musculoskeletal s - mrs. aymami's class -...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 4MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER CONTENTS
MEDIA LIBRARY 113LECTURE NOTES
Objective 1: Combining forms and suffixes 114Objective 2: Spell and pronounce 116Objective 3: Major organs 117Objective 4: Skeleton 118Objective 5: Long bone 119Objective 6: Projections and depressions 120Objective 7: Synovial joint 120Objective 8: Muscles 121Objective 9: Movement terms 122Objective 10: Word building 123Objective 11: Vocabulary 125Objective 12: Pathology 126Objective 13: Diagnostic procedures 129Objective 14: Therapeutic procedures 130Objective 15: Pharmacology 131Objective 16: Abbreviations 132
WORKSHEETS 133QUIZZES 141
ANSWER KEYS 155
MEDIA LIBRARY
Student DVD-ROM• Twelve different interactive learning games• Flash card generator• Audio Glossary• Professional Profile video—Chiropractic medicine• Body Rhythms• Terminology Translator
Companion Website• Multiple Choice, True/False, and Fill-in-the-Blank
practice questions• Labeling exercises• Case study
• Additional Professional Profile information• New York Times link for research into specific
pathologies• Web Destination activities• Audio Glossary• Link to VangoNotes• Link to drug updates
IRDVD• Animations
• Muscles• Movement of joints• Shoulder abduction/adduction
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OBJECTIVE 1Identify and define the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes introduced in this chapter.
Text page: 80; 103; PowerPoint slide: 6–14; 118–121
LECTURE NOTES TEACHING STRATEGIES
• At this point it is important to encouragestudents using flash cards to keep up withmaking the flash cards. Some students willbegin to let this very important learningactivity slide.
Medical Terminology Bee• Create PowerPoint flash cards of new com-
bining forms and suffixes presented in thischapter. Have all students stand and thendefine the word part. If the student is cor-rect, he or she remains standing. If the stu-dent is wrong, he or she sits down.Continue until only one student isstanding.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4A• New Combining Form, Prefix, and Suffix
Handout
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Make flash cards
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4A—New Word Parts QuizTest Bank—Fill-in-the-Blank questions
Skeletal System Combining Formsankyl/o stiff jointarthr/o jointarticul/o jointburs/o saccarp/o wristcervic/o neckchondr/o cartilageclavicul/o claviclecoccyg/o coccyxcortic/o outer portioncost/o ribcrani/o skullfemor/o femurfibul/o fibulahumer/o humerusili/o iliumischi/o ischiumkyph/o humplamin/o lamina, part of vertebralord/o bent backwardslumb/o loinmandibul/o mandiblemaxill/o maxillamedull/o inner portionmetacarp/o metacarpalsmetatars/o metatarsalsmyel/o bone marroworth/o straightoste/o bonepatell/o patellaped/o child, foot
• Elbow flexion/extension• Ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Ankle eversion/inversion• Forearm pronation/supination• Shoulder circumduction• Thumb opposition• Shoulder rotation
• Drag-and-drop labeling activity• Structure of a long bone• Bones of the skeleton
• Videos• Chiropractic medicine• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis• Arthroscopy• Muscle atrophy• Muscular dystrophy• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Digital library of all figures from text chapter, labeledand unlabeled
• Test bank with 200 objective questions per chapterplus two short answer questions
• 20 classroom response questions• PowerPoint presentation for classroom or online
utilization
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pelv/o pelvisphalang/o phalangespod/o footpub/o pubisradi/o radiussacr/o sacrumscapul/o scapulascoli/o crooked, bentspondyl/o vertebraestern/o sternumsynovi/o synovial membranesynov/o synovial membranetars/o anklethorac/o chesttibi/o tibiauln/o ulnavertebr/o vertebra
Skeletal System Suffixes-blast immature, embryonic-clasia to surgically break-desis stabilize, fuse-listhesis slipping-porosis porous
Muscular System Combining Formsfasci/o fibrous bandfibr/o fiberskinesi/o movementmuscul/o musclemy/o musclemyocardi/o heart musclemyos/o muscleplant/o sole of footten/o tendontend/o tendontendin/o tendon
Muscular System Suffixes-asthenia weakness-kinesia movement-tonia tone
Muscular System Prefixesab- away fromad- towardcircum- around
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TEACHING STRATEGIES
Emphasize to students:• Importance of correctly spelling terms.• How sounding out terms can assist in
learning how to spell terms.Say each new term in class and have studentsrepeat it.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion of spelling strategies.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4B• Medical Term Analysis
Terminology Checklist• Can be used to practice pronunciation
using the Audio Glossary as reference
Text• Practice Exercises
Flash cards• Look at definition and write out/pro-
nounce terms
Student DVD-ROM• Audio Glossary• Spelling Challenge game• Crossword and Word Search puzzles
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4B—Spelling QuizSuggested terms:
1. ossification2. periosteum3. trochanter4. coccygeal5. phalanges6. articulation7. intracranial8. chiropractic9. prosthesis
10. pathologic11. osteoporosis12. ankylosing13. spondylolisthesis14. subluxation15. arthroscopy16. claudication
OBJECTIVE 2Correctly spell and pronounce medical terms and major anatomical structures relating to the musculoskeletal system.
LECTURE NOTES
For pronunciation objectivePronunciation for medical terms in this chapter can be found:
• In parentheses following key terms• In Audio Glossary on Student DVD-ROM• In Audio Glossary at Companion Website
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OBJECTIVE 3Locate and describe the major organs of the musculoskeletal system and their functions.
Text pages: 82–83; 91–92; 105–107; PowerPoint slides: 15–21; 61–67; 122–123; 133–134
LECTURE NOTES
Overview• Bones are organs; carry their own blood supply, nerves, and lym-
phatic vessels• Bones connected to form skeleton• Skeleton protects vital organs and stores minerals• Bone marrow is site of blood cell production• Joint is place where two bones meet and are held together by
ligaments; gives flexibility to skeleton• Skeleton, joints, and muscles work together to produce movement
Bones• Also called osseous tissue; one of hardest materials in body• Formed from gradual process beginning before birth called
ossification; fetal skeleton is formed from cartilage model; gradu-ally replaced by osteoblasts, immature bone cells; in adult bones,osteoblasts mature into osteocytes
• Formation of strong bones dependent on adequate supply of miner-als such as calcium and phosphorus
• Four categories based on shape: long bones, short bones, flatbones, and irregular bones (see . Figure 4.1)• Long bones are longer than wide; examples are femur and humerus• Short bones are roughly as long as wide; examples are carpals and
tarsals• Irregular bones have very irregular shape; examples are vertebrae• Flat bones are plate-shaped bones; examples are sternum, scapulae,
and pelvis
Joints• Formed when two or more bones meet; also called articulation• Three types of joints based on amount of movement allowed be-
tween bones: synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and fibrousjoints (see . Figure 4.11)• Synovial joints are freely moving synovial joints; examples are
shoulder, knee, and elbow• Fibrous joints allow almost no movement; ends of bones joined by
thick fibrous tissue; may fuse into solid bone; examples are skullsutures
• Cartilaginous joints allow slight movement but hold bones firmlyin place by solid piece of cartilage; example is pubic symphysis
17. pseudohypertrophic18. electromyography19. tenodesis20. fibromyalgiaTest Bank—questions
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use full-size anatomical charts and models
to illustrate organs.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for an animationdescribing muscles.
