muons for time-dependent studies in magnetismmagnetism.eu/esm/2011/slides/andreica-slides.pdf ·...
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
D. Andreica, Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA
The European School on Magnetism, 22.08-01.09 2011, Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Content:
Introduction: muon properties; history.
SR method: muon beams; sample environment;
Muons for solid state physics & examples.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
In a few words:
Polarized muons (S=1/2) are implanted into the sample
The spin of the muon precesses around the local magnetic
field
The muons decay (2.2 s) by emitting a positron
preferentially along the spin direction.
The positrons are counted/recorded in hystograms along
certain directions = the SR spectra = the physics of your
sample.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
It belongs to the family of NMR, EPR, PAC, neutron
scattering and Mossbauer experimental methods.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
-Small magnetic probe. Spin: 1/2, Mass: m = 206.7682838(54) me =
0.1126095269(29) mp
- Charge: +-e
- Muon beam 100% polarized → possibility to perform ZF
measurements
- Can be implanted in all type of samples
- Gyromagnetic ratio: = 2 x 13.553882 (0.2 ppm) kHz/Gauss →
senses weak magnetism.
- Allows independent determination of the magnetic volume and of
magnetic moment.
- Possibility to detect disordered magnetism (spin glass) or short
range magnetism.How ?
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
The muon decay into an electron and two neutrinos after an
average lifetime of = 2.19703(4) s:
+ e+ + e +
The decay is highly anisotropic.
Muon, positron, neutrino
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIAMuon, positron, neutrino
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Origin: cosmic rays; accelerators
Muons: from pions;
+ + + (+ = 26.03 ns)
Pions: from protons
p + p p + n + +
p + n n + n + +
How do we cook muons?
Muon, positron, neutrino, cosmic ray, pion, proton, neutron
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Let’s go back to beginning of the
XX’th century (1911):
Keywords are: radioactivity, radiation,
cosmic rays.
Muon, positron, neutrino, cosmic ray, pion, proton, neutron
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
1911: Wilson invents the cloud
chamber
? What are the cosmic rays?
? What do we find if we smash
the nucleus, and how we can do
that?
Nuclear physics starts its
development.
Scientist had ideas to
check/verify and started to have
tools to do that.
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1919: Rutherford discovers the proton.
This was the first reported nuclear reaction, 14N + α → 17O + p.
The hydrogen nucleus is therefore present in other nuclei as an
elementary particle, which Rutherford named the proton.
Up to about 1930 it was presumed that the fundamental particles
were protons and electrons but that required that somehow a number
of electrons were bound in the nucleus to partially cancel the charge
of A protons (the atomic mass number A of nuclei is a bit more than
twice the atomic number Z for most atoms and essentially all the
mass of the atom is concentrated in the relatively tiny nucleus).
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
1931: James Chadwick (NP 1935) discovers the neutron.
Performed a series of scattering experiments with -particles
Applying energy and momentum conservation he found that the mass of this new object was ~1.15 times that of the proton mass.
Picked up where Rutherford left off with morescattering experiments…
Chadwick postulated that the emergent radiation was from a new, neutral particle, the neutron.
126 C + 10 n
+ 94 Be
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1932: Carl Anderson (NP1937) discovers the positron (predicted by Dirac in 1928): in cosmic rays passing through a cloud chamber immersed in a magnetic field
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Lead plate
Positron
Larger curvatureof particleabove platemeans it’s moving slower(lost energy as itpassed through)
A “Cloud Chamber” is capable of detecting charged particles as they pass through it.
The chamber is surrounded by a magnet.
The magnet bends positively charged particles in one direction, and negatively charged particles in the other direction.
By examining the curvature above and belowthe lead plate, we can deduce:
(a) the particle is traveling upward in thisphotograph.
(b) it’s charge is positive
Using other information about how far it traveled, it can be deduced it’s not a proton.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Fermi proposed that the unseen momentum (X) was carried off by a particle dubbed the neutrino ( ), discovered in 1956.
1934: Enrico Fermi (NP 1938)
To account for the “unseen” momentum in the reaction (decay):
np
e X
n p + e- + X
(means “little neutral one”)
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1935: Yukawa (NP 1949) predicts the existemce of a particle who
mediates the strong interaction (later called pion). He estimated its
mass to be around 0.1 GeV.
