mushrooms of north america
DESCRIPTION
field guideTRANSCRIPT
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Psilocybin Mushroom Basics
There are roughly 200 species of psilocybin mushrooms known to science.
The majority of these are in the genus Psilocybe, pronounced sigh-lah-seh-bee,
however psilocybin is found in ten genera of mushrooms.
All Psilocybes contain psilocybin, but not all psilocybin mushrooms are in the
genus Psilocybe.
All psilocybin mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic tryptamines psilocybin,
psilocin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin. The ratio of these chemicals varies by
species and is likely to contribute to different effects.
Psilocybin is metabolized in the body to psilocin, which causes most of the
hallucinogenic effect. The amount of blue staining is directly correlated with
the concentration of psilocin.
The identity of the blue color is unknown.
99.9% of the psilocybin mushrooms available on the black market are
Psilocybe cubensis.
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All psilocybin mushrooms are saprotrophs except for
Inocybe species, which are mycorrhizal.
The main substrates for psilocybin mushrooms are
wood, dung, and grass.
All psilocybin mushrooms have attached gills (except
for Pluteus) and non-white spores.
All the mushrooms in this presentation stain blue when
damaged unless noted otherwise.
Psilocybin mushrooms grow in unusual places. Often
they can be found in the landscaping around police
stations, libraries, city hall, fire stations and other
seemingly unlikely spots. In Mexico they are primarily
found in landslides.
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Psilocybin Mushroom ID
All mushrooms that have a black or dark purple brown spore
print and stain blue where damaged are psilocybin
containing species.
There are toxic blue staining mushrooms. Most are boletes.
Psilocybin mushrooms retain their blue color when dried.
There are no toxic mushrooms which contain psilocybin.
Often a microscope is required to ID Psilocybes to species,
however a microscope is not required to determine if a
mushroom contains psilocybin.
Do not mistake greenish or bluish colored mushrooms for
blue staining.
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How to Find Psilocybin Mushrooms
1.Find out which psilocybin mushrooms grow in
your area. http://www.shroomery.org/8461/Which-psilocybin-mushrooms-grow-
wild-in-my-area
2.Research the mushrooms. Find out what time of
year they grow, which habitat they prefer, which
substrate they grow on, how rare they are, and
what they look like.
3.Visit the proper habitat at the right time of year.
Bring a digital camera (not cell phone) and always
enable macro mode. Bring the mushrooms home
and make spore prints.
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Psilocybin Genera
The following genera have species which contain psilocybin.
•Panaeolopsis (2)
•Panaeolus (3)
•Pholiotina (4)
•Pluteus (6)
•Psilocybe (161)
•Copelandia (11)
•Galerina (1)
•Galeropsis (1)
•Gymnopilus (13)
Inocybe (6)
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Species
Copelandia bispora
Copelandia cyanescens
Galeropsis sp.
Gymnopilus luteofolius
Gymnopilus luteus
Gymnopilus spectabilis
Inocybe corydalina
Panaeolopsis sp.
Panaeolus cinctulus
Panaeolus olivaceus
Pluteus salicinus
Pholiotina smithii
Psilocybe allenii
Psilocybe azurescens
Psilocybe aztecorum
Psilocybe baeocystis
Psilocybe caerulescens group
Psilocybe caerulipes
Psilocybe cubensis
Psilocybe cyanescens
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa
Psilocybe fagicola
Psilocybe herrerae
Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii
Psilocybe mexicana
Psilocybe muliercula
Psilocybe neoxalapensis
Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata
Psilocybe quebecensis
Psilocybe semilanceata
Psiocybe stuntzii
Psilocybe subtropicalis
Psilocybe pelliculosa
Psilocybe yungensis
Psilocybe zapotecorum
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Copelandia bispora
Habitat: Grass or dung.
Until recently, thought to be only a tropical
species.
Recently found in Southern California and
Washington.
Has two spored basidia.
Black spore print.
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Copelandia bispora
Photo: Lipa
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Photos: Lipa, Workman
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Photo by Lipa, Microscopy by Workman
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Copelandia cyanescens
Also called blue meanies.
A subtropical species.
Found in cow or horse dung.
Known from Texas, Florida and Mexico.
Commonly cultivated but not often sold.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Workman, Alan Rockefeller
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Pholiotina smithii
Habitat: Grass and moss. Occurs in the northern
USA and Canada.
Identification features: White stem which
bruises blue, rust colored spores.
A very small mushroom.
High psilocybin content.
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Christian Schwarz
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Photos: Wiscokid (3) Psylosymonretuns
(bottom right)
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Gymnopilus luteofolius
Prefers conifer wood but also known on cottonwood and
oak.
