Music Culture of Music Culture of the the

2020thth Century CenturyChelsea Chelsea SchiekSchiek

SarahSarah

Tosha WebbTosha Webb

44thth Hour Hour

OutlineOutline• Terms to KnowTerms to Know• 1900-1920 (Sarah)1900-1920 (Sarah)

– Opera/ClassicalOpera/Classical– RagtimeRagtime– Jazz Jazz – BluesBlues– MusicalsMusicals

• 1920-1930 (Sarah)1920-1930 (Sarah)– JazzJazz– SwingSwing– MusicalsMusicals– OperaOpera– God Bless AmericaGod Bless America

• 1940-1950 (Chelsea)1940-1950 (Chelsea)– Stage MusicalsStage Musicals– Movie MusicalsMovie Musicals– Opera RebornOpera Reborn– Big Bands to Bee BopBig Bands to Bee Bop– Rock n’ RollRock n’ Roll

• 1960 (Tosha)1960 (Tosha)– The British InvasionThe British Invasion– Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement– Vietnam ProtestVietnam Protest– The Drug ImpactThe Drug Impact

• 1970 (Tosha)1970 (Tosha)– Individualists/MinimalismIndividualists/Minimalism– Heavy RockHeavy Rock– Progressive RockProgressive Rock– Jazz, Fusion, and DiscoJazz, Fusion, and Disco– Rage and ResistanceRage and Resistance

• 1980-1990 (Chelsea)1980-1990 (Chelsea)– Rock BandsRock Bands– Pop SuperstarsPop Superstars– House, Hip-Hop, and RapHouse, Hip-Hop, and Rap– Boy BandsBoy Bands

• Loss of GreatnessLoss of Greatness• BibliographyBibliography

Terms to KnowTerms to Know1.1. ScatScat - A vocal technique of - A vocal technique of

jazz singing that uses a jazz singing that uses a stream of nonsense stream of nonsense syllables to imitate the syllables to imitate the sounds of instrumentssounds of instruments

2.2. Rock starRock star - A member of a - A member of a rock n’ roll band, or solo rock n’ roll band, or solo artist; term implies celebrity artist; term implies celebrity statusstatus

3.3. Synthesizer Synthesizer - an electronic - an electronic device used to produce device used to produce sound unobtainable from sound unobtainable from ordinary musical ordinary musical instrumentsinstruments

4.4. SyncopationSyncopation - The dropping - The dropping of sounds or letters from of sounds or letters from the middle of a wordthe middle of a word

5.5. SymphonicSymphonic - Having to do - Having to do with harmony of soundwith harmony of sound

6.6. MusicalMusical - A theatrical or film - A theatrical or film production with dialogue production with dialogue developing the story line developing the story line and an integrated musical and an integrated musical score featuring songs and score featuring songs and dances in a popular idiomdances in a popular idiom

7.7. AtonalAtonal - The usually - The usually unstable and dissonant unstable and dissonant quality of music that is not quality of music that is not written around a particular written around a particular notenote

8.8. FlugelhornFlugelhorn – A brass – A brass instrument with the sound instrument with the sound of a bugle but with the keys of a bugle but with the keys of a trumpet or cornetof a trumpet or cornet

9.9. BebopBebop – Style of Jazz – Style of Jazz involving a complex mix of involving a complex mix of melody, harmony, and melody, harmony, and rhythmrhythm

10.10. Big BandBig Band – a Large orchestra – a Large orchestra or group of musicians or group of musicians usually associated with jazz usually associated with jazz or swing, ensemble and soloor swing, ensemble and solo

11.11. Rhythm and bluesRhythm and blues – mixes – mixes features of blues music with features of blues music with a strong beat and lively a strong beat and lively rhythmsrhythms

12.12. OperaOpera – A musical drama – A musical drama that includes vocal pieces that includes vocal pieces accompanied by an accompanied by an orchestraorchestra

