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multiple sclerosis and cognitive dysfunction

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John H. Day Psychology 491 Dr. Leavy Multiple Sclerosis and Cognitive Dysfunction: Untangling the Web of Interactions Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, progressive disease without a cure. In MS, nerve fibers lose their myelin sheaths, through an attack by T-lymphocytes, white  blood cells (Rose, Watt, White, & Carlson, 2004). The T-lymphocytes seem to perceive the myelin as an inflammation. Myelin is in the plasma membrane of the Schwann cell, and it is lipid-rich (Rothenberg & Chapman, 2000). With a loss myelin, the signals from the axons are impaired and/or interrupted. Commonly, lesions form around the demyelinated axons. The exact cause of MS has not been determined, but is believed to  be linked to the X chromosome (Smith and McDonald, 1999). Symptoms of MS include, but are not limited to: ataxia, abnormal reflexes, tremors, sexual dysfunction, difficulty in urination, emotional instability, optic neuritis, heat sensitivity, cognitive difficulties, fatigue, dizziness, and, vertigo (Calabresi, 2004; Rothenberg & Chapman, 2000). Onset age of MS is typically 20-45, affecting twice as many females as males, and particularly affecting peop le of Northern European descent (Calabresi, 2004). In the United States, approximately 250 000 to 400 000 people have MS (Samkoff, 2002). There are four recognized varieties of MS: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), primary  progressive (PPMS), secondary progressive (SPMS), and progressive-relapsi ng (PRMS). RRMS is found in 57.9% of persons with MS and is characterized by periods of relapse,

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