provides the greatest untapped potential, but these

analytical procedures are least understood (Berry, 2009).

Historically information relating to the spatial characteristics of infrastructure,

resources and activities has been difficult to incorporate into planning and management.

Manual techniques of map analysis are both tedious and analytically limiting. The rapidly

growing field of Geo-technology involving modern computer-based systems, on the other

hand, holds promise in providing capabilities clearly needed for determining effective

management actions.

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Geo-technology refers to “any technological application that utilizes spatial

location in visualizing, measuring, storing, retrieving, mapping and analyzing features or

phenomena that occurs on, below or above the earth” (Berry, 2009). It is recognized by

the U.S. Department of Labor as one of the “three mega-technologies for the 21st

Century,” along with Biotechnology and Nanotechnology.

There are three primary mapping disciplines that enable Geo-technology— GPS

(Global Positioning System) primarily used for location and navigation, RS (Remote

Sensing) primarily used to measure and classify the earth’s cover, and GIS (Geographic

Information Systems/Science/Solutions) primarily used for mapping and analysis of

spatial information. The interpretation of the “S” in GIS varies from “Systems” with an

emphasis on data management and the computing environment. A “Science” focus

emphasizes the development of geographic theory, structures and processing capabilities.

A “Solutions” perspective emphasizes application of the technology within a wide variety

of disciplines and domain expertise (Berry, 2009).

Since the 1960s the decision-making process has become increasingly

quantitative, and mathematical models have become commonplace. Prior to the

computerized map, most spatial analyses were severely limited by their manual

processing procedures. Geographic information systems technology provides the means

for both efficient handling of voluminous data and effective spatial analysis capabilities.

From this perspective, GIS is rooted in the digital nature of the computerized map. While

today’s emphasis in Geo-technology is on sophisticated multimedia mapping (e.g.,

Google Earth, internet mapping, web-based services, virtual reality, etc.). The early

1970s saw computer mapping as a high-tech means to automate the map drafting process.

The points, lines and areas defining geographic features on a map are represented as an

organized set of X, Y coordinates. These data drive pen plotters that can rapidly redraw

the connections in a variety of colors, scales, and projections.

During the early 1980s, spatial database management systems (SDBMS) were

developed that linked computer mapping capabilities with traditional database

management capabilities. In these systems, identification numbers are assigned to each

geographic feature, such as a timber harvest unit or sales territory. For example, a user is

able to point to any location on a map and instantly retrieve information about that

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location. As Geo-technology continued its evolution, the 1990s emphasis turned from

descriptive “geo-query” searches of existing databases to investigative Map Analysis.

Today, most GIS packages include processing capabilities that relate to the capture,

encoding, storage, analysis and visualization of spatial data (Berry, 2009).

Spatial Analysis extends the basic set of discrete map features of points, lines and

polygons to surfaces that represent continuous geographic space as a set of contiguous

grid cells. The consistency of this grid-based structuring provides a wealth of new

analytical tools for characterizing “contextual spatial relationships,” such as effective

distance, optimal paths, visual connectivity and micro-terrain analysis. In addition, it

provides a mathematical/statistical framework by numerically representing geographic

space. Whereas traditional statistics is inherently non-spatial as it seeks to represent a

data set by its typical response regardless of spatial patterns, Spatial Statistics extends this

perspective on two fronts. First, it seeks to map the variation in a data set to show where

unusual responses occur, instead of focusing on a single typical response. Secondly, it

can uncover “numerical spatial relationships” within and among mapped data layers, such

as generating a prediction map identifying where likely customers are within a city based

on existing sales and demographic information.

1.7.5 Theory of Geographic information System (GIS)

In practice, a GIS consists of people using technology to work with data under

various methods in order to meet specific human needs. This has a specific implication of

human-centered activity, in contrast to other technologies, databases and theories. Nature

underlies all of these parts. The human study of nature gives rise to much of the theory

and methods used, and recording of landforms and natural patterns constitutes much of

the available spatial and related data. Human needs for health, clean air & water, food,

solace and wonder are all part of our relationship with nature. Technology arose

historically from our pursuit of dominance over nature (and over each other in wartime).

The different analysis, management and application methods used in a GIS come from a

lengthy history of theoretical advances in a broad variety of fields, including Landscape

Architecture, Mathematics, Geography, Systems Theory, Biology and Political Science

Convis and ESRI, (1996).

26

According to Convis and ESRI, (1996) the different models used to describe

space, derived mainly from concepts in statistics, topology and cartography. Space is a

plane of continuous variation, which we can sample at different points. This is a

statistical concept of space commonly found in biological hypotheses. This model

emphasizes continuity and continuous variation. It is usually managed by dividing space

into a regular grid of cells, also called a raster or matrix, where each cell has a value for

the variable in question. Additional variables are put into additional layers using the same

grid. This sets up a multi-dimensional matrix registered to the ground such as commonly

used in multivariate statistical studies of habitat and niche. Raster models are very simple

to automate and their use was so widespread among the first GIS programs of the 1960’s

and 1970’s that they can be said to have been independently arrived at numerous times.

Space is a plane of discrete things, which we can classify according to spatial

relationships and multiple attributes. This concept, also called a vector model, is mostly

topological, and borrows from geometry the notion of discrete things, which we represent

in space a points, lines, polygons and surfaces. Topology provides the formal language

for defining the invariant relationships between all of these geometric elements regardless

of their shape. This model also underlies traditional cartography, which is important in

GIS since maps are a primary source of data for GIS.

Locations in space are described using coordinates. This concept originated with

Descartes when he first invented the science of analytical geometry and provided a

numeric method (coordinates) for describing shapes in space. Coordinates can be thought

of as defining a grid across space.

Models for describing features: Classified features are differentiated using

distinct boundaries. This reflects another concept as old as science. Nature is fuzzy, class

boundaries are not. Applying a class boundary to nature is an act of applying a

discipline’s sharp world view over blurry natural patterns to see if interesting

conclusions, questions, or decisions are produced.

Models for creating meaningful results: Operation and analysis. Spatial analysis

includes questions of adjacency, containment, exclusion, proximity, subdivision,

grouping, orientation, movement, time. Spatial Analysis is based on the ideas of spatial

overlay and spatial sets which derive from set theory operations, such as intersection and

27

union. It also draws from developments in simulation and modeling in the early days of

computers. Early GIS developers coined the term "map algebra" in the 1960’s to describe

spatial operations on gridded data, and the developing field that later came to be called

computational geometry provided early algorithms for spatial analysis in the 1970’s.

