Municipal Waste Policy in Japan

Shusaku Yamaya, Professor

Toyo University Japan

1

19 March 2015 ACT Government

1. MSW in Japan

• Definition for MSW in Japan • Features of Waste Management in Japan Many Incinerators Strained Landfill Capacity Many Trash Items for Source Separation Small MSW Volume (g/capita/day) Low Recycling Rates

2

Definition for MSW in Japan

• MSW: Waste excepting Industrial Wastes • Industrial Wastes include C & D Waste ■ Japanese municipalities do not deal with C & D ■Australian municipalities do deal with C & D

3

MSW Treatment in Japan 2013

incineration79.7％

landfill 1.3％

recycling inMRF14.0％

directrecycling

5.0％

4

Sites of Incinerators in Japan

Year Sites 1998 1,769 ■Anti-Dioxin Regulation was strengthened 2003 1,396 2013 1,173

5

Waste Incinerator in Tokyo

6

MSW Landfill Capacity and Residual Years in JPN

145 138 133 130 121 122 116 114 114 112 107

153160165

19.319.719.419.318.718.015.515.614.814.014.013.8

13.212.8

0

100

200

300

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013year

LF capacity（million ㎥）

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0 Res years

LF capacity R years

7

Landfill Site: Normal Case

8

Landfill Site: Abnormal Case many kites seek for kitchen food

Many Trash Items for Source Separation

＜Standard Case＞ Garbage Items ・Burnable Garbage ・Non-Burnable Garbage ・Large Trash ・Harmful Garbage Recyclable Items ・Used Paper ・Cloth ・Glass Bottles ・Cans ・Spray Cans ・Metals ・PET Bottles ・Other Plastics

10

Trash Items for Source Separation in Japanese municipalities

11

Numbers of Municipalities

Items for Separation

Refuse Collection: Collective System

12

Refuse Collection: Door-to-Door System

13

14

Refuse Collection Vehicle in Tokyo

Collection of recyclables in Tokyo

15

Collection of recyclables: grass bottles & cans

16

Sorting Line for Recyclable Plastics

17

5,204

4,536 4,5234,487

4,543

5,3705,483

5,420

4,625

4,811

5,082

5,2725,338

5,4275,468

958964976976

994

1,159

1,185 1,1801,1661,163

1,1461,1311,116

1,089

1,033

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Year

10thousand ｔ

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

g/capita/dayMSW total MSW g/capita/day

Small Volume of MSW in Japan

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Low Recycling Rates in Japan

20.6

20.520.619.020.520.320.319.619.017.6

16.815.9

15.014.313.1

12.111.010.39.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

95 96 97 98 99

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

(%)

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2. Waste Reduction Policy

Main MSW Problems in Japan ① Growing Environmental Impact ② Strained Landfill Capacity ③ High Waste Disposal Cost Waste Reduction

Hierarchy of Waste Management

① Reduce (Source Reduction) ② Reuse (Reusing) ③ Recycle (Material Recycling) ④ Thermal Recovery ⑤ Disposal

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22 22

3 R are important for construction of System Flow of Closed-Loop Society

Reduce

Production

Reuse

Recycle Disposal

Reduce

Reduce

Distribution Consumption

Flow of Dynamic System Flow of Static System

Recycled Material

Reused Component

Reuse Market

3. Visualization for MSW Reduction

＜Relation between Visualization and MSW Reduction＞

Visualization Non-visualization

Decrease Increase

What are not visualized ?

■garbage itself ■Information on the waste • Environmental impact • Costs for Administration and Citizen • Recyclability of garbage

The Process Citizens Act for Waste Reduction

Recognition Lag

Visualization Recognition Action Lag

Opportunity Promotion Incentive Action

Visualization of Garbage Itself

■Introduction of Transparent Garbage Bag ＜Effect＞ Improvement of Source Separation Several Percent of Garbage Reduction ■ Introduction of Door-to-Door Collection System ＜Effect＞ Improvement of Source Separation Several Percent of Garbage Reduction

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Provision of Opportunity for Waste Reduction

■Education and Enlightenment ◎ Provision of Original Cloth Bags ◎ Provision of Kitchen Garbage Draining Goods ◎ Provision of Paper Bags for “Mixed Paper” Collection ・Mixed Paper account for 40% of Used Paper in Burnable Garbage

Economic Incentives for Waste Reduction

◎ subsidy for buying composting appliances ◎ subsidy for used paper collection activities by citizen’s groups ◎Paid Collection System

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4. Paid Collection System The Best Visualization and Incentive Program

29 Before Program After Program

Recyclables

Garbage

Source Reduction

Un-separated Recyclables

Garbage

Recyclables

Implementation Rate of Paid Collection by Cities in Japan

（694 cities） （735 cities） （802 cities） （809 cities） （806 cities）

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（813 cities）

Fee Level and Effect on Disposal Waste Reduction Disposal Waste = Burnable + Unburnable + Large

-7.0

-16.2 -18.1

-20.0

-27.4

-8.0

-17.7 -20.0

-23.0

-31.9 -35.0

-30.0

-25.0

-20.0

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

next year 5th year

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10yen-

（N=11)

30yen-

（N=27)

40yen-

（N=24)

50yen-

（N=26)

70yen-

（N=30)

Average Reduction R

ate

（％）

Fee Level and Effect on Household Waste Reduction Household Waste=Disposal Waste + Recyclables

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10yen-

（N=11)

30yen-

（N=27)

40yen-

（N=24)

50yen-

（N=26)

70yen-

（N=30)

Average Reduction R

ate

（％）

Effect of Paid Collection System in Japan

1. Good reduction effect achieved both on disposal waste and on household waste 2. Reduction effects become better as fee level increase 3. Rebound trend has not been observed and reduction trend continues

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5. Reconfirm the Importance of 3R

■Trend of MSW Reduction has continued, ■Consciousness of 3R has taken root in Japan Ｂｕｔ， Promotion for More ３Ｒ is ‘Must’ Make the Most Use of Visualization Measures ■Zero Waste Strategy is useful for the Visualization of Municipal Waste Reduction Goal

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