PRESENTATION ON

MUSCLES OF FACE

PREPARED BYSHARMIN C. SUSIWALA

S.Y. BPT.SCOP

1. Muscles of facial expression

2. Muscles of mastication

MUSCLES OF FACE

Control expressions of the face. Sometimes referred to as muscles of 'facial

expression‘ or ‘mimetic muscles’.Act as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the

face. Development: Second pharyngeal ( branchial )

arch. (mesoderm layer)Structure: The facial muscles are subcutaneous.

They are in the superficial fascia, with origins from either bone or fascia, and insertions into the skin.

Innervation: The facial muscles are innervated by facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).

1. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

LIST OF FACIAL MUSCLESThe following organizational arrangement into functional groups provides a logical approach to understanding these muscles:

1. MUSCLES OF THE SCALP: Occipito-Frontalis.

2. MUSCLES OF THE EYELID: (ORBITAL GROUP) Orbicularis oculi. Corrugator supercilii. Levator palpebrae superioris.

3. MUSCLES OF THE NOSE: (NASAL GROUP) Nasalis. Procerus. Depressor septi. Dilatator naris posterior. Dilatator naris anterior.

4. MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH: (ORAL GROUP) Orbicularis oris. Buccinator. Depressor anguli oris. Depressor labii inferioris. Mentalis.

Risorius. Zygomaticus. Levator labii superioris. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Levator anguli oris.

5. OTHER MUSCLES ARE: Anterior auricular. Superior auricular. Posterior auricular. Platysma.

FACIAL MUSCLE

OCCIPITO FRONTALISFRONTAL BELLY

OCCIPITAL BELLY

OCCIPITAL BELLY

THE EPICRANIUS (OCCIPITOFRONTALIS) is a broad, musculofibrous layer, which covers the whole of one side of the vertex of the skull, from the occipital bone to the eyebrow.

It consists of two parts, the Occipitalis and the Frontalis, connected by an intervening tendinous aponeurosis, the galea aponeurotica.

• OCCIPITAL BELLY:

• Origin: arises by tendinous fibers from the lateral two-thirds of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, and from the mastoid part of the temporal bone.

• Insertion: Galea aponeurotica.

FRONTAL BELLY

FRONTAL BELLY: It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color.• It is located on the front of the head.•It has no bony attachments.

• Origin: Galea aponeurotica.• Insertion: Its medial fibers are continuous with

those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the Corrugator and Orbicularis oculi.

• Thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.

• Action: Wrinkles forehead; raises eyebrows; Draws scalp backward.

ORBICULARIS OCULI

ORBICULARIS OCULI

• The ORBICULARIS OCULI is a large muscle that completely surrounds each orbital orifice and extends into each eyelid. • It has two major and one minor part:

Orbital part.Palpebral part. Lacrimal part.

ORBITAL PART: is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure.

Origin: Nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; medial palpebral ligament.

Insertion: Fibers form an uninterrupted ellipse around orbit.

PALPEBRAL PART: is thin and pale;  forms a series of concentric curves around eyelids.

Origin: Medial palpebral ligament.Insertion: Lateral palpebral raphe.

LACRIMAL PART: (TENSOR TARSI) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac.

• It attaches to bone posterior to the lacrimal sac of the lacrimal apparatus in the orbit.

Action: The Orbicularis oculi is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids. The palpebral portion acts involuntarily, closing the lids gently, as in sleep or in blinking; the orbital portion is subject to conscious control.

The orbital and palpebral parts have specific roles to play during eyelid closure. The palpebral part closes the eye gently whereas the orbital part closes the eye more forcefully and produces some wrinkling on the forehead.

CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII MUSCLE

It is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle, placed at the medial end of the eyebrow, beneath the Frontalis and Orbicularis oculi.

It is the “frowning” muscle; the principal muscle in the expression of suffering.

Origin: Medial end of the superciliary arch.Insertion: Skin of the medial half of eye-brow.Action: Draws the eyebrows medially and

downward; causing vertical wrinkles above the nose and also active when frowning.

CORRUGATOR SUPERCILLI

LEVATOR PALPABRAE SUPERIORIS

It is the most superior muscle in the orbit.Origin: Lesser wing of sphenoid anterior to

optic canal.Insertion: Anterior surface of tarsal plate; a

few fibers to skin and superior conjunctival fornix.

Innervation: Oculomotor nerve [III]- superior branch.

Action: Contraction of the levator palpebrae superioris raises the upper eyelid.

LEVATOR PALPABRAE SUPERIORIS

MUSCLES OF THE NOSE

 THE NASALIS (COMPRESSOR NARIS) consists of two parts, transverse and alar.

Is a sphincter-like muscle of the noseTransverse part:Origin: Maxilla just lateral to nose.Insertion: Aponeurosis across dorsum of nose with

muscle fibers from the other side.Action: Compresses nasal aperture.Alar part:Origin: Maxilla over lateral incisor.Insertion: Alar cartilage of nose.Action: Draws cartilage downward and laterally

opening nostril.

NASALIS

 THE PROCERUS (PYRAMIDALIS NASI) is a small pyramidal slip.

Origin: Nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage.

Insertion: Skin of lower forehead between eyebrows.