Integration and synthesis - Spatial data from different sources can be integrated by

restructuring, generalizing and transforming (Maguire and Dangermond 1991).

Restructuring is the process whereby data from different models is recast into a common

model (i.e. raster into vector). Generalizing is where detailed data is smoothed out and/or

aggregated to make it align better with less detailed data. Transforming is where data is

changed to a new coordinate system, a new scale, or a new map projection in order for it

to match the other data sets. - A basemap standard provides the common framework

against which other spatial data can be processed to ensure compatibility. Two different

maps can be made to match each other using the methods above, but a more long-term

solution is to select a neutral base map for use as a common foundation across projects.

1.7.6 Approach for Designing Map-based Multimedia Products

Before beginning with designing a map-based multimedia product, two questions

have to be posed and answered, which are determining for the success of the product:

Which goal does the map based multimedia product have to reach and which task does it

have to fulfill? To answer these questions, it is indispensable to define the target

audience. Furthermore, according to the requirements of the pre-assigned task and goal,

suitable media have to be chosen and combined. The following questions determine the

choice and combination of media. What functions should a specific medium fulfill? What

medium fits best this purpose? (Dransch 2007). The contents of the employed media

should be chosen according to the purpose of the map-based multimedia product and be

as homogeneous as possible in relation to the generalization level, data quality and

timeframe of the data collection. If uncertainties concerning data quality exist, they

should be declared. Finally, Ormeling (2007: 113) argues that if synergy in a map-based

multimedia product exists “one channel of communication can help refine imprecision,

modify the meaning and/or resolve ambiguities in another”.

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1.7.7 Requirements for Designing Map-Based Multimedia Products

In a map-based multimedia environment, the cartographic design constraints of a

conventional map based product are added to the design constraints of the integrated

media, which leads to additional complexity. That's why Miller (2007) refers to the

design of a map-based multimedia product as a complex process. The best possible

display of a map-based product requires decisions about object selection, level of

generalization, organization and content arrangement as well as choices of symbolization,

map scale and format (Jobst and Germanchis 2007; Miller 2007). Through the addition of

further media and tools for interaction, supplementary requirements are to be taken into

account (Miller 2007):

• choice of information;

• coherence of information of the different media;

• content arrangement;

• access mechanism to the multimedia elements; and

• provision of dynamic and interactive functions.

1.7.8 Database design

Traditionally map data have been recorded in the form of lines and symbols on paper, and

descriptive data or attributes have been restored in written form on file cards and various

documents. These traditional data documentations are organized in various systems of

filing cabinets and drawers, and each data repository may be regarded as a “library” or

“bank” from which users may retrieve information (Bernhardsen, 1992). A data bank

may either be available to a wide range of users or restricted to only a few authorized

users. In addition, the data deposited may be in the form of one or more files. The

difference between a file and a database is semantic and varies somewhat from one

discipline to another. For GIS purposes, a file is regarded as a single collection of

information that can be stored, whilst a database files that are structured in a particular

way by a Database Management System (DBMS), and accessed through it.

The database design has a major impact on GIS project implementation as it

determines how you will organize data. Design can be optimized for parameters such as

storage space, application convenience, access speed, or ease conversion. A sound

29

philosophy for GIS database management in natural resources and environmental

management is that it should be people-oriented: offering practical solutions to resource

managers and providing permanence, ease of access and security for database. In general,

a good philosophy also recognizes that resource managers and decision-makers want a

data management system with a minimum amount of intrusiveness into their limited time

and budgets. Therefore, it is essential to keep three basic principles in mind when

creating and organizing data management success:

. Start small, keep it simple, and be flexible;

. Involve scientists or resource managers in the data management process;

. Support science or needs by community.

Adjeroh (1997) opines that at the heart of multimedia information systems lies

the multimedia database management system. Traditionally, a database consists of a

controlled collection of data related to a given entity, while a database management

system, or DBMS, is a collection of interrelated data with the set of programs used to

define, create, store, access, manage, and query the database. Similarly, we can view a

multimedia database as a controlled collection of multimedia data items, such as text,

images, graphic objects, sketches, video, and audio. A multimedia DBMS provides

support for multimedia data types, plus facilities for the creation, storage, access, query,

and control of the multimedia database. The different data types involved in multimedia

databases might require special methods for optimal storage, access, indexing, and

retrieval. The multimedia DBMS should accommodate these special requirements by

providing high-level abstractions to manage the different data types, along with a suitable

interface for their presentation.

1.8 Limitations

This project covers Obudu mountain resort, Tinapa, marina resort, Ikom monolith,

Agbokim waterfall etc. In the course of the production of this digital map, the following

problems were encountered: harassment by security agents during the process of

obtaining the GPS positions and multimedia data of various interests. The major problem

was financial constraint. Some of the Local Governments were very far from the State

Capital. For instance, it took almost six hours to travel from Calabar to Obudu mountain

30

resort. Another problem encountered was that it was very difficult to obtain map of the

study area from the office of the Surveyor General of Cross River State.

31

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The technician-scientific development has facilitated the emergence of new

instruments for mapping several geographical phenomena of the earth surface. That has

favored a revolution in cartographic science and in the social interaction with several

cartographic forms as well. Currently, the use of the computer science allied to

techniques of Remote Sensing, and Geographical Information Systems (GISs) have

provided qualitative changes in attainment, storage, publishing, access, and interaction to

the several cartographic representations such as maps, satellites images, aerial pictures,

among others (Peterson,1999). Thus, the development of cartographic techniques has

favored cost reduction and the distribution of cartographic representations in electronic

ways. The availability of these representations, mainly in research sites in the web, and in

different presentation scales, is becoming very common, contributing to the significant

increase in the number of people that seek the help of digital maps (Cartwright; Peterson,

1999).

Cartographic products - analogical or digital can be used both by school subjects

and by people in general. We have seen information linked to cartographic forms

presented in outdoors, tourist guides, building-locating maps, and urban lots pamphlets,

engineering works, and advertising in general. Computer technologies have provided the

combination of maps with other media, such as texts, graphs, sounds, videos, and

animations, making them more dynamic and interactive. This way, both in digital and

virtual environment, the reader is not limited to the act of visualizing the map as it

happens in printed materials. He has the possibility to interact with the map and, in some

cases, modify it according to his interest as a co-author. These new representation and

communication forms of space information are called Multimedia Cartography. In

countries such as Australia, England and Canada several researchers have dedicated to

the study of Cartography using multimedia and Cartography resources for the web,

looking for its use in school education.

