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TRANSCRIPT
Music for the Heart
Student ID: 1203
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 2
Table of Contents
Project abstract …........................................................................................ pg. 3
Question/Problem & Hypothesis……………………………………………… pg. 4
Background Research ………………………………………………………….. pg. 4
Experiment Materials…………………………………………………………….. pg. 7
Experiment Procedures………………………………………………………….. pg. 8
Experiment Variables ……………………………………………………………. pg. 10
Data Table………….. ……………………………………………………………. pg. 11
Analysis Graphs/Charts………………………………………………………….. pg. 15
Analysis………. …………….…………………………………………………….. pg. 17
Conclusion…………. …………………………………………………………….. pg. 20
Biblical Principle ………………………………………………………………….. pg. 22
Student Learning Expectations ……..………………………………………….. pg. 22
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………pg. 24
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 3
A BSTRACT
The hypothesis was that if a person listens to music, then their heart rate will
change. The research showed that music can affect the heart rate by affecting the
mood and emotions. For the experiment, eleven songs were used. The heart rate was
measured as pulse rate in beats per minute. There were eight trials performed for each
song. The initial pulse rate was measured at each trial and then the average was
calculated. Then, the pulse rate was measured after each song was listened to and the
average was calculated. There was a two-minute rest in between each song. The data
clearly showed that the pulse rate would decrease or increase for each song. This data
supported the hypothesis.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 4
Q UESTIONS & H YPOTHESIS
Will listening to music affect a person’s heart rate (pulse rate)?
If a person listens to music, then their heart rate will change. The type of music
listened to will either slow or increase the heart rate, measured as pulse rate.
B ACKGROUND R ESEARCH
To begin the discussion about heart rate and music, the heart and heart rate
have to be discussed. The heart is important for the circulatory system. How is it
important? “The heart keeps blood moving throughout the circulatory system” (Frost
19). It does so by pumping blood. “The heart pumps blood through the body using the
various blood vessels” (Miller et al. 272). What exactly is the heart rate? Heart rate is a
heart beat that you feel like a pulse on your wrist or neck (“How to Check Your Pulse
(Heart Rate)” 1).
Now that heart rate has been discussed, it is important to talk about a normal
resting heart rate. A resting heart rate that is normal for adults will range from 60 to 100
beats per minute (Laskowski 1). However, children will have a different normal resting
heart rate. A normal resting heart rate for children ages 6 to 15 is 70 to 100 beats per
minute (Seladi-Schulman 1). This shows that a normal resting heart rate for children is
a little higher than the normal resting heart rate of adults. There is also an average
normal resting heart rate. The average resting pulse rate is 72 beats per minute
(Piscatella and Franklin 158). This shows that most people will have a resting pulse
rate of 72 beats per minute. If a person has a lower resting heart rate then they are
considered to be in better health and will have a longer life (Gillinov and Nissen 157).
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 5
Therefore it is important for people to try to have the average normal resting heart rate
because it means being healthier and living a long life.
A person can measure their heart rate by counting how many times the heart
beats per minute (“How to Check Your Pulse (Heart Rate)” 1). This means anybody can
measure their own heart rate. However, there is a certain method to do it. A person
can manually measure their pulse rate by pressing their index and middle finger against
their wrist, under the fat pad of the thumb (“What Your Heart Rate is Telling You” 1).
This means a person has to count how many times he or she feels their pulse for a
minute. However, there are instruments that can be used to measure pulse rate like a
pulse oximeter.
Next, it is important to know what can affect heart rate. Many things can affect
our heart rate, and our emotions are one of them (Laskowski 1). This means that
things like stress and sadness can affect the heart rate. Reducing stress can help a
person have a healthy heart rate (Seladi-Schulman 1). This means being stressed can
cause a person to have an unhealthy heart rate.
