What are mushrooms, edible and non-edible mushrooms, Slide show on mushrooms

Dr. Ishrat Naz

Department of Plant PathologyThe University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Khyber Pakthunkhwa

What are mushrooms, edible and non-edible mushrooms.

What are mushrooms?Mushrooms are unique. They are neither animal or plant.Some people consider them plants for various reasons, but they differ from plants in that they lack the green chlorophyll that plants use to manufacture their own food and energy. For this reason they are placed in a Kingdom of their own," The Kingdom of Fungi".

What are mushrooms?Amushroom(ortoadstool) is the fleshy,spore-bearingfruiting body of afungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on itsfood source.

ClassificationKingdom:FungiPhylum:BasidiomycotaClass:HymenomycetesOrder:AgaricalesFamily:TricholomataceaeGenus:PleurotusSpecies:Pleurotus ostreatus

ClassificationKingdom:FungiPhylum:BasidiomycotaClass:AgaricomycetesOrder:AgaricalesFamily:AgaricaceaeGenus:AgaricusSpecies:Agaricus bisporus

ClassificationKingdom:FungiPhylum:BasidiomycotaClass:AgaricomycetesOrder:AgaricalesFamily:AgaricaceaeGenus:AgaricusSpecies:Agaricus campestris

Species of MushroomsThere are about 10,000 different species of which at least 1,290 are reported to the edible. Mushrooms are used as food as well as medicine.

Natural Growth

Edible mushroomsEdible mushrooms occupy a pivotal position among the lower organisms.

In the developed countries, mushrooms have become one of the most important of all the horticultural crops.

Edible mushroomsThe production of mushrooms is increasing everywhere in the world, and nowadays these are available all the year round and are used in enormous quantities to serve with all kinds of table dishes. Mushrooms are used extensively incooking, in manycuisines(notablyChinese,Korean,European, andJapanese). Though neither meat nor vegetable, mushrooms are known as the "meat" of the vegetable world.

Nutritional value per 100g (3.5oz)

Energy94kJ (22kcal)Carbohydrates4.3 gFat0.1 gProtein2.5 gVitaminsThiamine(B1)(9%) 0.1 mgRiboflavin(B2)(42%) 0.5 mgNiacin(B3)(25%) 3.8 mgPantothenic acid(B5)(30%) 1.5 mgVitamin C(0%) 0 mgTrace mineralsCalcium(2%) 18 mgPhosphorus(17%) 120 mgPotassium(10%) 448 mgSodium(0%) 6 mgZinc(12%) 1.1 mg

Edible mushrooms

Oyster FungusPleurotus ostreatus

Golden oyster, Pleurotus cornucopiae

Edible mushrooms

Button fungi (Agaricus bisporus)

Agaricus campestris

Edible mushroomsThe Horse Mushroom,Agaricus arvensis

Edible mushroomsMorels,Morchella spp.

Shiitake Mushrooms

Lentinula edodes

Edible mushroomsPaddy straw mushroom (Volvariellavolvacea) Chinese mushroom

Edible mushrooms

Jews ear (Auricularia auricula-judae)

Edible mushroomsLycoperdon perlatum(common puffball)

Edible mushroomsMaitake mushrooms

Edible mushroomsLions mane mushrooms

Non-edible toxic (poisonous) mushroomsMany mushroom species producesecondary metabolitesthat can be toxic, mind-altering, antibiotic, antiviral, orbioluminescent.Although there are only a small number ofdeadly species, several others can cause particularly severe and unpleasant symptoms.

Mushroom and ToxinsCellular toxins Extremely serious. Species include Destroying Angel, Death Cap, poisonous Cortinarius species (Webcaps), Deadly Skullcap. Among other things, the liver and kidneys are affected. Neurotoxins: Serious. Species include Fly Agaric and Inocybe species (Fiber Caps). Nerve system affected. Gastro-intestinal toxins: Unpleasant, sometimes serious. Many different mushrooms. Digestive tract affected. Those poisonous with alcohol.

Medicinal value

Anti-tumor (tumor reduction and control)Immune response (boost bodies ability to fight disease)Anti-inflammatory (relief tension due to muscle inflammation)Antiviral (as an immune response)Antibiotics (as an immune response)Lower cholestrol and triglycerol levels as well as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in blood plasma

Medicinal valueChemotherapy forcancer (e.g maitake). It is also used forHIV/AIDS,chronic fatiguesyndrome (CFS),hepatitis,hay fever, diabetes,high blood pressure,high cholesterol,weight lossor control, andinfertilitydue to a condition calledpolycystic ovary syndrome (e.g. maitake).

Lingzhi/Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)

Boosting immune system Effective in viral infection (influenza, swine flu and avian flu).Effective against lungs allergies, asthma, bronchitis, heart diseases, Improve liver functions and cure hepatitis, HIV/AIDS Effective in anxiety treatment, high blood pressure and high cholesterol InsomniaStomach ulcers and chronic fatigue syndrome and cancer therapy.

Poisonous MushroomsDeath caps:(Amanita phalloides)

Poisonous MushroomsDestroying angels (Amanita virosa)

Poisonous MushroomsCortinarius rubellus and C. orellanus (deadly webcap/fool's webcap

Poisonous MushroomsAmanita pantherina (panther cap)

Poisonous MushroomsAmanita muscaria (fly agaric)

Poisonous MushroomsGyromitra esculenta (false morel)

Clitocybe rivulosa (fool's funnel)

Poisonous Mushrooms

Poisonous MushroomsBoletus satanas (devils bolete)

Poisonous MushroomsAgaricus xanthodermus (yellow-stainer)

Poisonous MushroomsOmphalotus olearius (jack o' lantern

Deadly Galerina: Galerina marginata (G. autumnalis)

Poisonous Mushrooms

Poisonous MushroomsEmetic Russula, Russula emetica

Poisonous MushroomsGabled False Morel, Gyromitra brunnea

COMMON TYPES OF MUSHROOMS

White mushrooms

Cantharellus cibarius

Jack-O-Lantern (Omphalotus illudens/olearius)

The Scaly Vase Chanterelle(Gomphus floccosus)

Brown Roll rim (Pluggsopp)

Penny Bun Bolete or Cep (Steinsopp)

Hydnum / Hedgehog species (Lyse piggsopper)

Sheep polypore (Fresopp)

Shaggy Ink caps (Matblekksopp)

Edible Milk caps (Matriske)

Leccinum species (Skrubber)

Honey Fungus (probablyArmillaria mellea)

Northern Tooth (Climacodon septentrionale)

Old Man of the Woods (Strobilomyces floccopus)

COLOURED MUSHROOMS

Thanks