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According to Cartwright (1999) the development of the term "multimedia" started

in the 1970s, and there is still no agreement on its meaning. The several industry sectors,

as films, games and toys, computers, among others, have different understanding on what

constitutes multimedia. However, according to Peterson (1999, p. 127) "multimedia are

the several combinations of texts, graphs, animation, sound, and video for the purposes of

improving communication", that is, it is the integration of several communication ways to

transmit information.

This way, the use of the term multimedia was incorporated to the Cartography in

the 1980s, being presented as support to the combination of maps with other medias

(texts, illustrations, videos, sounds), seeking to represent the world in a more realistic

way (Peterson, 1999, p. 34). The author argues that the several Medias can “create

different expression forms”. So, "a 'multimedia map' can be built in several layers, each

one driven to the different users' needs”. In that sense, the use of the computer made

possible to the user to change his relationship with the map, as that resource allows the

selection and presentation of information of what one wants to know. Therefore, the

computer has added a component known as interactivity, through which the user can

actively participate of the selection and presentation of information, simply leaving a

passive observer's condition, to be somebody that selects and interferes in the

presentation of information. That resource is known as interactive multimedia (Peterson,

1999).

There are many researchers that have developed a multimedia map for tourism

planning and management, landslide management, select a travel path, administration of

socio-economic activities, analysis and visualization of spatial and temporal Geographic

Information Environmental change analysis, etc.

Yonezawa (2004) developed a Multimedia-GIS Application for management of

landslides information. This system is an Online GIS in which a spatial data management

was carried out using GRASS GIS. The author said that, the system offers a low-cost

alternative to generating multimedia digital contents. The system was implemented on a

Linux platform (Mandrake Linux 10.0) using a kernel with modular supports

Bt848/849/878/879 based frame grabbers (Linux bttv driver), some specialized hardware

for audio-video input. The specialized hardware consists of analog video capture card,

33

IEEE 1394 interface card for digital video input and a sound card. The video capture card

used has an in-built television turner, so TV broadcast can be recorded directly. Analog

video input is provided by a general purpose video deck that supports NSTC, PAL and

SECAM video formats. The author indicated that digital video and still picture input can

be made using IEEE 1394 or USB connection cable and sound input through audio

storage media such as CD and tapes. Live sound input is provided through a mike unit.

The author also showed that the system offers a complete suite of multimedia tools for

development of professional quality audio-visual contents, XawTV let real-time, non-

liner audio and video capturing on Linux platform. The author has also tried using Linux

Video Studio and LiVES, a simple application to make the capturing and editing video.

And, he used MJPEG Tools to convert a capture file to various format file. MJPEG Tools

is a suite of programs which support video capture, basic editing, playback, and

compression to MPEG-1/2 of MJPEG video. These video capture and edit tool are FOSS

packages.

Ojiako and Igbokwe (2009) also used remote sensing and Multimedia

Geographic Information System for the administration of socio-economic activities in

Nnewi Urban Area of Anambra state of Nigeria. Global positioning system (GPS) was

used in acquisition of primary data. Satellite imagery (ikonos) and Nnewi Urban map

showing road network, town and location of site interest were used. He indicated that

satellite image on WGS 84 was projected to Mina datum before digitizing in ArcMap

environment. The attaching of the pictorial representation within the GIS was done using

the hyperlink facilities of the Arcmap. Picture of various sites of interest was taken using

digital camera (cannon power short A420), edited using U lead video studio software and

hyper-linked in the GIS. At the end, the result of database was presented in the form of

digital map and attribute table.

Ayeni (2006) developed a Multimedia GIS Database for planning, management

and promotion of sustainability of tourism industry in Nigeria. He stated that the greatest

challenge is to develop a multimedia GIS Database by integrating different types of data

such as text data, graphical data (maps, graphs), picture data (still and moving pictures)

and sound data (voice and music). In his research, Hand held GPS was used to locate

tourism sites and for geo-referencing digital maps of Nigeria. Tourism (spatial) and

34

attribute data gathered were classified into three categories – Cultural, Ecological, and

Modern-day tourism. A relational GIS database was created using Arc

View3.3/ArcGIS8.1 Multimedia Studio Pro 5 Video Edition and Microsoft Windows

media Player were used to convert recorded sound to wave files and scanned images, text

and pictures into video clips. Video clips directly recorded by the Digital Video Camera

were downloaded using ULEAD Video Studio DV 5.0 with a Fire wire 1394 adapter, into

the Pentium IV 2.4GHz computer equipped with a Microphone where the relational

database was created. Video clips with sound were compressed and hot-linked with the

other types of data in Arc View GIS environment using Arc View Script files thereby

creating a multimedia GIS database for tourism in Nigeria. Data analysis include

generation of tabular and spatial queries about tourism industry in Nigeria and spatial

network queries for determining best routes to tourism sites and hotels.

Canciani (2014) developed a multimedia guide for ancient paths for Villa

Adriana, a multimedia application for mobile devices which facilitates the understanding

of the ancient layout of Villa Adriana based on the ancient pathways. He said, “The GIS

was originally developed with AutoCAD Map3D software and subsequently moved to

the ArcGIS Online platform in order to share analyses, data and geographical content”.