ASSESSMENTS
Test Bank—questions
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games
CW• Practice questions
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TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use full-size anatomical charts and models
to illustrate axial vs. appendicular skeleton.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for a drag-and-drop anatomy of skeleton labeling activity;display on screen and have students discussand place labels during class.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
OBJECTIVE 4Correctly place bones in either the axial or the appendicular skeleton.
Text pages: 85–91; PowerPoint slides: 34–60
LECTURE NOTES
Human skeleton has two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicularskeleton
Axial Skeleton• Includes bones in head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk body
(see . Figure 4.4); forms central axis for body; protects many inter-nal organs such as brain, lungs, and heart
• Head or skull is divided into two parts—cranium and facial bones;surround and protect brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity;muscles for chewing and moving head are attached to cranial bones;cranium encases brain and consists of frontal, parietal, temporal,ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones; facial bones surroundmouth, nose, and eyes and include mandible, maxilla, zygomatic,vomer, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones; cranial and facialbones are illustrated in . Figure 4.5 and described in Table 4.1.
• Hyoid bone—single U-shaped bone suspended in neck betweenmandible and larynx; point of attachment for swallowing andspeech muscles
• Trunk consists of vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage• Vertebral or spinal column—divided into five sections: cervical
vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, andcoccyx (see . Figure 4.6 and Table 4.2); between each pair of verte-brae is an intervertebral disc composed of fibrous cartilage to pro-vide cushion between vertebrae
Muscles• Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers; as fibers contract (shorten
in length) produce movement of or within body; may bring twobones closer together, push food through digestive system, or pumpblood through blood vessels
• Muscles also hold body erect and generate heat• Name of muscle often reflects its location, origin and insertion, size,
action, fiber direction, or number of attachment points, as the fol-lowing examples illustrate:• Location: rectus abdominis means straight (rectus) abdominal
muscle• Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid named for two origins
(stern/o for sternum and cleid/o for clavicle) and single insertion(mastoid process)
• Size: gluteus maximus—gluteus means rump area and maximusmeans large
• Action: flexor carpi and extensor carpi muscles named becausethey produce flexion and extension at wrist
• Fiber direction: external oblique muscle is abdominal musclewhose fibers run at oblique angle
• Number of attachment points: biceps—term bi means two; refersto muscle’s two heads or connecting points
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C—Chapter Review
Text• Labeling exercise 4.A• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Labeling exercises• Learning games
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ASSESSMENTS
Quizzes 4C and 4G—Labeling Diagram andChapter Review
Test Bank—questions
• Rib cage—12 pairs of ribs attached at back to vertebral column; 10pairs are also attached to sternum in front (see . Figure 4.7); lowesttwo pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to vertebralcolumn; serves to provide support for organs, such as heart andlungs
Appendicular Skeleton• Consists of pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and
lower extremities (see . Figure 4.8); bones for appendages or limbs• Pectoral girdle—consists of clavicle and scapula bones; attaches
upper extremity, or arm, to axial skeleton; articulates with sternumanteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly
• Upper extremity—includes humerus, ulna, radius, carpals,metacarpals, and phalanges; illustrated in . Figure 4.9 and de-scribed in Table 4.3
• Pelvic girdle—also called os coxae or innominate bone or hipbone;contains ilium, ischium, and pubis; articulates with sacrum poste-riorly; attaches lower extremity, or leg, to axial skeleton
• Lower extremity—includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals,metatarsals, and phalanges; illustrated in . Figure 4.10 and de-scribed in Table 4.4
CW• Labeling exercises• Practice questions
Quiz 4C• May be used as a worksheet
OBJECTIVE 5List and describe the components of a long bone.
Text pages: 82–83; PowerPoint slides: 22–29
LECTURE NOTES
• Majority of bones in body are long bones• Have central shaft or diaphysis that widens at each end, called
epiphysis; each epiphysis covered by layer of cartilage calledarticular cartilage to prevent bone from rubbing directly on bone;remaining surface of each bone is covered with thin connective tis-sue membrane called periosteum, which contains numerous bloodvessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
• Dense and hard exterior surface bone called cortical or compactbone
• Cancellous or spongy bone found inside bone; has spaces in it, giv-ing it sponge-like appearance; spaces contain red bone marrow;marrow manufactures blood cells and is found in some parts of allbones
• Center of diaphysis contains open canal called medullary cavity;contains yellow bone marrow; mainly fat
• . Figure 4.2 contains an illustration of long bone structure
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or an actual
long bone such as the femur to illustratethe parts of a long bone as you describethem.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the Instruc-
tor’s Resource DVD for a drag and dropanatomy of a long bone labeling activity.Display on the screen and have studentsdiscuss and place the labels during class.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Text• Labeling exercise 4.B1• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Labeling exercise• Learning games
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ASSESSMENTS
Quizzes 4D and 4G—Labeling Diagram andChapter Review
Test Bank—questions
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or actual
bones to illustrate different processes anddepressions as you describe them.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Test Bank—questions
OBJECTIVE 6Identify bone projections and depressions.
Text pages: 83–84; PowerPoint slides: 30–33
LECTURE NOTES
Projections• Bones have projections; some rounded and smooth to articulate
with another bone in joint; others rough to provide muscles with at-tachment points; general term for any bony projection is process;specific terms describe different shapes and locations of variousprocesses1. Head—large, smooth, ball-shaped end on long bone; may be
separated from shaft of bone by a narrow area called neck2. Condyle—smooth, rounded portion at end of bone3. Epicondyle—located above or on a condyle4. Trochanter—large, rough process for attachment of muscle5. Tubercle—small, rough process; provides attachment for ten-
dons and muscles6. Tuberosity—large, rough process; provides attachment for ten-
dons and muscles• See . Figure 4.3 for illustration of processes found on femur
DepressionsHollow regions or depressions; most common depressions:
1. Sinus—hollow cavity within bone2. Foramen—smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels3. Fossa—shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone4. Fissure—slit-type opening
CW• Labeling exercise• Practice questions
Quiz 4D• May be used as worksheet
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or model of
knee joint to illustrate parts of synovialjoint as you describe them.
OBJECTIVE 7Identify the parts of a synovial joint.
Text page: 92; PowerPoint slides: 62–64
LECTURE NOTES
• Most joints are synovial joints• See . Figure 4.12 for typical synovial joint structure; enclosed by
elastic joint capsule; joint capsule lined with synovial membrane,which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint; ends of bones in
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Labeling Exercise 4.B2• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Visual Aids• Use a full-size anatomical chart or models
of muscle tissues to illustrate differencesbetween tissue types as you describe them.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture
joint covered by layer of articular cartilage; very tough, but stillflexible to withstand high levels of stress, act as shock absorber, andprevent bone from rubbing against bone
• Example of synovial joint is ball-and-socket joint found at shoulderand hip; ball rotating in socket allows for wide range of motion;bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments bind bones to-gether at joint
• Some synovial joints contain bursa; sac-like structure composed ofconnective tissue and lined with synovial membrane; found betweenbones and ligaments or tendons; function to reduce friction; com-mon bursa locations are elbow, knee, and shoulder joints
OBJECTIVE 8Describe the characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.