Having an unhealthy heart rate can cause many problems. If a person has a
high or low heart rate for a long time, this can cause many serious health complications
(Seladi-Schulman 1). This means that having a low heart rate can be as bad as having
a high heart rate. What are the serious health complications that come with having a
low or high heart rate? There are many. For example, it can cause blood clots, heart
failure, recurring fainting spells, and sudden cardiac arrest (Seladi-Schulman 1).
Therefore, having a healthy heart rate is not something that should be taken for granted.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 6
Also, the blood clots that can come with an unhealthy heart rate can be deadly. Blood
clots in the heart arteries cause most heart attacks (Klaidman 19).
Since having an unhealthy heart rate can be very bad, different types of
therapies should be taken seriously and researched. One of the types of therapies that
should be researched is music therapy. Listening to music engages a lot of parts of the
brain (“Tuning In” 1). However, how can music affect heart rate? So it can affect heart
rate by reducing stress and anxiety (“Tuning In” 1). Reducing stress is important
because reducing stress can help a person have a healthy heart rate (Seladi-Schulman
1).
The reason music reduces things like stress and anxiety is because it has an
effect on emotions. Music can affect the heart rate by affecting the mood and emotions
(“Music Boosts Heart Health” 1). In fact, there have already been studies on the effects
that music can have on heart rate. Past study results have shown that music can
reduce heart rate (“Music Boosts Heart Health” 1). This means music can be used as a
treatment to help patients have a healthy heart rate.
The next question would be if the types of songs used matter? The answer is
yes. Different types of songs have different types of effects (“Music Boosts Heart
Health” 1). So, music can affect heart rate, but it depends on the type of genre
(Crisanti 1). This means the type of song has to be chosen carefully. It has been
previously found that soft and slow music will lower heart rate (Crisanti 1). Therefore,
slow music should be included in music therapy for people with a high heart rate.
Therefore, a great way to look at the effects of music on people would be to
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 7
record the change in pulse rate after listening to different genres of songs. Slow music
like R&B and Soul should be used. However, other genres of music should also be
used. For example, Heavy Metal and Rap. This would measure any type of effect
music could have on heart rate. To reduce human error, a pulse oximeter should be
used. This way the pulse rate can be more accurate. It is also important to include
many test subjects. This way the data can also be more accurate.
E XPERIMENT :
Materials List
● 1 - Metene fingertip pulse oximeter
● 4 - MUNSKT heavy bass wired earphones 3.5 mm
● 1 - HP laptop
● 10 - Human test subjects
● 1 - Up & Up 75 wipes container of fresh scent disinfecting wipes
● 1- Apple Music Subscription (Non Explicit Lyrics)
● SONG: “Moonlight Sonata” by Ludwig Van Beethoven
● SONG: “Thunderstruck” by AC/DC
● SONG: “Milky Way” by Red Velvet
● SONG: “Ballin’” by Mustard ft. Roddy Ricch
● SONG: “All the Small Things” by Blink-182
● SONG: “Russian Roulette” by Red Velvet
● SONG: “Sweet Delta Rose” by Kyle Nix
● SONG: “I’ll Be Seeing You” by Billie Holiday
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 8
● SONG: “Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag” by Mika Singh
● SONG: “Won’t Let Go” by Travis Greene
● SONG: “Walk This Way” by Aerosmith
Procedures
1. Turn on HP laptop.
2. Open Apple Music.
3. Sanitize pulse oximeter and earphones.
4. Reset pulse oximeter.
5. Set up human subject in an upright position in a chair in a quiet setting.
6. Hand human subject a pair of wired earphones.
7. Insert earphone jack into earphone port in computer.
8. Set volume to 50.
9. Place pulse oximeter on human subject’s right index finger, palm down.
10.Write down pulse reading in science fair composition book.
11. Immediately after, remove pulse oximeter from human subject’s right index finger.
12.Play “Moonlight Sonata” by Ludwig Van Beethoven.
13. Immediately after song ends, place pulse oximeter on human subject’s right
index finger.
14.Write down pulse reading in science fair composition book.
15.Remove pulse oximeter from human subject’s right index finger.