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Yukawa theory predicted that the negative
mesotron should be easily captured around
the positively charged atomic nucleus and
absorbed by the strong force before they
could decay.
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1936: Seth Neddermeyer and Carl Anderson discover the muon (mesotron): mass between that of the electron (x 200) and proton(/10)
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Penetrating cosmic ray tracks with unit charge but mass in between electron and proton (first seen in 1930 but misinterpreted as ultra-high-energy electrons obeying new laws of physics).
Particle Electric charge (x 1.6 10-19 C)
Mass (GeV=x 1.86 10-27 kg)
e 0.0005 0.106
p 0.938 n 0 0.940
0 0
Is this the Yukawa particle?
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
It was the mass that caused the muon to be confused with the pion.
1947: Marcello Conversi, Ettore Pancini & Oreste Piccioni:
show that the mesotron decays and measure its lifetime.
Targets: Iron; Carbon, …
Yes, it was, for some years ...
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
1947: Cecil Powell (NP 1950) discovers the pion in cosmic rays captured in photographic emulsion (Peak du Midi, french Alps)
The birth (A) and
death of a pion,
recorded by Lattes,
Occhialini and Powell
in 1947, one of the
first observations of
the creation of a
muon. AB=0.11 mm.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Spark chamber
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
ALL THE INGREDIENTS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
What to do with muons ?
Probe the magnetic field inside matter at a microscopic level
in order to have an insight into its magnetic and electronic
properties: local fields, field distributions and dynamics.
Exploit the analogy with protons· Diffusion in metals· A model for hydrogen in semiconductors and dielectrics· Muonium chemistry −isotope effects· A spin label for organic radicals − molecular dynamics
And where?
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
J-PARC
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
prot
on b
eam
acce
lera
ted
prod
uct io
nta
rget
muonbeamline
sample
detector
FBL
Re aftertime t
+
start
stop
SR spectraRaw spectra
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Production of a beam of polarised muons:
• Consider pions decaying at rest,
• since the pion is spinless and the neutrino helicity is −1
(i.e. its spin and linear momentum are antiparallel),
conservation of linear and angular momenta dictates:
One can have a muon beam which is 100% polarized, with Sµ
antiparallel to Pµ.
Such a beam is called a surface muon beam (Arizona beaam).
Muon kinetic energy: Eµ = 4.12 MeV.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Function of the beam momentum:
• Arizona (200 mg/cm2) (from pions decaying at rest)
• High energy (samples inside containers, p-cells) – (from
pions decaying in flight)
• Low energy (surfaces, interfaces, multilayers)
Function of the time structure:
• Continuous (PSI and TRIUMF)
• Pulsed (ISIS and J-PARC)
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
prot
on b
eam
acce
lera
ted
prod
uct io
nta
rget
muonbeamline
sample
detector
FBL
Re aftertime t
+
start
stop
SR spectraRaw spectra
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Muon implantation, thermalisation and localisation.
For decreasing kinetic energy of the muon:• Inelastic scattering of the muon involving Coulomb interaction through atomic excitations and ionisations.• µ+ picks up an electron to form a muonium atom Mu (i.e. a µ+-e− bound state) and releases it many times.• Last stage of thermalisation through collisions between Mu and atoms in the sample• Eventually, dissociation of Mu into µ+ and a free e−, in most cases. Exceptions are semiconductors, molecular materials. . .• This process takes place in 10−10 - 10−9 s.• No loss of muon polarisation during thermalisation.
Limited radiation damages: relatively few implanted µ+ ( 108).Muons finally localise in interstitial crystallographic sites.Implantation range for 4.12 MeV muons: 0.1 to 1 mm, dependingon material density.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
prot
on b
eam
acce
lera
ted
prod
uct io
nta
rget
muonbeamline
sample
detector
FBL
Re aftertime t
+
start
stop
SR spectraRaw spectra
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
with
→ B M order parameter:(sublattice) magnetizatio
µSR works with FM orderas well as with AFM order !!(except for the special case where B = 0
More general case:
The ideal case: muons sense an internal magnetic field (delta function) at their stopping site.