He noted that, the software foresees the creation of applications which permit access to

the Maps in ArcGIS Online. With this Application all the GIS data are navigable and

interactive on a portable device. In author’s specific case, the application captures all the

data contained in the GIS and functions are based on the position of the user. The

application is an instrument both for visitors and for “specialists”. It guides through the

archeological site, illustrates usable and non-accessible ancient pathways and makes clear

the relationships between single monuments. The user is specifically identified via a GPS

sensor and their position determines the selection of data to be consulted. The application

was organized into three menus: ‘Villa Adriana’, ‘the inhabitants of the Villa’, and ‘The

Visit’. He said that the contents of the first two can also be consulted from outside the

archeological site in that they function independently from the position of the user. The

contents are always available and organized according to hierarchical levels which allow

the user to discover the ancient layout of the Adrian residence. In this research, the author

created a multimedia guide with text, drawings, 3D reconstructions and augmented

35

reality. The work was summarized into five steps; first of all, a new geo- referenced plan

was created. This drawing was based on an orthophoto and brings together all existing

surveys (from historical drawings to recent surveys). In the new work, the authors

showed the current status of the ruins and the original layout of Villa Adriana according

to the most recent study. The second step was a 3D survey, with extensive use of

photogrammetry to verify and upgrade drawings. The next and third step involved

creating the Database, within which to store, edit, analyze, share, and display linked data

relating to both ancient and contemporary buildings and pathways. This GIS is based on

the new plan and gathers together different orders of information: original function,

paving, the old paths of each original user (Hadrian, his wife Sabina, the retinue, guests

and servants) as well as the ancient system of underground tunnels. It collected all the

existing data relating to Villa Adriana relevant to solving the ‘what/where’ question. The

fourth step was to create a complete 3D model of Villa Adriana. The 3D reconstruction

started from the existing surveys, the documentation of recent excavation and the input of

the hypothetical reconstruction of lost or buried buildings. Finally, a multimedia guide,

based on a mobile application was created, which took information from the database to

show, in real time, during the tour, where you are and what you can see around you.

Hu (2001) developed a Multimedia GIS for analysis and visualization of spatial

and temporal Geographic Information Environmental change analysis. In his research,

two primary sources of information were used in identifying the wetlands on the

Winnebago Upper Pool Lakes and in constructing a GIS wetland database: black-and-

white aerial photographs and information derived from field surveys. Black-and-white

aerial photographs are primarily from the late 1930s through the early 1990s, ranging

from 1:10,000 to 1:12,000 scales. Aerial photographs recorded in 1937, 1957, 1981 and

1992 respectively in the region were scanned and geographically registered using the

ground control points (GCPs) obtained from a global positioning system (GPS) survey.

Vegetation polygons were delineated on the digital images and attributes assigned based

upon the information obtained from the field survey. He said, the field survey was

conducted in the summer (June-August) of 2000 when the identification of both upland

and aquatic vegetation is easiest. Following initial field reconnaissance surveys along

approximately 150 km shoreline of the Winnebago Upper Pool Lakes, forty-five (45)

36

wetland sites were identified. Based upon their physical nature and locations of adjacent

rivers or creeks, these wetland sites could be grouped into five distinct types of wetland

habitats: offshore wetland complex, exposed and cattail-dominated marsh, protected and

mixed macrophyte marsh, delta marsh, and small river mouth (non-delta) marsh. A

vegetation classification scheme containing seven classes was created to develop a digital

vegetation database for each site. As a result, a GIS spatial database in image/vector

format was generated for all wetland sites, and ready for analyzing wetland habitats and

studying wetland dynamic changes.

The multimedia GIS for the sensitive shoreline project was based upon interactions

between the following components: 1) a GIS application module developed using

Microsoft Visual Basic and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Map-

Objects software to manipulate spatial data such as geo-referenced images and ESRI

Arcview shapefiles of vegetation patterns, 2) an interactive Multimedia system created in

a Visual Basic designed to manipulate multimedia information such as hypertext,

hyperlinks, scanned ground photographs, and digital video; and 3) a graphical user

interface through the Microsoft Windows NT operating system. All three components

were developed in a coherent programming environment running on a Compaq computer

with 233 MHz microprocessor, 64 megabytes (MB) random access memory (RAM), and

Windows NT operating system. The multimedia GIS case study for the sensitive

shoreline project provides many functions that allow the user to manipulate and display

images and digital maps, retrieve attribute information from existing GIS database, and

visualize graphics in pie, line or bar graphs, text information in PDF format, as well as

digital video clips.

Unel (2014) developed a multimedia GIS for Mevlana Mausoleum and the

environment in Konya as a sample application. In his study, Cadastre map which showed

Mevlana Mausoleum and its vicinity was used. Text information was given about the

history of Mevlana Mausoleum. Photograph of Mevlana Mausoleum from the rose

garden was taken with a touristic purpose. The interior of Mevlana Mausoleum was shot

with a camera. The voice recording was made of a part of Mevlana’s masnavi. The

number of visitors is arranged per month. And finally a presentation from the

introduction of Mevlana Cultural Center where Seb-i Arus Ceremony was held was

37

attached. The author in his study said NetCAD 5.1 GIS and ArcGIS 9.3 programs were

used. Geographic data elements which are handled as polygon island/parcel building is

shown on the cadastre map in NetCAD. The map which is arranged in NetCAD is

transferred to ArcGIS enviroment. Attribute data which are prepared in Microsoft Office

Excel are related with the map. File names and file extensions of multimedia data were

written within file of the attribute data. Photo taken from the rose garden of Mevlana

Mausoleum was saved as mevlana.jpg, and mevlanamuzesi.mpg video which was shot

with a camera in the interior of Mevlana Mausoleum. The audio about a part of

Mevlana’s masnavi was saved as mesnevi.m4a. They are opened in ArcGIS. The number

of visitors which was designed per month is given as graphic in Microsoft Office Excel.

The file is saved as mevlanavisitor.xls and opened in ArcGIS. A text giving information

about the history of Mevlana Mausoleum was written in Microsoft Office Word, and the

file called mevlanaturbesi.doc was opened in ArcGIS.

Charou (2010) Integrated Multimedia GIS Technologies in a Recommendation

System for Geotourism. A number of geological features were digitized from the

Geological maps of the Institute of Geological & Mineral Exploration IGME (scale 1:

50.000). More specifically, geologic layers (vector) containing the hydrological network,

lithological unit boundaries and tectonics (faulting and bedding system) were created. A

similar procedure was followed in the digitization of the soil maps (land use and land

capability for forestry) of the Ministry of Agriculture (scale 1: 20.000) and Topog- raphic

Maps of the Geographic Service of the Army (scale 1:50.000). Topographical data

include the coastline, the main and secondary road network, caves, meteorological

stations and village polygons (outline of village limits). Following the digitization of the

maps, georeferencing of them was performed with TNT mips software, by choosing

specific GCPs in the corresponding maps and the digitized coastline. Additionally,

multisensor satellite data such as LANDSAT-ETM, SPOT, ASTER and MERIS data

having various acquisition dates have been processed. In order to pre- pare these satellite

images for further processing, geometric and radiometric corrections were performed.

