multiple & mixed method approaches

MULTIPLE & MIXED METHOD APPROACHES

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Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 23/9/2013

PERBANDINGAN

Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2013


PARADIGMA KE TIGA


PRAGMATISME


RISIKO DALAM MENGGUNAKAN MM


TIPOLOGI RISET MM

..



PARADIGMA


TIPOLOGI RISET MM

Diunduh dari: …… 23/9/2012

TUJUANNYATujuan integrasi

Tujuan desain MM

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Perkembangan selama 20 tahun terakhir

Increasing interest in and advocacy for mixed methods

Evolving understanding of what is mixed methods research

Developing designs and innovative techniques

“The emergence of mixed methods as a third methodological movement in the social and behavioral sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003: 697)

Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912

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Perkembangan MMA

Mentioned severalapproaches for combining

qualitative and quantitative research

Advanced considerations for deciding what model to use (literature

available, prior studies, realistic design, expertise)

Suggested to describe each method thoroughly

“Combining qualitative and quantitative methods has gained broad appeal in

public health research.” (1999)


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BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR


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Editors: John W. Creswell and Abbas TashakkoriManaging Editor: Vicki L.Plano Clark

Email: [email protected]

JournalsDevoted to Mixed Methods:

Fieldwork Quality and Quantity Mixed Method

Approaches

A New Journal


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International ConferencesMixed Methods Conference,

Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008

Proposed mixed methods conference, Sydney, Australia, 2009

Discipline conferences with mixed methods papers


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Kritik Pakar (Creswell, 2007) Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods?

Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.

Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.

Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks. Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July 10-12, 2006.

What are the limits for mixed methods research? Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the

quantitative-qualitative debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.

Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation of mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.

Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research:

Contexts for criticism. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.


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MMR TIDAK BERBEDA DENGAN METODE LAINNYA

Collecting data

Analyzing and interpreting data

Identifying a purpose and stating questions

Reporting and evaluating the study

Identifying a research problem

Reviewing the literature


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Mixed Methods di dalam Designs

Ethnography Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental research

Qual ----- Quan Qual----- Quan Qual-----Quan Qual---- Quan


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Istilah-istilah yang PopulerMulti-methodTriangulation IntegratedCombinedQuantitative and qualitative

methodsMulti-methodologyMixed methodologyMixed-methodMixed researchMixed methods


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BAGAIMANA MENCAMPUR-NYA

Results

Connect data:

Results

Data Konvergen:

Embed the data:Quan data

Qual data

Qual Quan

Qual Quan


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MENGAPA MENCAMPUR ?

Validity – to corroborate quan and qual data Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual

and draw on strengths Completeness – more comprehensive account

that qual or quan alone Process – quan provides outcomes; qual, the

processes Explanation – qual can explain quan results

or vice-versa Unexpected results – surprising results from

one, other explains Instrument development – qual employed to

design instrument Credibility – both approaches enhance

integrity of findings Context – qual provides context; quan

provides general. Utility – more useful to practitioners


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“Single” Paradigm Ke -3 Pragmatism (Tashakkori & Teddlie,

2003) Focus on research question What “works,” consequences Multiple methods – large toolkit

Transformative (Mertens, 2003) Transform lives of under represented,

marginalized groups Incorporate this focus into all phases

of researchDiunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912

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Perkembangan Designs dan Teknik-teknik Inovatif

Notation Typologies Diagrams of procedures Complex evaluation models Reconceptualizing designs Emergence of innovations in

procedures Unusual blendsMethodological issuesData analysis techniquesPresentation techniques

Key Developments


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Preliminary Design Considerations (Morse, 1991)

Approach Type Purpose Limitations Resolutions

QUAL + quan Simultaneous Enrich description of sample

Qualitative sample Utilize normative data for comparison of results

QUAL Sequential Test emerging H, determine distribution of phenomenon in population

Qualitative sample Draw adequate random sample from same population

QUAN + qual Simultaneous To describe part of phenomena that cannot be quantified

Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample

QUAN Sequential To examine unexpected results

Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample

quan

qual


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QUANData & Results Interpretation

QUALData & Results

QUANPre-test Data & Results

QUANPost-test

Data & Results

Intervention

qualProcess

Interpretation

Triangulation Design

Embedded Design

Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs

Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)


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Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs

QUANData & Results

Interpretation

qualData & Results

Following up

QUALData & Results

quanData & Results Interpretati

onBuilding to

Before-intervention

qual

QUANIntervention

Trial

After-intervention

qual Interpretation

Exploratory Design

Explanatory Design

Sequential Embedded Design


Pemikiran pentingnya ... MM..

