muscular system
DESCRIPTION
Muscular System. Skeletal – striated & voluntary. Smooth – involuntary. Types of Muscle. Cardiac - heart. Muscles and Muscle Fibers . Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called FASCICLES. Fascia. Fascicle. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Muscular System
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Types of MuscleSkeletal – striated & voluntary
Smooth – involuntaryCardiac - heart
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Muscles and Muscle Fibers
Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called FASCICLES
Individual muscles are separated by FASCIA, which also forms tendons and aponeuroses (sheet-like coverings)
FascicleFascia
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Muscle Layers
Epimysium – fascia around the entire muscle bundle
Muscle cell or fiber
Perimysium- fascia around a group of fibers
Endomysium – fascia around the cell or fiber
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Lets get the hierarchy straight
Musclesare made from a lot of
Muscle Fiber Bundleswhich are made of
Individual Muscle Fibers (cells)which are made of
Myofibrilswhich are rows of
Sarcomeres
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Muscles & Nervous SystemMuscles receive their information from the nerve
cells at the Neuromuscular junction.
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The means of contracting comes Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. It is like the smooth and rough E.R. in form and stores calcium .
When the signal comes from the nerves (acetylcholine), it floods the cell with calcium which causes a chemical reaction between the thin and thick filaments.
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Myofibril – thick and thin filamentsThese filaments are: – ACTIN (thin) and MYOSIN (thick)
These filaments overlap to form dark and light bands on the muscle fiber
A band = dArk • thick (myosin)I band = lIght • thin (actin)
• In the middle of each I band are Z lines. A sarcomere is one Z line to the other
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What are the Thin and Thick filaments?
Actin fibers bind to make the thin filaments
Myosin fibers combine to make the thick filaments.
Together they oppose each other to form the “bands” of the Sarcomere
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SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY (MODEL)The theory of how muscle contracts is the sliding filament theory. The contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filament slide past the thick filaments.
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DLC the anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell from fiber to sarcomere.
Page 167 will be helpful
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Where does the cell get it’s energy?Fibers contain multiple mitochondria for energyATP is made here!
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Energy Source•Provided by ATP from cellular
respiration (mitochondria) Usually only 4-6 seconds worth is stored
•Aerobic respiration creates 36 ATP molecules/Glucose – must have O2
•Anaerobic Respiration creates 2 ATP and Lactic Acid – absence of O2
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Threshold StimulusThreshold Stimulus
Minimal strength required to cause a contraction
Motor neuron releases enough acetylcholine to reach threshold
Fibers do not contract partially, they either do or don't.
All-or-None ResponseAll-or-None Response
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Muscles and their movements:
Every one of the 600+ skeletal muscles is connected to bone or connective tissue at two points!1. Origin – attachment to
immovable bone
2. Insertion – attachment to a movable bone
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Naming MusclesThere are certain things used when naming muscles.1. Direction of the muscle fiber
Rectus– (straight ) Rectus Femoris
2. Size of the muscle
Maximus –(largest) or Minimus – (smallest)
Gluteus Maximus
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3. Location of the muscle in the bodyFrontalis – (in the front) Frontalis muscle
4. The number of originsBiceps – (two origins) Triceps – (three origins) Quadriceps – (four origins)
5. Location of the muscle’s origin and/or insertion.
Sternocleidomastoid (sternum-collar bone-mastoid process of the Temporal bone)
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6. Shape of the muscle.Deltoid – (triangular muscle)
7. Action of the muscle.Flexor – (decrease bone angle)Extensor – (increases bone angle)Adductor – (brings bone toward the median)
Deltoid muscle
Flexor Carpi RadialisExtensor Carpi RadialisAdductor Magnus
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Muscles perform different types of movements:
All contract and relax, but these movements are what it does to the body. It all has to do with what the joint does.
Flexion:Flexion:Decreases the joint angle.Brings bones closer together.
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Extension:Extension:Increases the Joint Angle.Pushes bones farther apart.
Rotation:Rotation:Movement around the longitudinal axis
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Abduction:Abduction:Movement away from the median plane.Adduction:Adduction:Movement toward the median plane.Circumduction:Circumduction:
Combining Flexion, Extension Abduction, and adduction (moving in a circle)
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Dorsiflexion and Dorsiflexion and Plantar FlexionPlantar Flexion
Up and Down movement of the foot
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Inversion and Inversion and Eversion:Eversion:Face the sole of the foot medially or laterally.
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Supination Supination and and Pronation:Pronation:Lateral or medial rotation of a limbOpposition:Opposition:Moving one finger to oppose the others.
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Muscles of the Face and Skull (Front view):Frontalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis Oris
Temporalis
Platysma
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Muscles of the Skull (side view):
Occipitalis
Sternocleidomastoid
Masseter
Trapezius
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Muscles of the Chest and Shoulder
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Biceps Brachii (long head)
Biceps Brachii (short head)
Latisimus Dorsi
Serratus Anterior
External Obliques
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Muscles of the abdomen (anterior)
Pectoralis Major
Rectus Abdominis
Transverse AbdominisInternal Oblique
External Oblique
Linea Alba
Aponeurosis
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Muscles of the abdomen (posterior)
Trapezius
Deltoid
Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboid
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Muscles of the Upper Leg (posterior)
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus
Gracialis
Biceps Femoris (long head)
SemitendonosisSemimembranosis
Biceps Femoris (short head)
Gastrocnemius
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Muscles of the Upper Leg (posterior)Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus medialis
Adductor Group (groin)
Vastus Lateralis
Qua
dric
eps
Tibialis Anterior
Fibular Longus
Soleus
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Muscles of the lower arm and leg
The only muscles that are important are the highlighted ones
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Muscle ReviewCardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscleFascicle Fascia EndomysiumPerimysium Epimysium MyofibrilSarcomere Sarcoplasmic reticulum ActinMyosin A-band I-bandAerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Threshold stimulusOrigin Insertion Prime moverAntagonist Tendon
Questions:1. What is the sliding filament theory?2. List and describe the different types of muscle movements (flexion
extension, etc).3. What are the different ways muscles are named?4. Know all muscle names – Arm/Leg/Torso/Head