Widespread. Probably in all 50 states, Mexico and Canada.
Most common on the west coast.
Purple cap when young, fades to yellowish in age. The cap
often has green spots.
Purple stem and cap context.
Common. Found on mulch piles, phone poles, conifer logs,
fence posts, roofs, drains, plants.
Bitter, not potent.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Darvin Deshazer
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller and Tim Sage
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Gymnopilus luteus
Common on hardwood logs in the midwest and
eastern US.
Often has green stains on base of the stem.
Swollen stem base.
Bitter, not potent. But often there are many.
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Photo: John Carl Jacobs
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Photos: Hamilton (3) and Dan Molter
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Gymnopilus junonius
Collections from the east contain psilocybin.
Collections from the west do not contain psilocybin.
Also contains bis-noryangonin and hispidine, which are
structurally related to alpha-pyrones found in kava.
Has a well developed annulus.
Sometimes has greenish stains.
Bitter. Potency variable but generally low.
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Photo: Hugh Smith
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Photo: Ron Lawrence
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Inocybe corydalina
Forms a mycorrhizal assosciation with Oak and Willow.
The only mushroom in this presenation which can not be grown in a lab.
Odor of cinnamon.
Untested locally.
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Photo: Irene Andersson
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Photos: Subbedhunter420, Roberto
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Panaeolopsis sp.
Common in lawns in southern California.
Widely distributed in the United States.
Probably an undescribed species.
Perhaps a secotoid form of Panaeolus fimicola.
Sometimes stains blue.
Forms blue sclerotia in culture.
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller, Johnnyblaze2316, CptnGarden
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller, Workman
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Panaeolus cinctulus
The most common psilocybin mushroom in California
according to Mushrooms Demystified.
Can be found in all 50 states and most countries.
Common on lawns, piles of horse manure, and gardens
fertilized with horse manure. Not found in cow manure.
The lawn variety is smaller and less potent. The manure
variety is roughly as potent as Psilocybe cubensis.
Black spore print. Rarely staining blue, usually at the
base of the stem. Often lacks band on cap.
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Photo: Angryshroom
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Photos: Tim Sage, Herbert Baker
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Microscopy: Workman
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Pholiotina smithii
Habitat: Grass and moss. Occurs in the northern
USA and Canada.
Identification features: White stem which
bruises blue, rust colored spores.
A very small mushroom.
High psilocybin content.
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Christian Schwarz
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Photos: Wiscokid (3) Psylosymonretuns
(bottom right)
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Photo by Trigger, Microscopy by Workman
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Panaeolus olivaceus
Grows in grass and on dung.
Very widely distributed.
Slightly roughened spores.
Commonly misidentified as Panaeolus
castaneifolius.
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Photos: Mikael, Mushroomexplorer
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Photo by Mikael, Microscopy by Workman
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Pluteus salicinus
Habitat: On logs in the forest.
Very widely distributed.
Not rare, but not commonly found because of its
small size and dull colors.
Has pink spores and free gill attachment.
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Photo: Bob Zimmer
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Photos: Darvin Deshazer, Weiliiiii, Bobzimmer
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Micrograph by Zaca
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Psilocybe allenii
Habitat: On wood chips in cities.
Found along the west coast from San Diego to Washington.
Most common in the San Francisco Bay Area. Never
reported from the woods.
Usually within 50 miles of the coast.
Fruits early in the season. Requires cold temperatures to
fruit.
A newly described species similar to Psilocybe cyanescens
and P. subaeruginosa. Formerly Psilocybe “cyanofriscosa”.
Very potent. Easy to cultivate in outdoor patches.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller, Peter Werner
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Pleurocystida micrograph by Peter Werner
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Psilocybe azurescens
Habitat: Occurs naturally only on coastal dune
grasses within a few miles of the
Oregon/Washington border.
Occurs at the same time as Psilocybe
cyanescens. Requires cold temperatures to fruit.
Sometimes cultivated on wood chips, usually
outdoors.
The most potent psilocybin mushroom known.
Known as “flying saucers”, closely related to
Psilocybe cyanescens and P. “cyanofriscosa”.
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Photo: Workman
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Photo: Bryan Warman
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Photos: Shobimono, Workman, Anno
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Psilocybe aztecorum
Habitat: Woody debris at high elevation.
Known only from the high mountains of central
Mexico.
Fruits late in the season, September to mid
October.
Like all members of section Aztecorum, the cap
turns almost white when it dries.
Mango shaped spores.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe baeocystis
Habitat: Lawns and wood chips.