• Opera/ClassicalOpera/Classical• RagtimeRagtime• Jazz Jazz • BluesBlues• MusicalsMusicals

Opera/ClassicalOpera/Classical

• Symphony and Opera Symphony and Opera writers such as writers such as Mahler, Strauss, Mahler, Strauss, Zemlinsky, and Zemlinsky, and PucciniPuccini

• Almost all classical Almost all classical music was imported music was imported from Europefrom Europe

Johann Strauss

RagtimeRagtime•First true American genre, predating First true American genre, predating

jazzjazz•Piano music, considered a synthesis Piano music, considered a synthesis

of African-American syncopation and of African-American syncopation and European classical musicEuropean classical music

•Scott Joplin most famous ragtime Scott Joplin most famous ragtime composercomposer–Also wrote operas, but was Also wrote operas, but was thwarted by discriminationthwarted by discrimination

Jazz• Used trumpet, trombone, and clarinet• City music, New Orleans• “New Orleans” Jazz was used as

entertainment for the black working class– dances, parades and funerals, and could also

be heard in barrel houses, gambling joints and brothels

• Move to Chicago in the 1920’s as Blacks migrated

Blues

• Emerged from Southern cotton plantations

• Flourished in Vaudeville

• Influenced later American and Western popular music

• blues has been accused of being the "devil's music" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior.

Robert Johnson

Blind Blake

Bessie Smith

Muddy Waters

• George Cohan– First real

hits in Broadway•Little Johnny

Jones (1904)•The

Honeymooners (1907)

• JazzJazz• SwingSwing

• MusicalsMusicals• OperaOpera

• God Bless God Bless AmericaAmerica

JazzJazz

• Caught the moods of the timeCaught the moods of the time– Great DepressionGreat Depression– Europe after WWIEurope after WWI

• Radio broadcasts and phonograph records Radio broadcasts and phonograph records help spread the musichelp spread the music

• Duke EllingtonDuke Ellington– Symphonic JazzSymphonic Jazz

• Count BasieCount Basie– Steered jazz to the big bands of the 30’sSteered jazz to the big bands of the 30’s

• Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong– Considered the finest trumpeter everConsidered the finest trumpeter ever

• Showboat (1927)– Made into a film two years later

• Cole Porter – Anything Goes (1934)

• George Gershwin– Songs for Shall We Dance

(1937)• Edgar Varese

– France to NY in 1915– Pioneered electronic music

using sirens, ect.

George Gershwin– Wrote Porgy and

Bess (1935)– One of America’s

best– Performed

by an all African

American cast

God Bless AmericaGod Bless America

Irving Berlin visited Berlin as Irving Berlin visited Berlin as fascism was taking over and the fascism was taking over and the US was uneasyUS was uneasy

Upon return he rewrote God Bless Upon return he rewrote God Bless America making it a soothing America making it a soothing song for a country in turmoilsong for a country in turmoil

Kate Smith made it popularKate Smith made it popular Used during difficult timesUsed during difficult times

•Stage Musicals• Movie Musicals

• Opera Reborn• Big Bands to

Bee Bop• Rock n’ Roll

Stage Stage MusicalsMusicals

• Kept up American moral during WWIIKept up American moral during WWII• Writers: Rodgers & Hammerstein, Irving Writers: Rodgers & Hammerstein, Irving

Berlin (Anything You Can Do, I Can Do It Berlin (Anything You Can Do, I Can Do It Better)Better)

• Stage was BroadwayStage was Broadway– Oklahoma (1943) (1955)Oklahoma (1943) (1955)– South Pacific (1949) (1958)South Pacific (1949) (1958)– The King and I (1951) (1956)The King and I (1951) (1956)– My Fair Lady (1956) My Fair Lady (1956) – Sound of Music (1959) (1965)Sound of Music (1959) (1965)

Movie Musicals• Rodgers & Hammerstein

– Strong characters and unusual concepts

– Transferred well to big screens

• Showboat filmed 3 different times– 1929– 1936– 1951

• Sing in Rain – Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds

• All filmed by MGM• Actors: Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire,