When necessary, data have been re-projected into the local Greek Geodetic system

georeference -Egsa 87. For MERIS data georeferencing has been made using the tie-

points provided with the images. In order to combine different resolution data, data

38

fusion techniques were used. The multitemporal satellite data were analysed in order to

indentify and present changes of land cover during the last 15 years. Digital elevation

models for the areas of interest based on fused LANDSAT and SPOT with 10m spatial

resolution RGB satellite data were generated and used for the construction of 3D views.

He noted that, the ideal way to visualize geospatial data in 3D is to “fly” over and around

a 3D scene interactively and examine features from any direction in real time. Virtual

flights were generated by selecting an elevation raster (or other surface raster) to define

the terrain and optionally select the same raster or an image of the same area to use as an

overlay (drape layer). A Thales Navigation Mobile Mapper GPS unit with post

processing capabilities was used to delineate various footpaths, routes and points of

interest. Mapping was performed when ideal satellite and PDOP numbers were available.

At the end of each survey, data was uploaded into the computer and exported into the

TNT. More specifically, for every footpath, several maps and various diagrams related to

the description of the land cover, the landscape, the degree of difficulty (slopes) and

distances were created. On the basis of the available maps and satellite data, digital

elevation models were used in order to delineate various features. Finally field –collected

Multimedia data containing digital photos, audio and video files were linked to their

locations and used to populate the MMGIS database. Video was used to show

background, point scenes, or transition and audio to provide realism by communicating

the notion of space. The link between geographic features and multimedia is done using

script files all data organized in a form of an informational Atlas.

39

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1.0 Research Design

Research design is the overall plan for connecting the conceptual research

problems to the pertinent (and achievable) empirical research. In other words, the

research design articulates what data is required, what methods are going to be used to

collect and analyse this data, and how all of this is going to answer the research question.

Both data and methods, and the way in which these will be configured in the research

project, need to be the most effective in producing the answers to the research question

(taking into account practical and other constraints of the study).

3.1.1 Types of research design

The type of research design that will be used for this project is survey research. Survey

research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research.

The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve

asking questions of respondents. Surveys can be divided into two broad categories: the

questionnaire and the interview. Questionnaires are usually paper-and-pencil instruments

that the respondent completes. Interviews are completed by the interviewer based on the

respondent says. For this research, personal interview was used to obtain attribute data.

3.2.0 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES USED

3.2.1 Equipment used and software

This comprises both the hardware and software that will be used in the project execution,

data acquisition, and management and information presentation.

3.2.2 Equipment

Garmin 76 CSX Hand held GPS and mobile map per .eu, Field Book and writing

materials, Digital Camera (Sony), Digital Video Camera (Sony Digitals), and

Microphone for recording sound.

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3.2.3 Hardware requirements

HP Laptop Computer with following configurations;(15” monitor, 700G Hard disk,4G

Ram, Processor (intel core i5)), USB to Serial Cable, One (1) No. of Hp desk jet 3650

(A3 size) Printer and A0 Scanners.

3.2.4 Software requirements

Microsoft office word 2007, Arc GIS 10.1, Microsoft excels, Ulead Video Studio Pro X2,

Ulead Video DV X2.

3.2.5 Data

Political map of Nigeria, Existing map of Cross River State, Aerial photograph of Cross

River State, Attribute data, Multimedia data such as video, audio sound, text etc., and

Google map.

3.2.6 SOURCES OF DATA

Data sources for objective No. 1 (mapping of the tourism site in Cross River State).

The sources of data that were used to achieve the objectives of this research are:

i. Existing maps and aerial photographs of Cross River State were obtained

from the Office of the Surveyor General of the State.

ii. Handheld GPS also was used to acquire primary data for geo-referencing

and update of the exiting map.

iii. Attribute data were acquired through personal interview from each of the

Local Government in the state.

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Figure 3.1a: Map of Greater Calabar (Projects and Infrastructure) at a scale of 1:-

200,000. Source: Office of Surveyor General, Cross River State.

Figure 3.1b: Cross River State Vegetation map at scale 1:-250,000. Source: Office of

Surveyor General, Cross River State.

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Figure 3.1c: Cross River Map of Flood and Erosion Site 2012 at a scale of 1:250,000

Source: Office of Surveyor General, Cross River State.

Figure 3.1c: Orthophoto of part of Cross River State at a scale of 1:10,000 Source:

Office of Surveyor General, Cross River State.

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3.3.0 GEOMETRIC DATA ACQUISITION (OBJECTIVE III)

3.3.1 Acquisition of Primary Dataset

The primary datasets will be obtained through field visits. They include the following:

i. Position of sites of interest using GPS (GARMIN GPSMAP 76X) were made

possible.

ii. Video clips were directly recorded by the Digital Video Camera (Sony Digital).

iii. Photographs of the tourism sites will be taken by using the Digital Camera.

3.3.2 Acquisition of Secondary Dataset

The Secondary Datasets needed were obtained from digitization of available map data

such as: Existing maps and aerial photographs of Cross River State.

3.3.3 Acquisition of Attribute data (Objective iv)

Attribute data: this includes non spatial description information of such sites of interest.

These were obtained through personal interview. Information about the tourism locations,

major roads and some minor roads tourist facilities and brief history of some tourism

location were collected.

3.4.0 DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURES AND DATABASE CREATION

3.4.1 Mapping of tourism site in Cross River State (Objective No. I)

Mapping of tourism site in Cross River State was done by integrating different datasets

(i.e. exiting maps and aerial photographs of Cross River State and Google map) in Arc-

GIS Environment. Analogue map was converted to digital format using scanner (A0).

Handheld GPS was used to obtain primary data for geo-referencing and updating of map.

Onscreen cartographic digitization method was used to convert the raster data to vector

format using Acrmap 10.1., to enable updating, attribute creation and further analysis.