16.Let human subject relax in silence for exactly two minutes.
17.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 9
18.Play “Thunderstruck” by AC/DC.
19.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
20.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
21.Play “Milky Way” by Red Velvet.
22.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
23.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
24.Play “Ballin’” by Mustard ft. Roddy Ricch.
25.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
26.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
27.Play “All the Small Things” by Blink-182.
28.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
29.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
30.Play “Russian Roulette” by Red Velvet.
31.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
32.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
33.Play “Sweet Delta Rose” by Kyle Nix.
34.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
35.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
36.Play “I’ll Be Seeing You” by Billie Holiday.
37.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
38.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
39.Play “Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag” by Mika Singh .
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 10
40.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
41.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
42.Play “Won’t Let Go” by Travis Greene.
43.Repeat steps 13 through 16.
44.Repeat steps 9 through 11.
45.Play “Walk This Way” by Aerosmith.
46.Repeat steps 13 through 15.
47.Remove earphones from test subject.
48. Repeat steps 3 through 47 for each of the remaining nine test subjects.
Variables
List the variables to be observed indicating which variables you may be changing or
affecting.
1) DEPENDENT/RESPONDING : Pulse rate
2) INDEPENDENT/MANIPULATED : Genre of music
3) CONSTANTS : Pulse rate oximeter, headphones, HP laptop, volume, songs, two
minute rest after each song
D ATA C OLLECTION
For the experiment, eleven songs were used to measure any effect they would have
on pulse rate. There were eight trials performed for each song. The initial pulse rate
was measured before each song. Then, the pulse rate was measured after each song
was listened to. There was a two minute rest in between each song to make sure that
the subjects would not be affected by the previous song. The pulse rate was measured
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 11
in beats per minute.
Key
BPM Beats Per Minute
Table 1: Pulse Rate Readings After Different Songs
Title of Song Trial Initial Pulse Rate
(BPM)
Pulse Rate After Song
(BPM)
AVG. Initial Pulse Rate
(BPM)
AVG. Pulse Rate After
Song (BPM)
“Moonlight
Sonata”
Trial 1 82 72 85 80.75
Trial 2 88 92
Trial 3 68 66
Trial 4 75 80
Trial 5 80 72
Trial 6 99 89
Trial 7 94 94
Trial 8 94 81
“Thunderstruck”
Trial 1 81 73 84.5 83.25
Trial 2 86 90
Trial 3 69 73
Trial 4 87 87
Trial 5 80 78
Trial 6 98 93
Trial 7 92 87
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 12
Trial 8 83 85
“Milky Way”
Trial 1 75 75 83 85.5
Trial 2 91 93
Trial 3 71 70
Trial 4 81 88
Trial 5 78 82
Trial 6 96 96
Trial 7 88 93
Trial 8 84 87
“Ballin’”
Trial 1 73 80 85 84.25
Trial 2 88 89
Trial 3 69 69
Trial 4 92 89
Trial 5 84 77
Trial 6 96 93
Trial 7 92 92
Trial 8 86 85
Trial 1 78 81 85.5 84.5
Trial 2 86 84
Trial 3 75 71
Trial 4 90 83
Trial 5 84 77
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 13
“All the Small
Things”
Trial 6 93 99
Trial 7 93 93
Trial 8 85 88
“Russian
Roulette”
Trial 1 76 83 83.75 87.25
Trial 2 87 91
Trial 3 67 75
Trial 4 82 93
Trial 5 84 80
Trial 6 97 94
Trial 7 89 93
Trial 8 88 89
“Sweet Delta
Rose”
Trial 1 73 82 82.25 85.75
Trial 2 83 86
Trial 3 65 70
Trial 4 85 89
Trial 5 81 81
Trial 6 95 98
Trial 7 90 93
Trial 8 86 87
Trial 1 76 81 84.25 82.75
Trial 2 86 88
Trial 3 66 65
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 14
“I’ll Be Seeing
You”
Trial 4 85 80
Trial 5 83 76
Trial 6 97 94
Trial 7 93 92
Trial 8 88 86
“Sawan Mein
Lag Gayi Aag"
Trial 1 75 83 84 86
Trial 2 90 93
Trial 3 70 67
Trial 4 83 92
Trial 5 79 80
Trial 6 94 98
Trial 7 92 90
Trial 8 89 85
“Won’t Let Go”
Trial 1 72 79 84 83.75
Trial 2 87 89
Trial 3 63 67
Trial 4 93 85
Trial 5 83 78
Trial 6 99 93
Trial 7 90 93
Trial 8 85 86
Trial 1 80 88 83.25 87.5
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 15
A NALYSIS