Text page: 106; PowerPoint slides: 124–132
LECTURE NOTES
• Three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,and cardiac muscle (see . Figure 4.21)
• Muscles may be either voluntary or involuntary; voluntary musclesmean that person consciously chooses which muscles to contract,how long and how hard to contract; skeletal muscles of the leg areexamples; involuntary muscles are under control of subconsciousregions of brain; examples are smooth muscles found in internal or-gans and cardiac muscles
Skeletal Muscle• Directly or indirectly attached to bones; produce voluntary move-
ment of skeleton; also called striated muscle because of striped ap-pearance under microscope (see . Figure 4.22)
• Wrapped in layers of fibrous connective tissue called fascia; tapers ateach end of skeletal muscle to form very strong tendon; tendonthen inserts into periosteum covering bone to anchor muscle tobone
• Stimulated by motor neurons; point at which motor nerve contactsmuscle fiber is called myoneural junction
Smooth Muscle• Found in association with internal organs; also called visceral
muscle; refers to muscle’s microscopic appearance—lacks striationsof skeletal muscle (see . Figure 4.22); found in walls of hollow
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Test Bank—questions
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TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Have students perform each action as it isdescribed.
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect directional terms.
Visual Aids• Use articulated skeleton to demonstrate
each movement as you describe it.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for an animationof joint movements with each differentmuscle action
• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-structor’s Resource DVD for animatedvideos illustrating different muscle actions:• Elbow flexion/extension• Ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Ankle eversion/inversion• Forearm pronation/supination• Shoulder circumduction• Thumb opposition• Shoulder rotation
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
• Have each student select a sport and then aspecific movement from that sport (e.g.,swing a bat, throw a ball, take a freethrow); have each student describe eachmovement necessary using appropriatemovement terminology.
Action DescriptionGrouped by antagonistic pairsabduction Movement away from midline
(see . Figure 4.23)adduction Movement toward midline
(see . Figure 4.23)flexion Act of bending or being bent
(see . Figure 4.24)extension Movement that brings limb into or
toward a straight condition (see . Figure 4.24)
dorsiflexion Backward bending, as of hand orfoot (see . Figure 4.25A)
plantar flexion Bending sole of foot; pointing toesdownward (see . Figure 4.25B)
eversion Turning outward (see . Figure4.26)
inversion Turning inward (see . Figure 4.26)pronation To turn downward or backward as
with hand or footsupination Turning the palm or foot upwardelevation To raise body part, as in shrugging
shoulders
organs, such as stomach, tube-shaped organs, such as respiratory air-ways, and blood vessels
• Responsible for involuntary muscle action associated with move-ment of internal organs; such as churning food, constricting bloodvessel, and uterine contractions
Cardiac Muscle• Also called myocardium; makes up wall of heart (see . Figure
4.22); with each involuntary contraction the heart squeezes topump blood out of its chambers and through blood vessels
OBJECTIVE 9Use movement terminology correctly.
Text pages: 107–109; PowerPoint slides: 135–153
LECTURE NOTES
• Skeletal muscles attached to two different bones and overlap joint;when muscle contracts, two bones move, but not usually equally
• Origin—less movable of two bones considered to be starting pointof muscle and is called origin
• Insertion—more movable bone considered to be where muscle endsand is called insertion
• Action—type of movement muscle produces called its action• Muscles often arranged around joints in antagonistic pairs; means
they produce opposite actions; for example, one muscle will bendjoint while its antagonist straightens joint
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ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
OBJECTIVE 10Build and define musculoskeletal system medical terms from word parts.
Text pages: 93–94; 110; PowerPoint slides: 68–75; 154–159
LECTURE NOTES
depression Downward movement, as in drop-ping the shoulders
Circular actions described below are exception to antagonistic pairarrangement
circumduction Movement in a circular directionfrom central point; imagine draw-ing large circle in air
opposition Moving thumb away from palm;ability to move thumb into con-tact with other fingers
rotation Moving around central axis
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games
CW• Practice questions
CombiningForm Medical Term Definitionarthr/o arthralgia joint pain
arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid fromjoint
arthroclasia surgically breaking a jointarthrodesis fusion of jointarthrogram record of jointarthritis joint inflammationarthrotomy incision into jointarthroscope visual examination of inside joint
burs/o bursectomy removal of bursabursitis inflammation of bursa
chondr/o chondrectomy removal of cartilagechondromalacia cartilage softeningchondroma cartilage tumorchondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage
cortic/o cortical pertaining to the outer portioncrani/o intracranial pertaining to inside skull
craniotomy incision into skullmedull/o medullary pertaining to inner portionmyel/o myeloma bone marrow tumoroste/o ostealgia bone pain
osteochondrome bone and cartilage tumorosteoclasia to surgically break boneosteomyelitis inflammation of bone and bone
marrowosteotomy incision into boneosteopathy bone disease
Skeletal System
TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Read aloud musculoskeletal words that aremade up of word parts; have students iden-tify parts and define terms, either aloud orindividually on paper.
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4B• Medical Term Analysis
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Quiz 4E• May be used as a worksheet
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions
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Adjective Suffix Combined With Adjective Form Noun Form-ac ili/o iliac ilium-al carp/o carpal carpus
cervic/o cervical neckcost/o costal ribcrani/o cranial craniumfemor/o femoral femurhumer/o humeral humerusischi/o ischial ischiummetacarp/o metacarpal metacarpusmetatars/o metatarsal metatarsusradi/o radial radiussacr/o sacral sacrumstern/o sternal sternumtars/o tarsal tarsustibi/o tibial tibia
-ar clavicul/o clavicular claviclefibul/o fibular fibulalumb/o lumbar low backmandibul/o mandibular mandiblepatell/o patellar patellascapul/o scapular scapulauln/o ulnar ulna
-ary maxill/o maxillary maxilla-eal coccyg/o coccygeal coccyx
phalang/o phalangeal phalanges-ic pelv/o pelvic pelvis
pub/o pubic pubisthorac/o thoracic thorax
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4E—Word Building QuizQuiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
CombiningForm Medical Term Definitionfasci/o fascial pertaining to fascia
fasciitis inflammation of fasciafasciotomy incision into fascia
kinesi/o kinesiology study of movementmuscul/o muscular pertaining to musclesmy/o myalgia muscle pain
myasthenia muscle weaknesselectromyogram
(EMG)record of muscle electricity
myocardial pertaining to heart musclemyopathy muscle diseasemyoplasty surgical repair of musclemyorrhaphy suture a musclemyorrhexis muscle rupture
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
Muscular System
osteotome instrument to cut bonesynov/o synovitis inflammation of synovial
membranesynovectomy removal of synovial membrane
vertebr/o intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae
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OBJECTIVE 11Identify and define musculoskeletal system vocabulary terms.