Action: Draws down medial angle of eyebrows producing transverse wrinkles over bridge of nose.

It can also contribute to an expression of anger.

PROCERUS

DEPRESSOR SEPTIAction: Depressor septi nasi pulls the nose inferiorly,

so assisting the alar part of the nasalis in opening the nares.

The Dilator naris muscle is a part of the nasalis muscle. It is divided into posterior and anterior parts:

Dilatator naris posterior Dilatator naris anteriorAction: These two Dilatatores enlarge the aperture of

the nares. Their action in ordinary breathing is to resist the tendency of the nostrils to close from atmospheric pressure, but in difficult breathing, as well as in some emotions, such as anger, they contract strongly.

DILATORS OF NOSE

DILATATOR NARIS POSTERIOR

DILATATOR NARIS ANTERIOR

ORBICULARIS ORIS

The ORBICULARIS ORIS is a complex muscle consisting of fibers that completely encircle the mouth.

Origin: Some of its fibers originate near the midline from the maxilla superiorly and the mandible inferiorly, while other fibers are derived from both the buccinator, in the cheek, and the numerous other muscles acting on the lips.

Insertion: Forms ellipse around mouth; inserts into the skin and mucous membrane of the lips.

Action: Contraction of the orbicularis oris narrows the mouth and closes the lips. Its function is apparent when 'pursing' the lips as occurs during whistling.

BUCCINATOR

BUCCINATOR is a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face.•The buccinator forms the muscular component of the cheek.• Origin: Posterior parts of maxilla and mandible; pterygomandibular raphe which separates it from the Constrictor pharyngis superior.• Insertion: Blends with orbicularis oris and into lips.

BUCCINATOR

•Action: The Buccinators compress the cheeks, so that, during the process of mastication, the food is kept under the immediate pressure of the teeth. When the cheeks have been previously distended with air, the Buccinator muscles expel it from between the lips, as in blowing a trumpet. Its purpose is to pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing.

It aids whistling and smiling and in neonates it is used to suckle.

The muscles in the lower group consist of the following muscles:

1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS2. DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS3. MENTALIS:

LOWER GROUP OF ORAL MUSCLES

1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS:(Triangularis muscle)

Origin: Oblique line of mandible below canine, premolar and first molar teeth.

Insertion: Skin at the corner of mouth and blending with orbicularis oris.

Action: Draws corner of mouth down and laterally; is active during frowning.

2. DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS:

The Quadratus labii inferioris (Depressor labii inferioris; Quadratus menti) is a small quadrilateral muscle.

Origin: Anterior part of oblique line of mandible.

Insertion: Lower lip at midline;

blends with muscle from opposite side.

Action: Draws lower lip downward and moves it laterally.

3. MENTALIS: The Mentalis (Levator

menti) is a small conical fasciculus, situated at the tip of the chin.

 It is sometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle."

It is the deepest muscle of the lower group.

Origin: Mandible inferior to incisor teeth.

Insertion: Skin of chin. Action: It raises and

protrudes the lower lip as it wrinkles the skin of the chin; helps position the lip when drinking from a cup or when pouting.

The muscles of the upper group of oral muscles consist of :

1. Risorius 2. Zygomaticus major 3. Zygomaticus minor4. Levator labii superioris5. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi6. Levator anguli oris.

UPPER GROUP OF MUSCLES:

RISORIUS

It is a thin, superficial muscle that extends laterally from the corner of the mouth in a slightly upward direction.

It is also called as grinning muscle.Origin: Fascia over masseter muscle( parotid fascia).Insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth.Action: The risorius retracts the angle of the mouth to produce a smile, albeit an insincere-looking one that does not involve the skin around the eyes. Compare with a real smile, which raises the lips with the action of zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor muscles and causes "crow's feet“(A name for wrinkles in the outer corner of the eyes as the result of aging (resembling crow's feet)) around the eyes using the orbicularis oculi muscles.

RISORIUS

ZYGOMATICUS

ZYGOMATICUS major is a superficial muscle producing smile along with zygomaticus minor.

Origin: Deep to the orbicularis oculi along the posterior part of the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone.

Insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth.Action: Draws the corner of the mouth

upward and laterally.It raises the corners of the mouth when

a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle.

ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR

Origin: Anterior part of lateral surface of zygomatic bone.

Insertion: Upper lip just medial to corner of mouth.

Action: Draws the upper lip upward.

ZYGOMATICUS MINOR

LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS

Deepens the furrow between the nose and the corner of the mouth during sadness-Origin: arises from the maxilla just superior to the infra-orbital foramen Insertion: blend with the orbicularis oris and insert into the skin of the upper lip.Action: Raises upper lip; helps form nasolabial furrow

LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is medial to the levator labii superioris, arises from the maxilla next to the nose, and inserts into both the alar cartilage of the nose and skin of the upper lip-it may assist in flaring the nares;

Levator anguli oris is more deeply placed and covered by the other two levators and the zygomaticus muscles, arises from the maxilla, just inferior to the infra-orbital foramen, and inserts into the skin at the corner of the mouth-it elevates the corner of the mouth and may help deepen the furrow between the nose and the corner of the mouth during sadness.