Combinations of methods that could be chosen

The epistemological and ontological implications of what is chosen

The practicalities of carrying out the research

How the data are going to be brought together (lack of theory?)

Tensions between approaches and methods

Apakah kita memahami? Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)

▪ Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms

▪ Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed paradigms

▪ Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to other?

▪ Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?

▪ Triangulation – outcome of MMRD?* ▪ Data transformation

Quantitized data Qualitized data

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Mengapa kita lakukan?

Emic and etic understandings?Multiple research questions?Multiple facets or contextsMultiple of singular reality?Mixed phenomena?

Bagaimana kita melakukannya?

Sequential or parallel?Linked or independent?Respondent enrolmentDevelopment of research

instrumentsTime requiredCosts – value for money?Necessary expertise?Team organisation and

communication 31

Penanganan DataWhere’s your theory? How does

that help?Assumptions and presumptions –

negotiating a path through/round them

Integration; triangulation; combination?

When are you going to integrate? Have you missed the moment?

Will your audience understand?

Possible tensions?

Methodological▪ Differing findings▪ Unit of analysis

Political▪ Preference/requirements of ‘audiences’

Practical▪ Time▪ Money▪ Age of data

Arguing for....... MMR

Is it the ideal approach?

Memperkuat pemahaman tentang:

Multi-faceted nature of all phenomena

ContextualityMicro-meso-macro dimensions / relationships

Agency and structure

Topik “Kerentanan” = VULNERABILITY

Essentialist approachesConstructionist approachesFixed state/statusContextual and fluidAn inherent weakness or

something managed and negotiated?

Children and vulnerability

Pendekatan Metoda Tunggal?

Which one and why that?

Insufficient for some purposes eg Policy development

Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro interfaces and relationships

Structure and agency

Some presumptions are problematic37

MM: Multiple / Mixed Methods

Multi-dimensional phenomenon Access via different methods derived

from an interpretivist stance Can explore contingency and dynamic

aspects Draw on emic and etic

conceptualisations to plan a strong design for mixed methods

Can explore structural relationships and agency/structure interfaces

Etika Data Sekunder dan Pertanyaan Riset

Census data National data sets (eg GHS) National statistical returns (eg Crime

statistics for HO) Published research findings Local surveys (primary data) Local statistics (secondary/primary data) Limited data about children

Pertanyaan Penelitian Specific (hypotheses) Determined at start by outside

‘experts’/prior research Limited by what is available eg area;

analysis unit

Contoh : Etika Pertanyaan tentang “Kerentanan”

The example of children and non-domestic violence

Area level: ‘risky’ areas?▪ Deprived areas (IMD measurements): are high crime rates against children associated with neighbourhood levels of deprivation?

Individual level: vulnerable people?▪ Are children more or less vulnerable to non-domestic violence than other age groups?

▪ How does this vary by (eg) age, ethnicity, gender, imputed social class, household income?

Relevansi MM ? Children are often seen as

inherently vulnerable

Particularly the case in policy terms

Indirect challenge from sociology of childhood Agency ; social actors But ambivalence about children as

vulnerable members of society

Pendekatan MM Interested in the different ways in

which children might construct, explain and experience vulnerability

Theoretical integration with macro level understandings of children as vulnerable

Children aged between 10 and 18, living at home with at least one parent

MM TERINTEGRASI

No predetermined definition of vulnerability

Interviews to explore how they conceptualised vulnerability and how they responded to it

Photo-elicitation and video-journey interviews in addition

Focus here on integrated findings for non-domestic safety and vulnerability

Theorising the integrated findings

Vulnerability emerges as contextual to the social worlds of the participants

Reflects the ways in which children/young people are positioned between structures which constrain their actions on the basis of their age, and their own desires, opportunities, and abilities to be (relatively) autonomous social actors

Vulnerability is a site around which the relationship between their structural position in their families, and in society more generally, and their status as social actors is played out

PERKEMBANGAN LANJUT

Using a mixed methods approach Interface between micro and macro dimensions of physical safety, distributions of risk, violence

Would need primary data to capture distributions of management strategies

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Proses Integrasi: Mengkombinasikan

metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa sehingga: Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan

Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya masing-masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan satu-sama lain)

Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya

Alternatif Integrasi

▪ Integrasi sejak awal riset▪Selama pengumpulan data▪Melalui Analisis Data▪Melalui Interpretasi▪ Sebagai hasil Presentasi

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multiple & mixed method approaches

Documents

mixedmethods research

quantitative methods

emergence of mixed methods

mixedup methods

paradigma diunduh dari

pragmatisme diunduh

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journal of research