Text pages: 95–96; 111; PowerPoint slides: 76–80; 160–162
myos/o polymyositis inflammation of manymuscles
ten/o tenodynia tendon paintenoplasty surgical repair of tendontenorrhaphy suture a tendon
tend/o tendoplasty surgical repair of tendontendotomy incision into tendon
tendin/o tendinitis inflammation of tendontendinous pertaining to tendons
Suffix Medical Term Definition-kinesia bradykinesia slow movement
dyskinesia difficult or painfulmovement
hyperkinesia excessive movementhypokinesia insufficient movement
-tonia atonia lack of tonedystonia abnormal tonehypertonia excessive tonehypotonia insufficient tonemyotonia muscle tone
Term Definitioncallus mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during
healingcast solid material to immobilize extremity as result of fracture,
dislocation, or severe injury; may be made of plaster ofParis or fiberglass
chiropractic healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treat-ment of malalignment conditions of spine and muscu-loskeletal system with intention of affecting nervoussystem and improving health; professional ischiropractor
crepitation noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together; alsocalled crepitus.
exostosis bone spurkyphosis abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine;
also called hunchback or humpback; see . Figure 4.13lordosis abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine;
also called swayback; see . Figure 4.13orthopedics branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment
of conditions of musculoskeletal system; also calledorthopedic surgery; physician is orthopedist or orthopedicsurgeon; name derived from straightening (orth/o) defor-mities in children (ped/o)
LECTURE NOTES
Skeletal System
TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Survey class to see how many students haveever visited a chiropractor; use this to begindiscussion of complementary medicine.
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for a video on thetopic of chiropractic medicine.
Guest Speaker• Invite chiropractor to speak to class about
chiropractic medicine and complementarymedicines.
Jeopardy Game• Have students create questions for terms in
this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Pathology,Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist• Medical Record Analysis• Chart Note Transcription
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions• Case StudyTerm Definition
adhesion scar tissue forming in fascia surrounding muscle,making it difficult to stretch muscle
atrophy poor muscle development as result of muscle disease,nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonlycalled muscle wasting
contracture abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, orfascia making it difficult to stretch muscle
hypertrophy increase in muscle bulk as result of using it, as in lift-ing weights
intermittentclaudication
attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by is-chemia of muscles, typically the calf muscles;brought on by walking even short distances
spasm sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contractiontorticollis severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side;
commonly called wryneck or crick in the neck
Muscular System
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
OBJECTIVE 12Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system pathology terms.
Text pages: 96–99; 111; PowerPoint slides: 81–98; 163–167
LECTURE NOTES
Skeletal System
TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Obtain a copy of X-rays of such pathologiesas fractures and arthritis to show in class
• Select two students to do 5-minute presen-tation of their internet research in class
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for videos on thetopic of:• Osteoporosis• Arthritis• Muscle atrophy• Muscular dystrophy• Carpal tunnel syndrome
Term DefinitionFracturesclosed fracture fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple
fracture (see . Figure 4.14B)Colles’ fracture common type of wrist fracture (see . Figure 4.15)comminuted
fracturefracture in which bone is shattered, splintered, or
crushed into many small pieces or fragmentscompound
fracturefracture in which skin has been broken through to frac-
ture; also called open fracture (see also Figure 4.14A)compression
fracturefracture involving loss of height of vertebral body; may
be result of trauma; but in older persons, especiallywomen, it may be caused by conditions like osteo-porosis
fracture (FX,Fx)
broken bone
orthotic brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities;person skilled in making and adjusting orthotics is anorthotist
podiatry healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treat-ment of disorders of the feet and lower legs; professionalis a podiatrist
prosthesis artificial device used as substitute for body part that iseither congenitally missing or absent as result of accidentor disease; example is artificial leg
prosthetics healthcare profession specializing in making artificial bodyparts; person skilled in making and adjusting prosthesesis prosthetist
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greenstick frac-ture
fracture in which there is incomplete break; one side ofbone is broken and other side is bent; this type offracture is commonly found in children due to softerand more pliable bone structure
impacted frac-ture
fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into eachother
obliquefracture
fracture at an angle to bone (see . Figure 4.16)
pathologicfracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
spiral fracture fracture in which fracture line spirals around shaft ofbone; can be caused by twisting injury; often slowerto heal than other types of fractures
stress fracture slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces,like running, rather than single forceful impact.
transversefracture
complete fracture that is straight across bone at rightangles to long axis of bone (see . Figure 4.17)
Ewing’ssarcoma
malignant growth found in shaft of long bones; spreadsthrough periosteum; removal is treatment of choice,because tumor metastasizes
osteogenicsarcoma
most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in os-teocytes found at ends of long bones
osteomalacia softening of bones caused by deficiency of calcium; inchildren cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D
osteoporosis decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weaken-ing of bone with resulting fractures; bone becomesmore porous, especially in spine and pelvis
Paget’sdisease
fairly common metabolic disease of bone from unknowncauses; usually attacks middle-aged and elderly peo-ple; characterized by bone destruction and deformity
rickets deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in earlychildhood; results in bone deformities, especiallybowed legs
Bones
ankylosing spondylitis inflammatory spinal condition; resemblesrheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening andfusion of vertebrae; more common in menthan women
herniated nucleus pul-posus (HNP)
herniation or protrusion of intervertebral disk;also called herniated disk or ruptured disk (see. Figure 4.18)
scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature of spine; see . Figure4.13
spina bifida congenital anomaly; occurs when vertebra failsto fully form around spinal cord
spinal stenosis narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure oncord and nerves
spondylolisthesis forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebrabelow it
Spinal Column
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Internet Research• Have students select a specific pathology
and use Internet resources to research itssymptoms, diagnosis, and treatments.
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist• Medical Record Analysis• Chart Note Transcription
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions• Case Study• Web Destination activity on osteoporosis
and muscular dystrophy• New York Times link for research into spe-
cific pathologies
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
Jeopardy Game• Have students create questions for terms in
this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabulary,Diagnostic, and Therapeutic terms.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
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bunion inflammation of bursa of first metatarsopha-langeal joint (base of the big toe)
dislocation bones in joint are displaced from their normal align-ment; ends of bones are no longer in contact
osteoarthritis (OA) arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones andjoints, especially those bearing weight; resultsin bone rubbing against bone
rheumatoid arthritis(RA)
chronic form of arthritis with inflammation ofjoints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes incartilage that can result in crippling deformities;autoimmune disease (see . Figure 4.19)
sprain damage to ligaments surrounding joint due tooverstretching; no dislocation of joint orfracture of bone
subluxation incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is dis-rupted, but ends of bones remain in contact
systemic lupus erythe-matosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease ofconnective tissue; affects many systems in-cluding joints and arthritis; may be mistakenfor rheumatoid arthritis
talipes congenital deformity; misalignment of anklejoint and foot; also called clubfoot
Joints
Muscular System
Term DefinitionMusclesfibromyalgia widespread aching and pain in muscles and
soft tissuelateral epicondylitis inflammation of muscle attachment to lateral
epicondyle of elbow; caused by stronglygripping; commonly called tennis elbow
muscular dystrophy(MD)
inherited disease; progressive muscle degener-ation, weakness, and atrophy
pseudohypertrophicmuscular dystrophy
one type of inherited muscular dystrophy;muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fattytissue, making the muscle look strong; alsocalled Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Tendons, Muscles,and/or Ligaments
carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS)
repetitive motion disorder with pain causedby compression of finger flexor tendonsand median nerve as they pass throughcarpal tunnel of wrist
ganglion cyst cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually onhand, wrist, or ankle
repetitive motiondisorder
group of chronic disorders involving the ten-don, muscle, joint, and nerve damage; re-sulting from the tissue being subjected topressure, vibration, or repetitive move-ments for prolonged periods
rotator cuff injury rotator cuff consists of joint capsule of shoul-der joint reinforced by tendons from sev-eral shoulder muscles; high degree offlexibility at shoulder joint puts rotator cuffat risk for strain and tearing
strain damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments dueto overuse or overstretching
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OBJECTIVE 13Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system diagnostic procedures.