Simple case of single-domain single crystal with one type of muon site and looking at the time evolution along z (and P(0) = 1):
)cos(sincos)( 22 ttPz
B
22
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
tAPtNBtN re 1 /exp0
prot
on b
eam
acce
lera
ted
prod
uct io
nta
rget
muonbeamline
sample
detector
FBL
Re aftertime t
+
start
stop
SR spectraRaw spectra i
irir tPAtAP
If the sample exhibits phase separation
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
The result that you obtain, APr(t), depends
on the:
• physics of your sample,
• quality of your sample,
• quality of your experiment.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Relaxation functions:
tAPtNBtN re 1 /exp0
Pr(t)
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Example.
P-NPNN: Ferromagnet & Tanol suberate: Antiferromagnet [from S.J. Blundell and F.L. Pratt, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) R771]
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Pr(t) : PX(t) and PZ(t) (ZF and TF geometries)
• The primary purpose of a µSR experiment is to determine the
evolution of the polarization of the implanted muons.
• The polarization is defined as the average over the muon ensemble
of the muon normalized magnetic moment or spin.
• In fact, only the projection of the polarization along a direction is
measured. This is the direction of the positron detector.
TF geometry: PX(t); LF or ZF geometry: PZ(t).
The muon momentum is, in both cases, || z
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
For the Zero-Field geometry: B = Bdip + Bc(only internal fields) Hyperfine contact field: due to the
electron spin density at the muon site
Dipolar field: depends on muon site and direction of m
Bdip m/r3
For m = 1 B and r = 1 Ǻ → Bdip 1 T
static moments as low as 0.001 B can be detected by µSR
1 mT · 0.14 MHz
ii
i
i
idip rr
mrrmB ii
23
31
m
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Spin precession
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Polycrystalline sample
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Actually, one needs to take into account broadening and/or dynamics:
![Page 47: Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetismmagnetism.eu/esm/2011/slides/andreica-slides.pdf · 2017-06-20 · Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism ESM 2011-Târgovişte,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070904/5f72079a212fec008d08844c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
0 5 10 15 20 25 300.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.33
PSI + MORE,ISIStime window
Normal PSI time window
P z(t)
t [sec]
Static isotropic Gaussian magnetic field distribution with zero average
Gaussian KUBO-TOYABE (KT) relaxation function
BtftPz322 d]cossincos[ B
2 exp1
32
31 22
22 tttPz
f(Bx)
Bx0
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
YbCu2Si
2
P(t)
TIME [sec]
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1 10 1000.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
YbCu2Si
2
[M
Hz]
TEMPERATURE [K]
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
0 2 4 6 8 100.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
5
2
10.5
0.20.1
/ = 0
P z(t)
t
ttPz exp = 22/
KT: Switch on the dynamicsJumps with a
characteristic
frequency .
Between jumps,
KT.
Initial and final
state are not
correlated.
No analitical form, only numerical integration and some approximations
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
0 2 4 6 8 100.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
5
2
10.5
0.20.1
/ = 0
Pz(t)
t
ttPz exp KT: Switch on the dynamics
! An exponential relaxation exp(-t) is an indication that there might be some dynamics in the system.
= 22/
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
To be sure: Longitudinal field SR; decoupling
= > apply a longitudinal field B>10 /
=
= 22/
In the fast fluctuation regime: no LF dependence of
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
The case of the Lorentzian
field distribution:
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Detection of phase separation:
Inhomogeneous:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Muo
n Sp
in P
olar
isat
ion
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Muo
n Sp
in P
olar
isat
ion
Time (s)
Homogeneous:
Frequency = Internal magnetic fieldAmplitude = Magnetic volume fraction
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Detection of phase separation:
Phase separation in magnetic und non-magnetic regions
m2
Volu
me
Muon Spin Rotation:A. Amato et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) S4403
Neutron scatteringF. Bourdarot et al., condmat/0312206
Not only observed under pressure, but alsoat ambient pressure by µSR on non‐perfect crystalsG.M. Luke et al., Hyp. Inter. 85 (1994) 397.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
T-p phase diagram:
![Page 67: Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetismmagnetism.eu/esm/2011/slides/andreica-slides.pdf · 2017-06-20 · Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism ESM 2011-Târgovişte,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070904/5f72079a212fec008d08844c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Checking of magnetic structures by SR
Example: CeB6Pm-3m
µSR Knight shift: A. Amato, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 (1997) 1119.