Judy Garland, Marlon Brando, Frank Sinatra, Jean Simmons

Opera RebornOpera Reborn

• Mainly in 1945Mainly in 1945• After WWII, Opera was more After WWII, Opera was more

prominent because of excess prominent because of excess recreational money for this more recreational money for this more expensive medium of classical expensive medium of classical musicmusic

• Peter Grimes Peter Grimes (1945) by Benjamin (1945) by Benjamin Britten, set in motion the post-war Britten, set in motion the post-war tradition of modern operatradition of modern opera

Big Band to Bebop

• Spin off of big bands• Cutting edge of Jazz in the 40’s• Mirrored aspects of modernism• Explored extremes of harmony like

classical atonality had done 40 years previously

• Songwriters: Miles Davis, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, John Coltrane “Trane”

• Used trumpets, saxes, flugelhorn, piano

• Elvis Presley– Appealed to

young, rebellious teenagers

– First person to shake hips on stage

– Joining the military for 2 years was a PR move

– Created musical hits and Elvis screen musicals

– Heartbreak Hotel most impact ever

• Jerry Lee Louis– Pioneer of

piano rock– Very dynamic

performance

• Chuck Berry– Electric guitar– Big influence

for future rockers

• Buddy Holly– Different

influences of R&B & teenage pop

– Died in plane crash

Things Get CrazyThings Get Crazy

• The British The British InvasionInvasion

• Civil Rights Civil Rights MovementMovement

• Vietnam ProtestVietnam Protest• The Drug ImpactThe Drug Impact

The British

are Coming

The British Invasion• The most well known:

The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Animals, The Zombies, & Manfred Mann.

• Started a sharing of culture

• Started up the interest of Rock n’ Roll again

• Introduced the theory of a “rockstar”

• All was influenced by American blues, jazz, & rock n’ roll

John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr (front, left to right) in 1964.

Civil Rights Civil Rights MovementMovement

• Singing together comforted people and Singing together comforted people and gave them courage.gave them courage.

• James Weldon Johnson & J. Rosamond James Weldon Johnson & J. Rosamond JohnsonJohnson– ““Lift Ev’ry Voice and SingLift Ev’ry Voice and Sing– James Weldon Johnson became one of the James Weldon Johnson became one of the

founders of the NAACPfounders of the NAACP– Most famous song: “We Shall Overcome” by Most famous song: “We Shall Overcome” by

American textile workers in TNAmerican textile workers in TN• Folk songwriters: Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Folk songwriters: Joan Baez, Bob Dylan,

Peter Paul & Mary, Odetta, Harry Belafonte, Peter Paul & Mary, Odetta, Harry Belafonte, and Pete Seeger all helped MLK to express and Pete Seeger all helped MLK to express the civil rights of African-Americansthe civil rights of African-Americans

Vietnam ProtestVietnam Protest• The war impacted music just as much as The war impacted music just as much as

the music impacted the war.the music impacted the war.• Sang of the evils of war and the happiness Sang of the evils of war and the happiness

of peace.of peace.• Created an anti-war atmosphere when the Created an anti-war atmosphere when the

support was needed the most.support was needed the most.• Lyrics were harsh, negative, and sarcastic.Lyrics were harsh, negative, and sarcastic.• Foremost songwriters were: Edwin Starr, Foremost songwriters were: Edwin Starr,

The Doors, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Simon & The Doors, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Simon & GarfunkelGarfunkel

• Kent StateKent State

• Lysergic Acid Diethyamide (LSD), Lysergic Acid Diethyamide (LSD), discovered by Albert Hofmann in discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1943.1943.