Text pages: 100; 112; PowerPoint slides: 99–102; 168–169
LECTURE NOTES
Term DefinitionDiagnostic Imagingarthrography X-ray of joint after injection of contrast
medium into joint spacebone scan nuclear medicine procedure; patient is given ra-
dioactive dye and then scanning equipment isused to visualize bones; especially useful inidentifying stress fractures, observing progressof treatment for osteomyelitis, and locatingcancer metastases to bone
dual-energy absorp-tiometry (DXA)
measurement of bone density using low dose X-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporo-sis
myelography X-ray of spinal column after injecting opaquecontrast material; particularly useful in iden-tifying herniated nucleus pulposus
radiography X-rays to study internal structure of body; espe-cially useful for visualizing bones and joints
EndoscopicProcedures
arthroscopy examination of interior of joint by enteringjoint with arthroscope; arthroscope contains asmall television camera that allows physicianto view interior of joint on monitor duringprocedure; joint conditions can be repairedduring arthroscopy
Skeletal System
TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.
• Obtain actual diagnostic images such asbone scan.
IRDVD• See PowerPoint presentation on the In-
structor’s Resource DVD for a video on thetopic of arthroscopy.
Jeopardy Game• Have students create questions for terms in
this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabu-lary, Pathology, and Therapeutic terms.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
Term DefinitionClinical Laboratory
Testcreatine phosphoki-
nase (CPK)muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and
cardiac muscle; blood levels become elevatedin disorders such as heart attack, musculardystrophy, and other skeletal musclepathologies
Additional Diagnos-tic Procedures
deep tendon reflexes(DTR)
muscle contraction in response to stretch causedby striking muscle tendon with reflex ham-mer; used to determine if muscles are re-sponding properly
electromyography(EMG)
study and record of strength and quality ofmuscle contractions as result of electricalstimulation
muscle biopsy removal of muscle tissue for pathological exami-nation
Muscular System
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist• Medical Record Analysis• Chart Note Transcription
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions• Case Study• New York Times link for research into spe-
cific diagnostic procedures
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
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TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Write sentences on the board using com-mon words; have students substitute cor-rect medical terms.
Jeopardy Game• Have students create questions for terms in
this section for a Jeopardy game to be playedin class—may be combined with Vocabu-lary, Pathology, and Diagnostic terms.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
Term DefinitionSurgical
Proceduresamputation partial or complete removal of limb for variety of
reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractablepain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infec-tion
arthroscopicsurgery
performing surgical procedure while using arthro-scope to view internal structure, such as joint
bone graft piece of bone taken from patient used to takeplace of removed bone or bony defect at an-other site
bunionectomy removal of bursa at joint of great toelaminectomy removal of vertebral posterior arch to correct
severe back problems and pain caused bycompression of spinal nerve
percutaneousdiskectomy
thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebraldisk through skin and herniated or ruptureddisk material is sucked out or a laser is used tovaporize it
spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; maybe done for several reasons, including correctionfor herniated disk
total hip arthro-plasty (THA)
surgical reconstruction of hip by implanting pros-thetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hipreplacement (THR) (see . Figure 4.20)
total knee arthro-plasty (TKA)
surgical reconstruction of knee joint by implantingprosthetic knee joint; also called total knee re-placement (TKR)
Fracture Carefixation procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it heals;
external fixation includes casts, splints, and pinsinserted through the skin; internal fixation in-cludes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires thatare applied during an open reduction
reduction correcting fracture by realigning bone fragments;closed reduction is doing this manipulation with-out entering body; open reduction is process ofmaking surgical incision at site of fracture to doreduction; necessary when bony fragments needto be removed or internal fixation such as platesor pins are required
traction applying pulling force on fractured or dislocatedlimb or vertebral column in order to restorenormal alignment
OBJECTIVE 14Identify and define selected musculoskeletal system therapeutic procedures.
Text pages: 100–101; 112; PowerPoint slides: 103–107; 170
LECTURE NOTES
Skeletal System
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist• Medical Record Analysis• Chart Note Transcription
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions• Case Study• New York Times link for research into spe-
cific treatment procedures
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
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Muscular System
OBJECTIVE 15Identify and define selected medications relating to the musculoskeletal system.
Text pages: 101; 112; PowerPoint slides: 108–109; 171
LECTURE NOTES
Skeletal System
Muscular System
TEACHING STRATEGIES
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Internet Research• Have students use a PDR and/or the Inter-
net to look up additional information re-garding these medications, such as dosage,side effects, and contraindications.
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Text• Practice Exercises• Terminology Checklist
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Test Bank—questions
Term DefinitionSurgical
Procedurescarpal tunnel
releasesurgical cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve nerve
pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome; can re-sult from repetitive motion such as typing
tenodesis surgical procedure to stabilize joint by anchoring downtendons of muscles that move joint
Classification ActionGeneric and BrandNames
bone reabsorptioninhibitors
reduces reabsorptionof bones; treatsosteoporosis
alendronate, Fosamax; iban-dronate, Boniva
calcium supple-ments and vita-min D therapy
maintains high bloodlevels of calciumwith vitamin D
calcium carbonate, Oyster-cal, Tums; calcium cit-rate, Cal-Citrate, Citracal
corticosteroids strong anti-inflam-matory properties;help with arthritis
prednisone; methylpred-nisolone, Medrol; dexam-ethasone, Decadron
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs(NSAIDs)
provide mild pain re-lief and anti-in-flammatorybenefits
ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin;naproxen, Aleve,Naprosyn; salicylates,aspirin
Classification ActionGeneric and BrandNames
skeletal musclerelaxants
relaxes skeletal mus-cles to reduce mus-cle spasms
cyclobenzaprine, Flexeril;carisoprodol, Soma
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TEACHING STRATEGIES
• Emphasize importance of learning abbrevi-ations and their full meanings; point outhow some abbreviations, such as LE, UE,HNP, NSAID, and DXA typically usedrather than the full terms.
• Encourage students to add abbreviations totheir flash cards.