Field rotated in the (110) plane 3d‐position
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
CeB6 : Magnetic structure based on early neutron data :
with µ = 0.28 µB and k1 = [1/4,1/4,0] and k1
‘ = [1/4,1/4,1/2] J.M. Effantin et al.,J.M.M.M. 47‐48 (1985) 145
But incompatible with µSR studies: R. Feyerherm et al., Physica B 194‐196 (1994) 357.
)](2cos[)](2cos[ '1]0,1,1[1]0,1,1[ nnn tketkeS
Checking of magnetic structures by SR
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Checking of magnetic structures by SR
Reinterpretation of neutron data:
with k2 = [1/4,-1/4,0] and k2‘ = [1/4,-1/4,1/2]
and µi = 0.64 µB for z=1 + modulationµi = 0.073 µB for z=0 + modulation
O. Zaharko, Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 214401.
]2/)(2cos[]2/)(2cos[
)](2cos[)](2cos['2]0,1,1[2]0,1,1[
'1]0,1,1[1]0,1,1[
nn
nn
ii
iin
tketke
tketkeS
![Page 70: Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetismmagnetism.eu/esm/2011/slides/andreica-slides.pdf · 2017-06-20 · Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism ESM 2011-Târgovişte,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070904/5f72079a212fec008d08844c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Incommensurate magnetic structures
mi = coskri + )
By neutrons: For small k it may be not so easy to distinguish
between commensurate and incommensurate structure
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Incommensurate magnetic structures
By µSR:Each muon stopping site will be magnetically “unique” (B(ri) ≠ B(rj)) wide and smooth field distribution
at crystallographically equivalent muon stopping sites
For a simple modulation, the field at the muon site usually approximated by
B(r) = 0cosk·r) Only an approx. !!!
)()cos()()(12)( 0032
31
32
31
220
0
0
tBJdBBtBptPBB
BpB
B
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Incommensurate magnetic structures
Assuming a magnetic structure described by
By making the substitution we get:
The magnetic fields at the muon site lie in a plane and define an ellipse:
with principal axis: Bmin and Bmax
For an incommensurate structure, all the points of the ellipse will be reached and the field distribution given by:
ii
iii
idip rr
m2i
r rmB 313
i i
M
i
iiMidip rr
M 35
32cos 1r r1 Rk B
rrR ii
i i
M
i
iiMi
i i
M
i
iiMidip
rrM
rrM
35
35
32sin2sin
32cos2cos
1rr1 rk rk
1rr1 rk rk B
rk Srk SB 2sin2cos sincosdip
ii Rk Mm 2cos
2/1222/122
2BBBB
BBfmaxmin
Bmin Bmax
f (B
)B [a.u.]
0
0
B
By [a
.u.]
B z [a.u
.]
Bx [a.u.]
0
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Magnetic Superconductor CeRu2
A.D. Huxley et al., Phys. Rev. B 54 (1996) R9666
Magnetic state below 40K, mCe 10-4 B
Example sensivity
![Page 75: Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetismmagnetism.eu/esm/2011/slides/andreica-slides.pdf · 2017-06-20 · Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism ESM 2011-Târgovişte,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070904/5f72079a212fec008d08844c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Magnetic Superconductor CeRu2
Example sensivity
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Magnetic Superconductor CeRu2
Example sensivity
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Magnetic Superconductor CeRu2
Example sensivity
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
Sample: Pb0.8In0.2 . Annealed (increases sample homogeneity and
reduces bulk pinning); sample spark-cut from the ingot and chemically
polished (remove residual traces of oxidation, resulting in a shiny
surface with very low surface pinning).
Recall: in the mixed state of a type-II superconductor, the muons
are implanted at random positions in a magnetic field distribution B(r).
+B
I
B: 30 mT
I: Pulsed, up to 80 A, 20 s wide,
synchronized with the muon pulses:
80 ns long, repeating every 20 ms.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
In the absence of a transport current (static VL):
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
In the presence of a transport current (dynamic VL):
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
I have used also slides from:S. Blundell , A. Yaouanc, P. Dalmas de Reotier, R. Cywinski.I thank them here.
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA
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Muons for time-dependent studies in magnetism
ESM 2011-Târgovişte, ROMANIA