3.4.2 Multimedia GIS Database Design and creation (Objective No ii)

3.4.3 Multimedia database design

The design and its implementation of the database were guided by the relationship

between the data to be stored in the database. The design process was concerned with

44

expressing these relationships followed by implementation and setting up a new structure

for these relationships within the chosen database software.

ii. Data Modeling

Any data adheres to a particular data model. It describes the general structures of how

data is organised. A data model is generally to be made up of three components

(Kroenke, 1998): A set of data structures, a set of data operations, and a set of inherent

integrity rules. Data modeling stage in this study comprised four different levels i.e.,

reality, conceptual design, logical design and physical design phase. The reality stage is

the mental abstraction of the reality for any application (Kufoniyi, 1998). In this project

the objects (entity type) in considerations were tourist facilities, major roads, hotels, and

towns.

a.) View of reality

In this project view of reality include roads network, tourist location, town etc. Reality

refers to a phenomenon as it actually exist which includes all aspects that may or may not

be perceived by individual. The view of reality is the mental abstraction of the reality for

a particular application or group of applications (Kufoniyi, 1998). The reality serves as

needful input into the design phase.

b.) Conceptual design

In the conceptual data model, the area object, line object, and point object are the basic

data sets and they are represented by an entity relational diagram. Each of the primary

entities has a specific attribute. There attributes and there connecting lines represent their

various relationship. Entity type is the abstraction that represents a class of similar object

about which the system is given to contain information.

c.) Logical design

The second phase in database design is the logical design (see figure 3.3). It is a

representation of the data model which reflects the recoding of the data in computer

system. In this case, entities, attributes and their relationship are represented in a single

uniform manner in form of relations and in a manner such that there would be no

information loss and at same no unnecessary duplication of data (Kufoniyi, 1998).

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iii. Data Model Adopted for the Research: - Vector data model was adopted for

this research. Vector data model is a representation of an object-based model as a

collection of nodes, areas and polygons. Arcs are principal one-dimensional

spatial objects, and a continuous image of a straight-line segment. Polygon is the

area enclosed by a simple closed polyline. Node is a topological structure that

represents explicitly the adjacency relationships between areas in a subdivision of

a surface. Primary constituent entities are directed arcs, nodes, and areas.

Generally vector data represents map features in graphic elements known as

points, lines and polygons (areas). Vector graphics coordinates are represented as

single or a series of x y coordinates. Data is normally collected in this format by

tracing map feature on the actual source maps or photos with a stylus on digitizing

board or through heads up digitizing.

Figure 3.3 Spatial data modeling (Source: Kufoniyi (1998)

iv. Entity Types in the Study Area

Entity type is a basic component of the Entity Relationship model. It can be defined as an

abstraction of a collection of similar objects, about which the system holds information.

An entity must have a number of properties to qualify as such: There must be more than

VIEW OF REALITY

DESIGN PHASE`

CONSEPTUAL DESIGN

LOGICAL DESIGN

PHYSICAL DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION PHASE SPATIAL

DATABASE

REALITY

46

one occurrence of the entity. Each occurrence must be uniquely identifiable, there must

be data that the users want to hold about the entity and it should be of direct interest to

the system. Each item or information the user holds about an entity is known as attribute

or data item.

Entity types in the study area include:

. Roads

. Tourism facilities

. Tourist location

v. Topology

Entities do not exist in isolation but are related to other entities. In. physical data

structures, these relationships are signified by physical links such as pointers and logical

models relationships. Each relationship must be executed by the relational database

systems normal query structure. The number of occurrence of each entity type

participating in a given relationship is denoted by the degree of relationship.

Vi Database structure that was adopted

Relational data structure was adopted. This consists of table of attributes (columns) and

(rows). The attributes and rows contained information (data) which bore relations to one

another. Usually common column (relational fields) is an identification number for

selected geographic feature.

The relational database structure was used with the following relations:

Table 3.1 Relational database structure

Entities Id

Tourist facilities TF

Tourist Location TL

Road FID

Source: Author

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d.) Physical design

This section is based on the way the data were represented in the format of the

implementation software so as to achieve the objective of the database creation. After

designing a data structure and procured the necessary hardware and software, the overall

system model should be defined to facilitate ease of data exchange. With primary data in

place, actual database implementation follows starting with data acquisition, the created

table can then be populated with the impute data after carrying out all the necessary

corrections.

3.4.4 Database implementation

This is the creation of both the necessary attribute relation and the graphical layers as set

out by the design specification. Implementation involved linking of both the attribute and

spatial data together and generating queries that can solve spatial problems. Arc-GIS 10.1

was used for this database implementation. Database implementation involves the

following steps:

1. Selection of hardware and software based on data to be stored and the format.

2. physical database creation, to inputs data into the database

3. lastly, the graphical display of the spatial data content of the database

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Table 3.2: Sample of Tourist Site table created in Arc-GIS 10.1

Source: Lab work

3.4.5 Multimedia GIS database creation:

The multimedia attached to the map could actually be done in two basic approaches viz:

multimedia in GIS approach in contrast to GIS in multimedia Schneider (1999). The

attachment of pictorial representation within the GIS was done using hyperlink facility of

Arcmap. Picture of various site of interest was taken using a digital camera, edited using

U lead video studio software and hyperlinked in the GIS. Ulead Media Studio Pro X and

Microsoft Windows Media Player was used in this project to convert recorded sound to

wave files and scanned images, text and pictures into video clips. Video clips directly

recorded using the Digital Video Camera were downloaded using Ulead video studio

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Version X and Windows Movie Makers with a FIREWIRE 1394 adapter, into the

Personal Computer equipped with a microphone where the relational GIS database was

created. Video clips with sound were hot-linked with the other types of data in the Arc

GIS.

The procedure for developing a GIS Database may be summarized as follows:

i. Conversion of analogue map to digital format using two methods described in

section 3.2 and creation of shape files.

ii. Creation of relational tabular database with their attributes and hotlinking

with shape files in Arc-map environment.

iii. Creation of GIS database for Tourism with capabilities for queries.

vi. Conversion of recorded digital photographs and video clips and sound to wave

files and to AVI format.

iv. Linking multimedia files to files in GIS database.

Sound Text Graphics Picture

Video Music Table Descriptive Text Drawing Map Still Pictures Pictures

GIS Database for Tourism

Multimedia GIS Database

Figure 3.4: Multimedia GIS Database. Author

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3.5.0 Analysis and Information Presentation (Objective v &vi)

There is a wide range of function for data analysis available in most GIS packages;

including measurement techniques, attribute quarries, proximity analysis, overlay

operation and analysis of surface and network analysis.

What distinguishes GIS from other information systems is its ability to carry out spatial

analysis. No meaningful GIS project can be said to have been compacted without

carrying out spatial analysis.