• Write sentences on the board using medicalterms; have students substitute correct ab-breviations for the terms.
Memory Game• Have students assist in creating a memory
game to play in class.
Pop Questions• Use Clicker questions as either a pretest or
posttest quiz to gauge student comprehen-sion during lecture.
AE above elbowAK above kneeBDT bone density testingBE below elbowBK below kneeBMD bone mineral densityC1, C2, etc. first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.Ca calciumDJD degenerative joint diseaseDXA dual-energy absorptiometryFX, Fx fractureHNP herniated nucleus pulposusJRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritisL1, L2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.LE lower extremityLLE left lower extremityLUE left upper extremityNSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugOA osteoarthritisORIF open reduction–internal fixationOrth, ortho orthopedicsRA rheumatoid arthritisRLE right lower extremityRUE right upper extremitySLE systemic lupus erythematosusT1, T2, etc. first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.THA total hip arthroplastyTHR total hip replacementTKA total knee arthroplastyTKR total knee replacementUE upper extremity
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Worksheet 4C• Chapter Review
Quiz 4F• May be used as a worksheet
Text• Practice Exercises
Student DVD-ROM• Learning games• Flash cards
CW• Practice questions
ASSESSMENTS
Quiz 4F—Abbreviations QuizQuiz 4G—Chapter ReviewTest Bank—questions
CTS carpal tunnel syndromeCPK creatine phosphokinaseDTR deep tendon reflexEMG electromyogramIM intramuscularMD muscular dystrophy
OBJECTIVE 16Define selected abbreviations associated with the musculoskeletal system.
Text pages: 102; 112; PowerPoint slides: 110–114; 172
LECTURE NOTES
Skeletal System
Muscular System
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Worksheet 4ANew Combining Form, Prefix, and Suffix Handout
Directions: For each combining form, prefix, and suffix below write out its meaning. Then locate a newterm from the chapter that uses the word part and its meaning.
Combining Forms Meaning Chapter Term Meaning
1. ankyl/o _________________ _________________ _________________
2. arthr/o _________________ _________________ _________________
3. articul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
4. burs/o _________________ _________________ _________________
5. carp/o _________________ _________________ _________________
6. cervic/o _________________ _________________ _________________
7. chondr/o _________________ _________________ _________________
8. clavicul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
9. coccyg/o _________________ _________________ _________________
10. cortic/o _________________ _________________ _________________
11. cost/o _________________ _________________ _________________
12. crani/o _________________ _________________ _________________
13. femor/o _________________ _________________ _________________
14. fibul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
15. humer/o _________________ _________________ _________________
16. ili/o _________________ _________________ _________________
17. ischi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
18. kyph/o _________________ _________________ _________________
19. lamin/o _________________ _________________ _________________
20. lord/o _________________ _________________ _________________
21. lumb/o _________________ _________________ _________________
22. mandibul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
23. maxill/o _________________ _________________ _________________
(Continued )
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Combining Forms Meaning Chapter Term Meaning
24. medull/o _________________ _________________ _________________
25. metacarp/o _________________ _________________ _________________
26. metatars/o _________________ _________________ _________________
27. myel/o _________________ _________________ _________________
28. orth/o _________________ _________________ _________________
29. oste/o _________________ _________________ _________________
30. patell/o _________________ _________________ _________________
31. ped/o _________________ _________________ _________________
32. pelv/o _________________ _________________ _________________
33. phalang/o _________________ _________________ _________________
34. pod/o _________________ _________________ _________________
35. pub/o _________________ _________________ _________________
36. radi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
37. sacr/o _________________ _________________ _________________
38. scapul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
39. scoli/o _________________ _________________ _________________
40. spondyl/o _________________ _________________ _________________
41. stern/o _________________ _________________ _________________
42. synovi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
43. synov/o _________________ _________________ _________________
44. tars/o _________________ _________________ _________________
45. thorac/o _________________ _________________ _________________
46. tibi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
47. uln/o _________________ _________________ _________________
48. vertebr/o _________________ _________________ _________________
49. fasci/o _________________ _________________ _________________
50. fibr/o _________________ _________________ _________________
(Continued )
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Combining Forms Meaning Chapter Term Meaning
51. kinesi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
52. muscul/o _________________ _________________ _________________
53. my/o _________________ _________________ _________________
54. myocardi/o _________________ _________________ _________________
55. myos/o _________________ _________________ _________________
56. plant/o _________________ _________________ _________________
57. ten/o _________________ _________________ _________________
58. tend/o _________________ _________________ _________________
59. tendin/o _________________ _________________ _________________
Suffixes
60. -blast _________________ _________________ _________________
61. -clasia _________________ _________________ _________________
62. -desis _________________ _________________ _________________
63. -listhesis _________________ _________________ _________________
64. -porosis _________________ _________________ _________________
65. -asthenia _________________ _________________ _________________
66. -kinesia _________________ _________________ _________________
67. -tonia _________________ _________________ _________________
Prefixes
68. ab- _________________ _________________ _________________
69. ad- _________________ _________________ _________________
70. circum- _________________ _________________ _________________
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Worksheet 4BMedical Term Analysis
Directions: Below are terms built from word parts used in this chapter that are not analyzed in the WordBuilding Table. Many are built from word parts you have learned in previous chapters. Analyze each termpresented below and list and define the word parts used to build each term.
Medical Term Word Part Analysis
1. osteocyte ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. osteoblast ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. articular ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. kyphosis ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. scoliosis ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. orthotic ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. osteogenic ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8. osteomalacia ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. osteoporosis ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10. spondylolisthesis ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. osteoarthritis ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(Continued )
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12. systemic ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13. arthrography ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14. arthroscopy ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
15. arthroplasty ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
16. myoneural ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
17. electromyography ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
18. atrophy ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
19. pseudohypertrophic ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
20. fibromyalgia ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Worksheet 4CChapter Review
Anatomy and Physiology
1. The four classifications of bones by their shape are _____________, _____________, _____________,
and _____________.
2. Dense and hard exterior surface bone is called _____________ or _____________ bone.
3. A _____________ is a large, smooth, ball-shaped process on the end of a long bone.
4. The bones that form the central axis for the whole body are part of the _____________ skeleton.
5. The pectoral girdle consists of the _____________ and _____________.
6. The most common type of joint in the body is a _____________ joint.
7. Visceral muscle is another name for _____________ muscle.
8. _____________ muscles are voluntary.
9. _____________ is movement away from the midline.