“Walk This Way”
Trial 2 92 94
Trial 3 68 73
Trial 4 78 91
Trial 5 79 82
Trial 6 94 96
Trial 7 91 92
Trial 8 84 84
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 16
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 17
In order to perform an analysis of the results of the experiment, it is important to
look back at what the research showed. The research showed that music can affect the
heart rate by affecting the mood and emotions (“Music Boosts Heart Health” 1). It also
showed that different types of songs have different types of effects (“Music Boosts Heart
Health” 1). From the research it was expected that soft and slow music would lower
heart rate. Therefore, different types of genres were chosen to measure their effect.
So, then it is important to see what happened.
The trend seen throughout the experiment was that there was a change in the
pulse rate after listening to music. For some songs, the average pulse rate decreased
after listening to them. However, for others the average pulse rate increased after
listening to them. This is clear in Graph 3. The trend was clear. Listening to music
caused a change in pulse rate. So, each song used and its effect should be discussed
as shown in Graph 1.
The first song used was “Moonlight Sonata,” which is from the classical music
genre. The song is soft and slow. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the
song was eighty-five beats per minute. The average pulse rate after listening to the
song was eighty and seventy-five hundredths beats per minute. Therefore, there was a
decrease of four and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute after listening to the song.
The second song used was “Thunderstruck,” which is from the rock musical
genre. The song is hard and fast. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the
song was eighty-four and five tenths beats per minute. The average pulse rate after
listening to the song was eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 18
Therefore, there was a decrease of one and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute
after listening to the song.
The third song used was “Milky Way,” which is from the KPop genre. The song is
slow but bubbly. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the song was
eighty-three beats per minute. The average pulse rate after listening to the song was
eighty-five and five tenths beats per minute. So, there was an increase of two and five
tenths beats per minute.
The fourth song used was “Ballin’,” which is from the Hip-hop genre. The song is
fast and soft. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the song was eighty-five
beats per minute. The average pulse rate after listening to the song was eighty-four
and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute. So, there was a decrease of seventy-five
hundredths beats per minute.
The fifth song used was “All the Small Things,” which is from the alternative rock
genre. The song is upbeat but has some soft parts. The average initial pulse rate
before listening to the song was eighty-four and five tenths beats per minute. The
average pulse rate after listening to the song was eighty-four and five tenths beats per
minute. So, there was a decrease of five tenths beats per minute.
The sixth song used was “Russian Roulette,” which is from the KPop genre. The
song is fast but upbeat. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the song was
eighty-three and seventy-five hundredths beats per minute. The average pulse rate
after listening to the song was eighty-seven and twenty-five hundredths beats per
minute. So, there was an increase of three and five tenths beats per minute.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 19
The seventh song used was “Sweet Delta Rose,” which is from the country
genre. The singer’s voice is slow-paced, but the music is a bit hard. The average initial
pulse rate was eighty-two and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute. The average
pulse rate after listening to the song was eighty-five and seventy-five beats per minute.
So, there was an increase of three and five tenths beats per minute.
The eighth song used was “I’ll Be Seeing You,” which is from the Jazz genre.
The singer’s voice is slow-paced and so is the music. The average initial pulse rate
before listening to the song was eighty-four and twenty-five hundredths beat per minute.