Occurs in Maine, British Colombia, Washington,
Oregon, and far northern California
Like all members of section Aztecorum, the cap turns
almost white when it dries.
Begins to fruit earlier in the season than P. cyanescens.
Interesting pleated cap margin. Mango shaped spores.
Very small and potent.
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Photo: Tim Sage
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Photos: Mushroomexplorer , Cyan-shaman, Tim Sage
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Microscopy by Workman
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Psilocybe caerulescens
Habitat: Often fruits in open sandy disturbed areas
where few other mushrooms grow. Common in
landslides.
Rare in the southeastern US. Common in central
Mexico. Its range extends south to Venezuela.
Fruits June through October.
Often shares the same habitat with Psilocybe
zapotecorum.
Stem with floccose mycelium on the bottom half.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo by SEmushroomHunter (South Carolina collection), Microscopy by Workman
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe caerulipes
Found in woody forest debris and wood chips. Widely
distributed on the eastern half of the US and south east
Canada.
A small species which has a striate margin and lacks an
annulus.
Intense blue staining when damaged.
Easily confused with Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata and P.
quebecensis.
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Photo: Christian Schwarz
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Photos: The Thinker, Dan Molter
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Psilocybe cubensis
Habitat: Usually on cow dung but sometimes on
horse, elephant or water buffalo dung.
Found in subtropical areas around the world
including the southeast US and Mexico. Never
grows wild on the US west coast or in the north.
A large species with medium potency.
Very easy to cultivate.
The only species commonly found on the black
market.
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller, Mycophiliac
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Photo: Billbraski
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe cyanescens
Habitat: On wood chips in cities and coastal dune grasses.
Found along the west coast from San Diego to Alaska.
Almost never found in the woods.
Usually within 50 miles of the coast.
Fruits early in the season (October through February).
Requires cold temperatures to fruit. In the PNW the season
peaks in November, in California around Christmas.
A small to medium sized species with high potency.
Easy to cultivate in outdoor patches.
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Photo: Fahkface
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Photo: Nightflyer
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Photo: Nightflyer
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Photo: Tim Sage
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Photos: Psillygirl, Nightflyer, Alan Rockefeller
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Micrographs by Peter Werner
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Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa
Habitat: On wood chips and lawns in cities.
Not common.
Found along the west coast from Northern
California to Washington. Almost never found in
the woods.
Commonly confused with Psilocybe
cyanofriscosa.
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Photo: Ganymede
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Photos: bfogg7806
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Psilocybe fagicola
Habitat: In the cloud forests of Veracruz
and Oaxaca, 1800 – 2200 meters elevation.
Found out in the woods, not in landslides.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe herrerae
Found in the woods in southern Mexico.
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Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii
Found in landslides in Oaxaca.
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Psilocybe mexicana
Habitat: Grassy areas where horses have grazed.
Common in Mexico, also known from
Guatamala.
Fruiting June through August.
Little to no blue staining due to the dark color of
the basidiomata.
Some strains form sclerotia.
Sometimes cultivated indoors.
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Photos: Ehecatl (Alonso), Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe muliercula
Habitat: Disturbed ground, ravines and
landslides 1800 – 3200 meters elevation.
Very rare, known only from Mexico.
Described without pleurocystidia, however it is
actually present.
Found in Michoacan, District Federal, Puebla
and Veracruz.
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Psilocybe neoxalapensis
Found in the forests of Veracruz.
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Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata
Habitat: Woody forest debris and wood chips.
Recently described from Ohio. Has been found in many
eastern states and the west coast from San Diego to
Washington.
Recent unpublished DNA analysis shows that the western P.
subaeruginascens sensu Guzman is actually P.
ovoideocystidiata.
Prefers warmer temperatures than many other woodlovers.
Can fruit any time, but is most prolific in spring.
The name refers to the ovoid pleurocystidia.
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Photo: Dan Molter
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Photo: Nightflyer
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Hamilton, Roberto,
Photos: Hamilton, Alan Rockefeller, Roberto
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Micrographs by Roberto, SEM by scout24. DIF micrographs by Peter Werner
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Psilocybe pelliculosa
Habitat: On woody debris at the edge of confier
forests.
Known from Northern California, Oregon,
Washington and Europe.
Not uncommon in certain areas, but easily
overlooked.
Not very potent.
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Photo: Jimmytheworm
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Psilocybe quebecensis
Habitat: On forest debris and wood chips.
Known from Quebec and Michigan.
Rare, small, inconspicuous.
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Psilocybe semilanceata
Habitat: Grassy fields, usually where animals graze.
Sometimes found in lawns.
Occurs in Northern California (North of Arcata),
Oregon, Washington, the north east coast, south east
Canada, Minnesota, Europe and Australia.
