muscle terms
DESCRIPTION
misici muscles useful tips physiotherapyTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Muscles: Actions, Movements,
and Terminology
![Page 2: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview• Muscle 101
• Role of Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle Terminology
• Muscular Contractions
– Concentric
– Eccentric
– Isometric
• Muscle Movement Classification or Defining a Muscle’s Role in Producing Movement – Agonist or Prime mover
– Antagonist
– Synergist
– Stabilizer
![Page 3: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Muscles• Three types of muscle in the human body
– Skeletal
• Voluntary
– Cardiac (heart)
– Smooth (internal organs)
• Consists of contractile cells (muscle
fibers)
• Muscles can only pull; they can not push
• Tendons attach muscles to bone
– ligaments attach bone to bone
![Page 4: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Role of Skeletal Muscle
• Gives form to the body
• Provides heat
• Produces skeletal movement
• Assists in maintaining joint stability
• Maintains posture
• Maintains balance over center of gravity
–55% of height in women
–57% of height in men
![Page 5: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Muscle TerminologyUniarticulate
• A muscle that
crosses one joint
• Ex:
Brachioradialis
crosses the
elbow joint
Biarticulate
• A muscle that
crosses two
joints
• Sartorius
Triarticulate
• A muscle that
can move
three joints
• Ex: Wrist
Flexors
![Page 6: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Muscle Terminology• Muscle Action:
– Specific movement of the joint
• Flexion, Extension, Ad/Abduction, etc.
• Muscle Origin:
– The end of the muscle attaching to the relatively fixed (or least moveable) bone of its joint.
– The more proximal attachment site
• Muscle Insertion:
– The end of the muscle attaching to the freely moving bone of its joint.
– The more distal attachment site of the muscle.
![Page 7: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Origin:
Anterior
Deltoid: Lateral
1/3 of clavicle
Middle Deltoid:
Acromion
Process of
Scapula
Posterior
Deltoid: Spine
of Scapula
Insertion:
Deltoid
tuberosity of
humerus
O:Medial
Epicondyle of
Humerus (2 heads
medial and
posterior)
I: Pisiform,
Hammate, and
Base of 5th
metacarpal
![Page 8: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Muscle Terminology• Nerve Innervation: The segment of the
nervous system responsible for providing a
stimulus to muscle fibers.
• Muscle Palpation: Examination by touch
• Muscle length: The distance between bony
attachments
![Page 9: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Muscular Contractions
• Muscular Contractions
–Isotonic (Movement with constant
external resistance-Bicep Curl)
• Concentric
• Eccentric
–Isokinetic (Movement with varying
external resistance/control for velocity-
Tubing?)
–Isometric (no joint movement)
![Page 10: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Concentric Muscle Contraction
• Muscle shortens in length while
developing tension
– Muscle tension is greater than the load
• Examples:
– The upward phase of a bicep curl
– The upward phase of a bench press
– The upward phase of an abdominal
crunch
– The upward phase of a squat
– The downward phase of a lat pull-down
![Page 11: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eccentric Muscle Contraction
• Muscle lengthens under tension.
– Resistance is greater than muscle
tension.
• Examples:
– The downward phase of a biceps
curl
– The downward phase of a squat
– The downward phase of a lunge
– The upward phase of a lat pull-down
• Eccentric muscle contractions are what
makes you sore
• Most injuries occur in the eccentric
phase
![Page 12: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Isometric Muscle Contraction
• No movement
– Tension equals the load.
• Examples:
– Wall Sit
– Plank
![Page 13: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric
Deltoid holds arm in ________________
Deltoid shortens to move arm into ________________
Deltoid lengthens to lower arm into ________________
Types of contraction
![Page 14: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Muscle Movement Classification
A muscle’s role in producing movement
can be defined as that of the:
• Agonist or Prime Mover
• Antagonist
• Synergist
• Stabilizer
![Page 15: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Agonist or Prime Mover
• A muscle or group of muscles that causes a
motion
– Muscle contracts concentrically or eccentrically
• Examples:
– Knee Extension
• Quadriceps, through concentric
contraction, extend the knee
– Elbow Flexion
• Biceps work concentrically to bend arm
![Page 16: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Antagonist• “The Opposer”
• Resists the motion caused by the prime mover
• Contracts to prevent, slow or control a motion
– Helps protect the agonist
• Examples:
– Knee Extension
• Hamstring muscles, through eccentric contraction, help to slow the rate of knee extension
– Elbow Flexion
• Triceps work eccentrically to slow the rate that the arm is bent
– Rotator Cuff Muscles
![Page 17: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Synergist• Assists the movement of a prime
mover but is less effective
– These muscles are considered to have a
functional relationship with the prime
mover
– However, the assisting muscle cannot
perform the motion at a functional level.
• Example: As a portion of the
quadriceps crosses the hip joint, it can
help produce hip flexion. However, it is
incapable of producing hip flexion
alone.
![Page 18: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stabilizer• Muscles contract (frequently by an isometric
contraction) to hold a body part immobile while another body part is moving.
– Your wrist while doing a dumbbell bench press
– Core muscles
• Proximal Stabilization: In most normal activities, the proximal joint is stabilized while the distal joint performs the action.
– To perform isolated elbow flexion the proximal shoulder joint must be stabilized by flexors/extensors, abductors/adductors and internal/external rotators.
– The quadriceps may stabilize the knee in an extended position to permit plantar flexion of the ankle
![Page 19: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Putting It Together
starting position ending position
![Page 20: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Putting It TogetherExercise
• Standing Cable Triceps Extension
Agonist or Prime Mover:
• Triceps Brachii
– Triceps Brachii is a Biarticulate Muscle
Muscle Origin
• Scapula and Humerus
Muscle Insertion
• Ulna
Muscle Action
• Elbow and Shoulder Extension
![Page 21: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Putting It TogetherSynergist
• Anconeus
Antagonist
• Elbow Flexors (Biceps Brachii, Brachialis and Brachioradialis)
Stabilizers:
• Latissimus Dorsi
• Teres Major
• Pectoralis Major
• Deltoid
• Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Erector Spinae
• Rectus Abdominis
• Obliques
• Wrist Flexors
![Page 22: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Putting It TogetherConcentric Contraction Eccentric Contraction
• Down phase of exercise Up phase of exercise
![Page 23: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Breathing
• Exhale during the working phase of a
movement
• You are moving against the force of
resistance
![Page 24: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Direction of
Movement
Agonist-
Contraction
Antagonist-
Contraction
Progravity Eccentric Concentric
Antigravity Concentric Eccentric
Gravity
Eliminated
Concentric Eccentric
![Page 25: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Take Home Points• Skeletal muscle plays many roles in the
body including producing skeletal movement, heat and joint stability
• Muscles can be uni, bi or triarticulate
• Muscle action is the specific movement of the joint
• A muscles origin is proximal and relatively fixed while the insertion is more movable and distal
![Page 26: Muscle Terms](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/55cf8fa7550346703b9e73cc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Take Home Points
• There are three key types of muscular
contractions
–Concentric, eccentric and isometric
• A muscle’s role in producing
movement can be defined as that of
the:
–Agonist/prime mover, antagonist,
synergist or stabilizer