3.5.1 Data Analysis (for objective v)

The final result is a Multimedia map of Cross River State. This is going to be presented in

print form (i.e. paper map) for the public usage and in the original digital format for

experts and GIS analyst in the State; this digital copy is subject to query and further

improvement.

3.5.2 Spatial search

The tables containing information about the tourist locations and attraction will be

assessed by clicking any layer of your choice and right clicking to open the attribute

table. This attribute table is a general attribute table containing locations, name, and

features present in the layer. Further check on the individual information of the feature

will be made possible by right click and selecting 'attribute'. Only the information

pertaining to that feature appears.

Further information can be obtained through the hyperlink. This could be through

the use of the hyperlink icon on the tool bars and then clicking on the feature. A clear

digital photograph of the feature appears, giving one the opportunity of seeing the feature

before even locating it in real life situation. This aids in the identification when looking

for it on ground.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

There is a wide range of function for data analysis available in most GIS packages;

including measurement techniques, attribute quarries, proximity analysis, overlay

operation and analysis of surface and network analysis. What distinguishes GIS from

other information systems is its ability to carry out spatial analysis. No meaningful GIS

project could be said to have been compacted without carrying out spatial analysis. The

spatial analysis carried out for this project was spatial search (single and multiple criteria

queries).

4.1.0 ANALYSIS OF RESULT

Performing queries on a GIS database to retrieve data is an essential part of most projects.

Queries offer a method of data retrieval and can be performed on data that are part of the

GIS database or on a new data produced as a result of data and results obtained. The

analysis performed in this project work was to test the system and it included spatial

search (data retrieval). The analyses are considered within the precincts of single and

multi criteria analysis.

In order to obtain the best answers from the database system several types of queries

were framed and executed. This was made possible as a result of links between the

graphic data and attribute data being acceptable to the implementing software for the

purpose of this project. Analyses and queries were generated based on the composite map

of the study area.

4.1.1 SINGLE CRITERIA QUERIES

This is a situation where single condition is used to query on database. e.g. query

showing Ikom – Calabar Highway. Spatial search operations were used to demonstrate

single criteria analysis. This is to answer questions like what is, where and where is

what? The variants of queries involved are: query by attribute and query by location.

Query by attribute: This was used to retrieve a geographical record from the

information system by defining a certain criteria. It was implemented by building an SQL

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expression in the selected attribute dialogue box of arc-map label. Figure 4.1 below is an

example of query by attribute.

Figure 4.1: show result of query by attribute with syntax “name”=” salt pond”

Figure 4.1 above demonstrate query by attribute generated from the database to show the

location of salt pond and attribute table in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River

State.

Query by location: This was used to retrieve geographic records from the information

system by defining a certain criteria. There two methods of retrieving geographic records

by location i.e. by using identity tool to click on the feature or by defining a spatial query

in the selected by location dialogue box. The result of using the identity tool to click at

location displayed a description of the attributes of the feature at the location. For

example figure 4.2 below show the result of query by location using identity tool.

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Figure 4.2 Query by location using identity tool.

Figure 4.2 above demonstrate query by location generated using identity tool to identify

the location of Monolith in Ikom Local Government Area of Cross River State.

4.1.2 MULTIPLE CRITERIA QUERIES

This is a situation where more than one condition is used to query on database. e.g.,

Query for tour sites with object ID equal to 2 or less than or equals 14 (see figure 4.3).

There are two types of queries allowed by the multimedia GIS databases: One of them is

called Tabular Queries (see figure 4.3).

Figure 4.3 Query for tour sites with with syntax “ID”= “2 or<= 14”

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The figure 4.3 above is an example of multiple criteria query. It shows attribute

table and locations of various tourist attractions in Obanliku Local Government Area of

Cross River State. This is Obudu Mountain resort and is one of the finest tourist

destinations in the world. Visitors will experience incredible views, often through the

clouds, as you are 1,576 meters above sea level. This is one of the only places in Nigeria

with a temperate climate. Obudu offers a total contrast and welcome respite from Africa’s

tropical heat. Idyllic tranquility, beautiful scenery and breathtaking views make it ideal

for the lone adventurer, families on reunion, young couples or holiday groups. Tours to

view the magnificent scenery and spectacular birdlife are a must for the visitor to this part

of the world and these tours can be taken on foot or on bicycle. For those who forgot to

pack binoculars, the Canopy Walkway which is situated in the trees allows visitors

thrilling close-ups of the birds in their natural habitat high above the ground. This is a

place of peace and tranquility. When you go to sleep at night, you need a covering sheet

to keep you warm. Obudu is a section of the Oshie Ridge Plateau of the Sankwala

Mountains, approximately 65 kms from the town of Obudu, in the north eastern region of

Cross River, a six hour drive from Calabar.

4.1.3 MULTIMEDIA QUERIES

A Query may be multimedia in nature. For example, the user or tourist may ask to

see Cable Car in Obudu cattle ranch in Obanliku L.G.A. The result of this query is

displayed in Figure 4.2. The Query feature of a GIS database may assist a tourist to plan

his trip a priori, based on facts and figures, or visualization obtained through answers to

these and other types of queries.

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Figure 4.4 Multimedia Query showing video of cable car in Obanliku L.G.A Cross River State Figure 4.4 is a multimedia query showing video of cable car in Obodu Mountain resort. In

In 2005, the Cross River State Government installed a cable car which brings guests from

the base of the mountain to the summit of the resort – this is currently the world’s longest

point to point cable car system. You can go horse riding to cover distances or take a ride

in the cable car that conveys passengers from the base to the top of the mountain, which

gives you a scenic view while bypassing the extremely winding road to the top.

Figure 4.5 Multimedia query showing location, photograph and history (in text format) of monolith in Ikom L.G.A of Cross River State. A visit to Nigeria’s Stonehenge,

56

Figure 4.5 is also a multimedia query of Monolith in Ikom Local Government Area of

Cross River State. This query shows the location, photograph and brief history of

Monolith. Ikom monoliths, is an uplifting historical and anthropological experience.

The Ikom monoliths are known as Akwanshi or Atal among the Ejagham people of Cross

River State and are found scattered amongst over thirty different communities. In each

community, the stones are found in circles, facing each other standing erect, except where

they have been affected by the elements or tampered with by man. Exposure to extreme

weather conditions has put these monoliths at risk of erosion and deterioration.