10. A _____________ anchors a muscle to the bone.
Word Building
Directions: Build a term that means:
1. cartilage softening ____________________________________________________
2. fusion of a joint ____________________________________________________
3. pertaining to between vertebrae ____________________________________________________
4. bone and cartilage tumor ____________________________________________________
5. pertaining to the femur ____________________________________________________
6. pertaining to the breast bone ____________________________________________________
7. lack of tone ____________________________________________________
8. study of movement ____________________________________________________
9. incision into fascia ____________________________________________________
10. record of muscle electricity ____________________________________________________
(Continued )
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Matching
_____ 1. clavicle
_____ 2. phalanges
_____ 3. exostosis
_____ 4. orthotic
_____ 5. comminuted
_____ 6. greenstick
_____ 7. HNP
_____ 8. subluxation
_____ 9. RA
_____ 10. spina bifida
_____ 11. osteoporosis
_____ 12. prosthesis
_____ 13. crepitation
_____ 14. DXA
_____ 15. reduction
_____ 16. NSAIDs
_____ 17. contracture
_____ 18. spasm
_____ 19. fibromyalgia
_____ 20. carpal tunnel syndrome
_____ 21. torticollis
_____ 22. adhesion
_____ 23. MD
_____ 24. sprain
_____ 25. tenodesis
a. brace or splint
b. realigning bones in a fracture
c. fracture commonly seen in children
d. procedure to stabilize a joint
e. loss of bone mass
f. abnormal shortening of muscle fibers
g. bone spur
h. sudden, strong muscle contraction
i. fracture with shattered bone
j. wryneck
k. noise from two bones rubbing together
l. inherited muscle degeneration disease
m. considered an autoimmune disease
n. damage to ligaments around a joint
o. fingers
p. aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue
q. collarbone
r. scar tissue in the fascia
s. device to substitute a missing body part
t. protruding intervertebral disk
u. provide mild pain relief
v. measures bone density
w. congenital anomaly
x. a repetitive motion disorder
y. incomplete dislocation
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4ANew Word Parts Quiz
Directions: Define the combining form or suffix in the spaces provided.
1. arth/o ______________________________________________________________________________
2. carp/o ______________________________________________________________________________
3. cost/o ______________________________________________________________________________
4. lord/o ______________________________________________________________________________
5. scoli/o ______________________________________________________________________________
6. medull/o ____________________________________________________________________________
7. myel/o _____________________________________________________________________________
8. lumb/o _____________________________________________________________________________
9. thorac/o ____________________________________________________________________________
10. spondyl/o ___________________________________________________________________________
11. fasci/o ______________________________________________________________________________
12. myos/o _____________________________________________________________________________
13. plant/o _____________________________________________________________________________
14. tend/o ____________________________________________________________________________
15. kinesi/o ___________________________________________________________________________
16. fibr/o ______________________________________________________________________________
17. my/o _______________________________________________________________________________
18. synovi/o ____________________________________________________________________________
19. orth/o ______________________________________________________________________________
20. circum- _____________________________________________________________________________
21. -tonia ______________________________________________________________________________
22. -asthenia ____________________________________________________________________________
23. -desis ______________________________________________________________________________
24. -clasia ______________________________________________________________________________
25. -listhesis ____________________________________________________________________________
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4BSpelling Quiz
Directions: Write each term as your instructor pronounces it.
1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________________________________
10. _______________________________________________________________________________
11. _______________________________________________________________________________
12. _______________________________________________________________________________
13. _______________________________________________________________________________
14. _______________________________________________________________________________
15. _______________________________________________________________________________
16. _______________________________________________________________________________
17. _______________________________________________________________________________
18. _______________________________________________________________________________
19. _______________________________________________________________________________
20. _______________________________________________________________________________
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1. ________________
17. _______________
18. _______________
19. _______________
20. _______________
21. _______________
22 _______________
23. _______________
24. _______________
25. _______________
26. _______________
27. _______________
9. ________________
10. _______________
11. _______________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
12. _______________
13. _______________
16. _______________
15. _______________
14. _______________
Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4CLabeling Diagram
Directions: Label the bones of the skeleton.
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4DLabeling Diagram
Directions: Label the parts of a long bone.
5. __________________
6. __________________
7. __________________
8. __________________
4. __________________
3. __________________
2. __________________
1. __________________
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4EWord Building Quiz
Directions: Build a single medical term for each phrase below.
1. fusion of a joint ______________________________________________________________________
2. inflammation of a bursa _______________________________________________________________
3. surgical repair of cartilage ______________________________________________________________
4. incision into the skull _________________________________________________________________
5. surgically break a bone _________________________________________________________________
6. surgical removal of synovial membrane ___________________________________________________
7. pertaining to wrist ____________________________________________________________________
8. pertaining to ilium ____________________________________________________________________
9. pertaining to kneecap _________________________________________________________________
10. pertaining to upper jaw ________________________________________________________________
11. pertaining to tailbone _________________________________________________________________
12. pertaining to chest ____________________________________________________________________
13. abnormal condition of hump ___________________________________________________________
14. porous bone _________________________________________________________________________
15. vertebra slipping _____________________________________________________________________
16. inflammation of bone and joint _________________________________________________________
17. process of recording a joint _____________________________________________________________
18. inflammation of fascia _________________________________________________________________
19. pertaining to muscle __________________________________________________________________
20. muscle disease _______________________________________________________________________
21. inflammation of many muscles __________________________________________________________
22. abnormal tone _______________________________________________________________________
23. slow movement ______________________________________________________________________
24. excessive development _________________________________________________________________
25. inflammation of a tendon ______________________________________________________________
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4FAbbreviations Quiz
Directions: Write the medical term for which each abbreviation stands.
1. AE ________________________________________________________________________________
2. BK ________________________________________________________________________________
3. BDT _______________________________________________________________________________
4. DJD _______________________________________________________________________________
5. DXA _______________________________________________________________________________
6. Fx _________________________________________________________________________________
7. HNP ______________________________________________________________________________
8. NSAID _____________________________________________________________________________
9. ORIF ______________________________________________________________________________
10. RA ________________________________________________________________________________
11. THA _______________________________________________________________________________
12. TKR _______________________________________________________________________________
13. UE ________________________________________________________________________________
14. LE _________________________________________________________________________________
15. ortho ______________________________________________________________________________
16. JRA ________________________________________________________________________________
17. Ca _________________________________________________________________________________
18. L1 _________________________________________________________________________________
19. C2 ________________________________________________________________________________
20. T3 _________________________________________________________________________________
21. MD _______________________________________________________________________________
22. IM ________________________________________________________________________________
23. EMG ______________________________________________________________________________
24. DTR _______________________________________________________________________________
25. CTS _______________________________________________________________________________
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Name _______________________________________ Date ______________ Score __________
Quiz 4GChapter Review
PART I: Multiple ChoiceDirections: Circle the correct answer.
1. The medical term for the end region of a longbone is
a. diaphysis.
b. epiphysis.
c. periosteum.
d. bursa.
2. Which bone is NOT found in the appendicu-lar skeleton?
a. tibia
b. phalanges
c. clavicle
d. sternum
3. Most of the joints found in the human bodyare what type?
a. bursa joints
b. ball and socket joints
c. synovial joints
d. suture joints
4. The medical term for a fracture that does notbreak through the skin is
a. closed.
b. complete.
c. comminuted.
d. compound.
5. The term meaning movement toward themidline is
a. abduction.
b. circumduction.
c. eversion.
d. adduction.
6. A specialist in treating disorders of the feet isa(n)
a. orthopedist.
b. orthotist.
c. podiatrist.
d. physiatrist.
7. An inherited disease causing progressive mus-cle weakness and atrophy is
a. myasthenia gravis.
b. carpal tunnel syndrome.
c. rheumatoid arthritis.
d. muscular dystrophy.