• Rock gets cosmic with technology Rock gets cosmic with technology and drugsand drugs

• Music became an attempt to Music became an attempt to recreate the affects of LSDrecreate the affects of LSD

• Artists include: Grateful Dead, The Artists include: Grateful Dead, The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Cream, Jefferson AirplaneCream, Jefferson Airplane

(The Drug Impact)

Sex Sex PistolPistolss

The The Village Village PeoplePeople

Things Get Things Get CRAZY…erCRAZY…erThings Get Things Get CRAZY…erCRAZY…er

•IndividualistsIndividualists//MinimalismMinimalism•Heavy RockHeavy Rock•Progressive RockProgressive Rock•JazzJazz,, Fusion Fusion,, and Disco and Disco•Rage and ResistanceRage and Resistance

•IndividualistsIndividualists//MinimalismMinimalism•Heavy RockHeavy Rock•Progressive RockProgressive Rock•JazzJazz,, Fusion Fusion,, and Disco and Disco•Rage and ResistanceRage and Resistance

The End of InnocenceThe End of Innocence

• Music of the 70’s reflected Music of the 70’s reflected turbulence and disillusionment of turbulence and disillusionment of decadedecade– Rock was a way to escapeRock was a way to escape

• Revolutions of the 60’s turn nastyRevolutions of the 60’s turn nasty– Instability because of inflationInstability because of inflation– WatergateWatergate– Dealing with loosing the warDealing with loosing the war

Heavy Rock The 1970s took rock from 1960s

and made it even louder, heavier, and more confrontational

Led Zeppelin dominated the 70s like the Beatles did the 60s

Louder the Better Deep Purple

Outrageous dress styles Alice Cooper - performed with

live boa constrictor named Angela

KISS took a step further with paint and wild hair Hit with teenagers

Incorporated classical influences and virtuoso playing

Elaborate concerts Keyboardists from Yes

and Emerson, Lake, and Palmer were classically trained

Genesis, Moody Blues, Pink Floyd, David Bowie

Punk rock challenged mainstream rock’s self indulgent excess with short, simple songs driven by a relentless beat, capturing the era’s anger and aggression.

New York and the West Coast became a center for new forms of rock

Bob Marley helped Jamaican reggae to become popular A potent blend of

infectious rhythms and social commentary

The Sex Pistols, Ramones, Blondie, and the Talking Heads

A Comfortable Age

• Music reflected the “era of good feelings” after the end of communism in Eastern Europe during the 80’s and 90’s

• With a time of creative individualism with digital technology and the huge increase of specialized radio stations, Music was EVERYWHERE!!!

• The invention of the Walkman, VCR, and boom box reshaped music in 1981

• Rock Bands• MTV• Pop Superstars• House, Hip-Hop, and Rap• Boy Bands

• Rock Bands• MTV• Pop Superstars• House, Hip-Hop, and Rap• Boy Bands

Rock Bands

• Rolling Stones– Sold most concert tickets and had been

around the longest– New songs, massive amplification, and

spectacular light shows

• U2– Made ambitious and politically charged albums

• “Sunday Bloody Sunday”

• R.E.M.– America’s pacesetter– Used raging electric tracks and gentle acoustic

sounds

• MTVMTV was born was born in 1981in 1981

• Allowed for Allowed for music to music to become more become more visualvisual

• Set fashion Set fashion stylesstyles

• Helped to give Helped to give artists the artists the Superstar Superstar statusstatus

• ““Video Killed Video Killed the radio star” the radio star” by the Bugglesby the Buggles

• Record companies and radio stations increasingly marketed music to Record companies and radio stations increasingly marketed music to particular groups of listenersparticular groups of listeners

• Michael JacksonMichael Jackson– Peaked in 1982 with Peaked in 1982 with ThrillerThriller, album sold 40 million copies, album sold 40 million copies

• PrincePrince– Drew together rock, R&B, and funkDrew together rock, R&B, and funk– Purple Rain (1984)Purple Rain (1984) one of biggest hits one of biggest hits

• Bruce SpringsteenBruce Springsteen– Famous for his storming live performances and working-class imageFamous for his storming live performances and working-class image– Born in the USA Born in the USA (1984)(1984)