Figure 4.6 photograph and location of Agbokim waterfalls in Etoung L.G.A Cross River

State.

Figure 4.6 is a multimedia query of Agbokim waterfall in Etoung Local Government Area

of Cross River State. The waterfall is located on the Cross River, enclosed in a lush,

tropical rainforest. It is the ideal spot for a picnic or to escape to a tranquil spot to be with

nature. The river descends through the forest via picturesque terraces, providing plenty of

secluded spots that are perfect for bird watching or just enjoying the sound of the water.

57

Figure 4.7 Video of Obudu Mountain Resort in Obanliku L.G.A of Cross River State.

Figure 4.7 is a video of Obudu Mountain Resort (formerly known as the Obudu Cattle

Ranch) is a ranch and resort on the Obudu Plateau in Cross River State, Nigeria. It was

developed in 1951 by Mr. McCaughley, a Scot who first explored the mountain ranges in

1949. The Obudu Cattle Ranch known presently as the Obudu Mountain Resort is found

on the Obudu Plateau close to the Cameroon Border in the northeastern part of Cross

River State of Nigeria, approximately 110 kilometers (68 mi) east of the town of Ogoja

and 65 kilometers (40 mi) from the town of Obudu in Obanliku Local Government Area

of Cross River State. It is about 30 minutes drive from Obudu town and is about a 332

kilometers (206 mi) drive from Calabar, the Cross River State capital.

58

Figure 4.8 Photograph and attribute table showing the location of the canopy walkway in

Boki L.G.A of Cross River State.

Figure 4.8 is a multimedia query of canopy walkway showing location, photograph and

attribute table. The Canopy Walkway is a series of suspension bridges linked to

platforms mounted on trees. The walkway starts off from a hillside slope through flat

ground using inclined bridges. This allows tourists to experience a unique, once-in-

lifetime walk in the upper canopy of the rainforest.

4.2.0 DISCUSSION

A user-friendly Multimedia GIS database, developed in this research constitutes a great

resource for producing various tourist maps of Cross River State.

4.2.1 GIS and Hot-linking/Hyperlink

The location of tourist features and activities are very important to a tourist. Figure 4.1,

4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 show different queries generated from Multimedia GIS

database. Composite Tourism Map of Cross River State was also produced in printed

format (A1).

The Tables containing information about the tourist locations and attraction could be

assessed by clicking any layer of your choice and right clicking to open the attribute

table. This attribute table was a general attribute table containing locations, name, and

59

features present in the layer. Further check on the individual information of the feature

can be made possible by right click and selecting 'attribute'. Only the information

pertaining to that feature appears. Further information could be obtained through the

hyperlink. This could be viewed through the use of the hyperlink icon on the tool bars

and then clicking on the feature. A clear digital photograph of the feature appears, giving

one the opportunity of seeing the feature before even locating it in real life situation. This

aids in the identification when looking for it on ground.

4.2 APPLICATIONS OF MULTIMEDIA GIS DATABASE

Sustainable Tourism Development has in recent times become an increasingly popular

subject. The World Tourism Organisation (WTO, 2001) defined it as a tourism development

that meets the “needs of the present tourists and the host regions while protecting and

enhancing opportunities for the future” and also leads to “the management of all tourism

resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while

maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life

support system” (Liu, 2003). It has been demonstrated in the previous section that

multimedia GIS tourism database meets the needs of tourists and the host regions by the use

of spatial and aspatial multimedia queries which provided qualitative and quantitative

information about locations of tourism sites, optimum plan for sight and seeing. Besides,

a multimedia GIS database could be easily updated and expanded to meet the future

needs of both tourist and the host regions. According to Bahaire and Elliott-White (1999)

GIS “can be regarded as providing a tool box of techniques and technologies of wide

applicability to the achievement of sustainable tourism development”. A multimedia GIS

provides a bigger “tool box” with the addition and integration of pictures, sound, map and

text data into a conventional GIS database. Such a database constitutes the basis for

providing efficient and productive multimedia spatial information service by both private

and government tourism agents all over the State.

A multimedia GIS for tourism industry in the State serves as a tourism resource

data inventory which is fundamental for sustainable planning of tourism. Besides GIS

functionality spatial analysis, spatial modelling, database integration, and queries could

be used to obtain useful information for sustainable tourism planning. Examples of such

useful information are:

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-Identification of the most suitable locations for ecotourism development

-Measurement of tourism impacts.

-Analysis of relationships associated with tourism resources.

Perhaps one of the greatest tools provided by GIS for sustainable tourism planning is the

map in its various types and scale-whether digital or analogue, small or large scale,

topographic or cadastral. Giles (2003) has identified three types of maps for tourism

planning-Tourist resource maps, tourist use maps and tourism capability maps which can

easily be generated from any multimedia GIS database with appropriate attribute

data.GIS database basically constitutes a decision support system for tourism

development control and direction. A map is the most important ingredient for

sustainable planning.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY:

GIS as a tool in modern day surveying and mapping that has brought changes to a wide

range of applications. Tourism not being an exception has experienced a fair share as

evidenced in the production of this multimedia map of tourist sites in Cross River State.

The production of this digital map and multimedia GIS Database started with data

acquisition using a lot of means and sources, conversion of such data to computer

compatible formats, then to selection of software, databases and the processing proper.

The entire exercise was carried out using mainly Arc-GIS 10.1 as the mother software.

5.3 CONCLUSION:

A multimedia GIS database contains unparalleled reservoir of multi-dimensional

inventory of tourism data which could easily and quickly be updated. Multimedia GIS

Tourism database and its by-products such as Tourists Maps could be used to create

awareness of the rich cultural and ecological tourism potentials of the State. This could

be used by a tourist or tourist agents for optimum planning of tours by the use of queries.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION:

Developing a Multimedia GIS database for tourism industry should not be an end in

itself, but a means to an end. Its establishment in any developing country such as Nigeria

by any tourism agency (public or private) should be regarded as a catalyst for sustainable

tourism development. Government agencies, ministries, parastatals and private

commissions and all other stakeholders in the tourism industry should as a matter of

urgency, computerize tourism operations. We are living in a digital age in which it is hard

to survive without expertise in Information and Communication Technology (ICT).This

will enable stakeholders in this vital industry to save large volumes of tourism data in an

organized manner, such that storage, correction, updating and retrieval of such data can

be performed with ease.

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