The average pulse rate after listening to the song was eighty-two and seventy-five
hundredths beats per minute. Therefore, there was a decrease of one and five tenths
beats per minute.
The ninth song used was “Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag, which is from the
Bollywood genre. The song is fast, hard, and upbeat. The average initial pulse rate
before listening to the song was eighty-four beats per minute. The average pulse rate
after listening to the song was eighty-six beats per minute. Therefore, there was an
increase of two beats per minute.
The tenth song used was “Won’t Let Go,” which is from the Gospel genre. The
song is slow and upbeat. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the song was
eighty-four beats per minute. The average pulse rate after listening to the song was
eighty-three and seventy-five hundredths beats per minute. So, there was a decrease
of twenty-five hundredths beats per minute.
The eleventh, and last, song was “Walk This Way,” which is from the hard rock
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 20
genre. The song is hard and fast. The average initial pulse rate before listening to the
song was eighty-three and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute. The average pulse
rate after listening to the song was eighty-seven and five tenths beats per minute. So,
there was an increase of four and twenty-five hundredths beats per minute.
Therefore, the trend is clear. There was a change of pulse rate after listening to
music. It is important to mention that when the songs had a slow or soft element, then
this usually caused a decrease in pulse rate. Also, most of the songs with an upbeat or
hard element caused an increase in pulse rate. But, what was clear was that a change
in pulse rate occurred after each song. This is shown in Graph 2. The hypothesis was
that if a person listens to music, then their heart rate will change. The type of music
listened to will either slow or increase the heart rate, measured as pulse rate.
Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis because there was a change in pulse rate
after each song.
However, something that should be mentioned is that individual trials of each
song sometimes were different. For example, for “Thunderstruck” some of the trials
showed an increase in pulse rate while others showed a decrease. It was only when
the average was calculated that a decrease was clearly shown. Yet, the important thing
was that the songs caused a change in pulse rate. So, maybe a follow up to the
experiment would be why different genres affect different subjects differently.
C ONCLUSION
The hypothesis was that if a person listens to music, then their heart rate will
change. The research showed that if a person has a high or low heart rate for a long
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 21
time, this can cause many serious health complications (Seladi-Schulman 1). Listening
to music can be used as a form of therapy. Music can affect the heart rate by affecting
the mood and emotions (“Music Boosts Heart Health” 1). In fact, there have already
been studies on the effects that music can have on heart rate. Past study results have
shown that music can reduce heart rate (“Music Boosts Heart Health” 1). This means
music can be used as a treatment to help patients have a healthy heart rate.
For an adult a normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute. For a
child a normal resting heart rate is 70 to 100 beats per minute. For the experiment,
eleven songs were used to measure any effect they would have on pulse rate. There
were eight trials performed for each song. The initial pulse rate was measured before
each song. The average initial pulse rate was then calculated. Then, the pulse rate
was measured after each song was listened to. After this, the average pulse rate after
listening to each song was calculated. There was a two minute rest in between each
song to make sure that the subjects would not be affected by the previous song. The
pulse rate was measured in beats per minute.
Throughout this experiment the trend was that the pulse rate would change after
listening to music. After calculating the average pulse rate after listening to each song,
it was clear that the pulse rate would decrease or increase for each song. Graph 1 also
shows the trend very clearly. This data supports the hypothesis. This is because the
hypothesis states that the pulse rate will change after listening to music. Which is what
happened. This data proves that listening to music can be used as a form of therapy for
regulating the pulse rate.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 22
Even though everything possible was done to make the experiment as accurate
as possible there are still some possible sources of error. One possible source of error
is the pulse oximeter used to measure the pulse rates of each subject did not record the
pulse rates correctly. Even though, all instructions for the pulse oximeter were followed
correctly, there is a chance the pulse oximeter was not completely accurate. Another
possible source of error could be that some subjects were taking medications that
affected the pulse rate that was recorded.