• Garth BrooksGarth Brooks– Reigning king of pop country and western musicReigning king of pop country and western music– His wide commercial appeal contrasts with newly revived, folk-His wide commercial appeal contrasts with newly revived, folk-

rooted bluegrass musicrooted bluegrass music• Madonna Madonna

– Most successful female pop artist everMost successful female pop artist ever– Used her songwriting talent and her flair for reinventing her imageUsed her songwriting talent and her flair for reinventing her image

Hip-Hop & RapHip-Hop & Rap• Was the essence of music made for dancing in the Was the essence of music made for dancing in the

late 20late 20thth century century• Rap:Rap:

– ““Gangsta Rap” had gangland links and violent Gangsta Rap” had gangland links and violent feuds between artists, managers, and record feuds between artists, managers, and record labelslabels

– Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. were killed in these Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. were killed in these conflictsconflicts

– In late 1980’s Public Enemy supported Stop the In late 1980’s Public Enemy supported Stop the Violence movementViolence movement

• Hip-Hop:Hip-Hop:– Started in the black communities of New YorkStarted in the black communities of New York– DJs rhythmically scratched disks while a DJs rhythmically scratched disks while a

“rapper” improvised spoken dialogue“rapper” improvised spoken dialogue– Became an expression of rebellious urban Became an expression of rebellious urban

youthyouth– Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, Will Smith, and Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, Will Smith, and

Run DMCRun DMC

N*SYNCN*SYNC BACKSTREET BOYSBACKSTREET BOYSV.SV.S.. Rarely play Rarely play

instruments, instruments, more of vocal more of vocal harmonyharmony

Synchronized dancingSynchronized dancing

Aimed at teenyboppers Aimed at teenyboppers and/and/ or pre-teensor pre-teens

Prominent of the 90’s Prominent of the 90’s

Followed musical trends Followed musical trends of of pop musicpop music

The Loss of Greatness• Jimi Hendrix – September 18, 1970• Janice Joplin – October 4, 1970• Jim Morrison – July 3, 1971• Elvis Presley – August 16, 1977• Lynard Skynard – October 20, 1977

– Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, & Cassie Gaines• Bon Scott (ACDC) – February 19, 1980• John Bonham (Led Zeppelin) – September 24, 1980• John Lennon – December 8, 1980• Bob Marley – May 11, 1981• Kurt Cobain – April 5, 1994

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<http://musiced.about.com/od/timelines/a/20thcentury.htm>• American Cultural History: The 20th Century. 1999. Kingwood College Library. April 17, 2007

<http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade40.html>• Elvis Presley. 2007. Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. April 15, 2007

<http://www.elvis.com/elvisology/bio/elvis_overview.asp>• Hayes, Malcolm. 1900-20 New Horizons. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Hayes, Malcolm. 20’s & 30’s Between the Wars. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Hayes, Malcolm. 40’s & 50’s From War to Peace. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Hayes, Malcolm. 1960’s The Age of Rock. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Hayes, Malcolm. 1970’s Turbulent Times. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Hayes, Malcolm. 1980’s & 1990’s Different Paths. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2002.• Jazz Age Culture. July 30, 2003. Pittsburgh State University. April 5, 2007

<http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/jazzage.html>• Music Timeline. 2005. HighBeam Research. April 3, 2007 <http://www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0151192.html>• Riverwalk Jazz. Unknown date of posting. Public Radio International. April 5, 2007

<http://www.riverwalkjazz.org/site/PageServerpagename=jazznotes_speakeasies>• Southern Music Network. 1997. Southern Music. April 3, 2007 <http://www.southernmusic.net/1970.htm>• The Modern/20th Century Area. Unknown date of posting. ThinkQuest. April 5, 2007

<http://library.thinkquest.org/15413/history/history-mod.htm>• Wikipedia. Unknown date of posting. Wikimedia. April 3, 2007 <http://www.wikipedia.org/>