8. The medical term for the removing of muscletissue for pathological examination is
a. myelography.
b. muscle biopsy.
c. dual-energy absorptiometry.
d. polymyositis.
9. The surgical term arthrodesis is defined as
a. surgical fusion of a joint.
b. surgical breaking of a joint.
c. incision into a joint.
d. excision of a joint.
10. The condition that involves an abnormal lat-eral curve of the spine is
a. lordosis.
b. ankylosis.
c. kyphosis.
d. scoliosis.
(Continued )
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PART II: MatchingDirections: Match the term with its definition.
_____ 1. fixation
_____ 2. laminectomy
_____ 3. bone scan
_____ 4. osteoarthritis
_____ 5. talipes
_____ 6. oblique
_____ 7. Collé
_____ 8. atrophy
_____ 9. lateral epicondylitis
_____ 10. ganglion
a. procedure that uses radioactive dye
b. fracture at an angle to the bone
c. muscle wasting
d. stabilize a broken bone while it heals
e. tennis elbow
f. clubfoot
g. forms on a tendon sheath
h. results in degeneration of bones and joints
i. wrist fracture
j. used to correct severe back problems
PART III: AbbreviationsDirections: Write the full meaning of the following abbreviations.
1. DXA _______________________________________________________________________________
2. C2 ________________________________________________________________________________
3. RUE _______________________________________________________________________________
4. DTR _______________________________________________________________________________
5. OA ________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 4 Answer Keys
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4/MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 155
Worksheet 4A Answer Key
1. stiff joint2. joint3. joint4. sac5. wrist6. neck7. cartilage8. clavicle9. coccyx
10. outer portion11. rib12. skull13. femur14. fibula15. humerus16. ilium17. ischium18. hump19. lamina, part of vertebra20. bent backwards21. loin22. mandible23. maxilla24. inner portion25. metacarpals26. metatarsals27. bone marrow28. straight29. bone30. patella31. child, foot32. pelvis33. phalanges34. foot35. pubis
36. radius37. sacrum38. scapula39. crooked, bent40. vertebra41. sternum42. synovial membrane43. synovial membrane44. ankle45. chest46. tibia47. ulna48. vertebra49. fibrous band50. fibers51. movement52. muscle53. muscle54. heart muscle55. muscle56. sole of foot57. tendon58. tendon59. tendon60. immature cell61. to surgically break62. stabilize, fuse63. slipping64. porous65. weakness66. movement67. tone68. away from69. toward70. around
Worksheet 4B Answer Key
1. oste/o = bone; -cyte = cell2. oste/o = bone; -blast = embryonic cell3. articul/o = joint; -ar = pertaining to4. kyph/o = hump; -osis = abnormal condition5. scoli/o = crooked; -osis = abnormal condition
6. orth/o = straight; -tic = pertaining to7. oste/o = bone; -genic = producing8. oste/o = bone; -malacia = softening9. oste/o = bone; -porosis = porous
10. spondyl/o = vertebra; -listhesis = slipping
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11. oste/o = bone; arthr/o = joint; -itis =inflammation
12. system/o = system; -ic = pertaining to13. arthr/o = joint; -graphy = process of
recording14. arthr/o = joint; -scopy = process of viewing
inside15. arthr/o = joint; -plasty = surgical repair
156 Chapter 4/MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
16. my/o = muscle; neur/o = nerve; -al = pertainingto
17. electr/o = electricity; my/o = muscle; -graphy =process of recording
18. a- = lack of; -trophy = development19. pseudo- = false; hyper- = excessive; -trophic =
development20. fibr/o = fibers; my/o = muscle; -algia = pain
Worksheet 4C Answer Key
Anatomy and Physiology
1. long, short, irregular, flat2. compact, cortical3. head4. axial5. clavicle, scapula
6. synovial7. smooth8. skeletal9. abduction
10. tendon
Word Building
1. chondromalacia2. arthrodesis3. intervertebral4. osteochondroma5. femoral
6. sternal7. atonia8. kinesiology9. fasciotomy
10. electromyogram
Matching
1. q2. o3. g4. a5. i6. c
7. t8. y9. m
10. w11. e12. s13. k
14. v15. b16. u17. f18. h19. p
20. x21. j22. r23. l24. n25. d
Quiz 4A Answer Key
1. joint2. wrist3. rib4. bent backwards5. crooked, bent6. inner portion
7. bone marrow8. loin9. chest
10. vertebra11. fibrous band12. muscle
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13. sole of foot14. tendon15. movement16. fibers17. muscle18. synovial membrane19. straight
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20. around21. tone22. weakness23. stabilize, fuse24. surgically break25. slipping
Quiz 4B Answer Key
1. ossification2. periosteum3. trochanter4. coccygeal5. phalanges6. articulation7. intracranial8. chiropractic9. prosthesis
10. pathologic
11. osteoporosis12. ankylosing13. spondylolisthesis14. subluxation15. arthroscopy16. claudication17. pseudohypertrophic18. electromyography19. tenodesis20. fibromyalgia
Quiz 4C Answer Key
1. skull2. cervical vertebrae3. sternum4. ribs5. thoracic vertebrae6. lumbar vertebrae7. ilium8. pubis9. ischium
10. femur11. patella12. tibia13. fibula14. tarsals
15. metatarsals16. phalanges17. maxilla18. mandible19. scapula20. humerus21. ulna22. radius23. sacrum24. coccyx25. carpals26. metacarpals27. phalanges
Quiz 4D Answer Key
1. proximal epiphysis2. diaphysis3. distal epiphysis4. articular cartilage
5. epiphyseal line6. spongy bone7. compact bone8. medullary cavity
Quiz 4E Answer Key
1. arthrodesis2. bursitis
3. chondroplasty4. craniotomy
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Quiz 4F Answer Key
1. above elbow2. below knee3. bone density testing4. degenerative joint disease5. dual-energy absorptiometry6. fracture7. herniated nucleus pulposus8. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug9. open reduction internal fixation
10. rheumatoid arthritis11. total hip arthroplasty12. total knee replacement13. upper extremity
14. lower extremity15. orthopedics16. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis17. calcium18. first lumbar vertebra19. second cervical vertebra20. third thoracic vertebra21. muscular dystrophy22. intramuscular23. electromyogram24. deep tendon reflexes25. carpal tunnel syndrome
Quiz 4G Answer Key
Multiple Choice
1. B2. D3. C4. A5. D
6. C7. D8. B9. A
10. D
Matching
1. d2. j3. a4. h5. f
6. b7. i8. c9. e
10. g
5. osteoclasia6. synovectomy7. carpal8. iliac9. patellar
10. maxillary11. coccygeal12. thoracic13. kyphosis14. osteoporosis15. spondylolisthesis
16. osteoarthritis17. arthrography18. fasciitis19. muscular20. myopathy21. polymyositis22. dystonia23. bradykinesia24. hypertrophy25. tendinitis
Abbreviations
1. dual-energy absorptiometry2. second cervical vertebra3. right upper extremity
4. deep tendon reflexes5. osteoarthritis
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