mus musculus
DESCRIPTION
Mus musculus. 85% homology with human DNA Genome of appx. 3 million base pairs. Xenoturburelli. No brain, spine, gut or sex organs ~50% homology with humans. Musa acuminata. 50% Homology With Humans. Drosophila melanogaster. 44% Homology With Humans - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Mus musculus
• 85% homology with human DNA
• Genome of appx. 3 million base pairs
Xenoturburelli
• No brain, spine, gut or sex organs
• ~50% homology with humans
Musa acuminata
• 50% Homology With Humans
Drosophila melanogaster
• 44% Homology With Humans
• Shares many similar disorders with humans including insomnia
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• 26% Homology With Humans
• Share the same genes responsible for breast cancer
Escherichia coli
• 7% Homology With Humans
• Harmful strains have 1300 genes; harmless have only 530 genes
Phylogeny
• Def: The Evolutionary History of A Species
Evidence For Evolution
• Fossil Evidence
• Homologous Structures– Analogous structures show convergence
• Embryological Similarities
• Biochemical Similarities
• DNA Homology
Cytochrome C Homology
cow tuna
Tuna
cow
How Did Modern Humans Evolve?
General Primate Characteristics
• Mammals• Large cerebral volume• Binocular vision• Rotatating forearms & shoulder sockets• Opposable digits
Why have primates diverged over the last 65 million years?
Prosimians
• First group of mammals with primate characteristics
• Adapted for habitat & niche in trees
Tectonic Shifts 65mya to present
New v. Old World Monkeys
• Due to continental drift and competition, primates diverge into two smaller factions– Old World (African)– New World (South
American) – Despite name, old
world monkeys include apes, chimps and orangutans
Miocene Changes & Old World Monkeys
• Cool weather appx 23.7 mya causes drastic reduction in size of rainforest biome
• Increased competition among Old World monkeys
• Those with variations to stand upright are favored for survival on savannah
“Monkeys” v. “Apes”?
• True monkeys diverge from apes 8 million years ago
• Apes diverge into two subgroups– Chimp/Gorilla– Southern Apes
Which Model Is Supported?
• “Lumpers”• The chimps, apes
and hominoids all diverged at the same time
• “Splitters”• Chimps and apes
diverged first• Hominoids diverged
from chimps later
Lab: Proving Primate Phylogeny via DNA Hybridization of the RH1
Using the RH Factor As Evolutionary Evidence
• Among primates, there is variance between the DNA sequences in the introns that are part of the Rh1 blood factor
• By hybridizing DNA from the Rh1 intron with cDNA from a related species, we can determine which species have diverged most recently.
Protocol• 1) On your table, you should have five models
of DNA and cDNA sequences– Human DNA Template of Rh1 Intron
– Human cDNA for Rh1 Intron
– Chimpanzee cDNA for Rh1 Intron
– Gorilla cDNA for Rh1 Intron
– Paranthopus DNA Template for Rh1 Intron
• 2) In each model the following colors represent various nucleotides– Adenine = Black– Cytosine = Red– Guanine = Yellow– Thymine = Blue
Protocol• 3) Make the following comparisons and record
how many nucleotides are incorrectly paired (i.e. A-G, C-T, etc.)
Pairing Sequences # of Differences
Human Template-Chimp cDNA 1 v. 3
Human Template-Gorilla cDNA 1 v. 4
Paranthopus Template-Human cDNA 5 v. 2
Paranthopus Template-Chimp cDNA 5 v. 3
Paranthopus Template-Gorilla cDNA 5 v. 4