Commonly collected by psilocybin mushroom hunters
who call them “liberty caps”.
Usually not staining blue due to the low amount of
psilocin.
Very potent due to the high amount of psilocybin.
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Photo: Curecat
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Photos: Kaal-kopje, Dan K., uarewotueat
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Microscopy by Workman
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Micrographs by Peter Werner
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Psilocybe stuntzii
Habitat: Lawns and wood chips.
Known from Oregon, Washington, and Northern
California. Rare in the San Francisco Bay Area,
not recorded further south. Recently a collection
was found in Rhode Island..
Fruits earlier in the season than Psilocybe
cyanescens.
Has an annulus and subrhomboid spores.
Weakly staining blue. Not very potent.
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Photos: Sovereign, Mushroomexplorer
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Psilocybe subtropicalis
Found in mesophytic forests in open places.
Known from Mexico and Guatemala.
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Psilocybe villarrealiae
Habitat: Forest debris.
Sometimes shares habitat with Psilocybe
zapotecorum.
Fruits June through September.
Known only from Mexico.
Similar to Psilocybe caerulescens and P. weilii.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Cactu, Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Psilocybe weilii
Habitat: Woody debris and lawns. Often under lolloby
(sp?) pine and in bermuda grass.
Fruits in spring, summer, and fall.
Known only from northern Georgia, where it is
common.
Recently described, named in honor of Dr. Andrew
Weil.
Similar to Psilocybe caerulescens and P. villarrealiae.
The only member of the Mexican derrumbe group of
mushrooms that fruits commonly in the US.
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Photos: Northgahunt, Gumby, Citricacidx
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Psilocybe yungensis
On well decayed wood in southern Mexico.
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Psilocybe zapotecorum
Habitat: Woody debris, steep ravines and
landslides, usually near water. Often in areas
disturbed by road construction.
Fruits in June through October.
Widely distributed in Mexico and South
America.
A classic Mexican “derrumbe”.
Often fruits in large clusters. Sometimes very
large. Strongly staining blue and very potent.
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photos: Alan Rockefeller, Cactu
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Toxic Lookalikes
Very few people get poisoned picking psilocybin
mushrooms, but over the years a few people
have died from amatoxin poisoning.
Galerina marginata can have a bluegreen tint to
the stem. It does not stain blue, it starts out that
way. The stem is covered with white mycelium
which can make it look a lot like a Psilocybe. It
sometimes occurs in the same wood chip habitat
as many Psilocybes.
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Galerina marginata
Photo: Hamilton
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Pholiotina rugosa
Photo: Nathan Wilson
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Inocybe calamistrata
Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Photo: Alan Rockefeller
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Legal Issues
Though psilocybin mushrooms have never
caused a death, psilocybin and psilocin are
illegal in nearly all countries because politicians
are frightened by hallucinogenic drugs.
When picking psilocybin mushrooms, always
pick the other mushrooms you see too. That
way if you get stopped by the police you are just
a nature enthusiast .
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If stopped by the police, never admit that the mushrooms
you have are hallucinogenic. Police are not mushroom
identification experts and they can only rely on your
actions and what you tell them about the mushrooms.
Always mention that you picked all the mushrooms you
came across to bring home and identify. Do not try to hide
the mushrooms if the police come by – that would be
suspicious and picking mushrooms is a perfectly
respectable hobby.
Never consent to a search by rangers or police. Always
politely decline. Always have some non-blue staining
mushrooms to show the police or anyone else who
approaches you while picking. Death caps and Amanita
muscaria make excellent distractions.
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Most psilocybin mushrooms are easy to grow – no more
difficult than gourmet mushrooms sold in supermarkets.
Cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal, and police
call it “manufacture of a controlled substance”.
The first rule of psilocybin mushroom cultivation is to tell
no one.
In California, getting caught growing these mushrooms
usually results in three years of probation.
Posting pictures of psilocybin mushrooms on the internet
is relatively safe. Thousands of people do it and no one
has had legal issues stemming from posting pictures.
The spores of psilocybin mushrooms are illegal in
California, but only if you intend to grow them.
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Resources
http://mushroomobserver.org
http://www.shroomery.org/forums/postlist.php/Board/3
The Genus Psilocybe by Gaston Guzman
http://forums.mycotopia.net/wild-mushrooming-field-
forest/
Which Psilocybin Mushrooms Grow in my Area?
http://www.shroomery.org/8461/Which-psilocybin-
mushrooms-grow-wild-in-my-area
http://www.youtube.com/user/AlanRockefeller
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World by Paul Stamets
This presentation: http://plantobserver.org/psilo.ppt