However, the experiment also raised some questions. Different genres affected
the pulse rate of individual subjects differently. So, a question that is raised is why
different genres affect different subjects differently? Another question that was raised
from the experiment is how can the results of the pulse oximeter be verified? Both of
the questions can be followed upon next time.
B IBLICAL P RINCIPLE
A verse from the Bible that relates to this experiment is Psalms 105:2. The verse
states, “Sing praise to him, play music; proclaim all his wonderful deeds!” This Bible
verse relates to this experiment because it talks about music. In this experiment the
pulse rate of the subjects was measured after listening to music. Also, the research
showed that music affects mood and emotion. This is just like the bible verse because
it evokes emotions when it uses words like sing, play, proclaim, and wonderful. This is
why this Bible Verse relates to this experiment.
S TUDENT L EARNING E XPECTATIONS
Several SLEs relate to this experiment in some fashion. SLE S5 relates to this
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 23
experiment. It states, “Appreciate God’s gifts in others and treats them with respect and
dignity.” This relates to the experiment because I had to appreciate God’s gifts in my
subjects and treat them with respect and dignity. SLE C1 also relates to this
experiment. It states, “Clearly and intellectually express themselves in written and oral
communication.” This relates to the experiment because I had to express myself in
written and oral communication in order to complete my science fair report. Another
SLE that relates is A4. It states, “Exhibit good work habits, organizational procedures,
time management, and study skills.” This relates because I exhibited good work habits,
organizational procedures, and time management when doing my science fair project. I
had to make sure to organize my time in order to finish each section of the experiment
and report on time. This is why these three SLEs relate to this experiment.
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 24
Works Cited
Crisanti, Analeigh Joy. “Does Listening to Music Affect One's Heart Rate?” Penn State
University. Penn State. 2015. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://sites.psu.edu/
siowfa15/2015/09/18/does-listening-to-music-affect-ones-heart-rate/.
Frost, Helen. The Circulatory System . Pebble Books, 2001.
Gillinov, Marc, and Steven Nissen. Heart 411. Three Rivers Press, 2012.
“How to Check Your Pulse (Heart Rate).” Heart Foundation. Heart Foundation. 2020.
Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/wellbeing
/managing-risk/how-to- check-your-pulse-heart-rate.
Klaidman, Stephen. Saving the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2000.
Laskowski, Edward R. “What’s a Normal Resting Heart Rate.” Mayo Foundation . Mayo
Foundation. 29 Aug. 2018. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/
healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/heart-rate/faq-20057979#:~:text=A%20no
rmal%20resting%20heart%20rate%20for%20adults%20ranges%20from%2060,t
o%2040%20beats%20per%20minute.
Miller, Zipporah, et al. California Life Elevate Science. Pearson Education Inc., 2020.
“Music Boosts Heart Health.” CardioSmart. American College of Cardiology Foundation.
13 Oct. 2015. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.cardiosmart.org/news/
2015/10/music-boosts-heart-health#:~:text=First%2C%20studies%20suggest%2
0that%20compared,rate%20compared%20to%20pleasant%20music.
New American Bible. Revised Edition. World Catholic Press, 2010.
Piscatella, Joseph C., and Barry A. Franklin. Take a Load Off Your Heart. Workman
Music for the Heart Student ID# 1203, Page 25
Pub., 2003.
Seladi-Schulman, Jill. “What’s Considered a Dangerous Heart Rate?” Healthline.
Healthline Media. 26 Mar. 2019. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.
healthline.com/health/ dangerous-heart-rate#dangerous-symptoms.
“Tuning In: How Music May Affect Your Heart.” Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health
Publishing. June 2018. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.health.harvard.
edu/heart- health/tuning-in-how-music-may-affect-your-heart.
“What Your Heart Rate is Telling You.” Harvard Medical School. Harvard Health
Publishing. 30 Aug. 2020. Accessed 13 Sept. 2020. https://www.health.
harvard.edu/heart-health/ what-your-heart-rate-is-telling-you.