Music of the Music of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

“Today there is but one music in all of Europe.”

–Michel Paul de Chabanon

Sonata FormSonata Form

The evolution of The evolution of music in the music in the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

3 main parts of the 3 main parts of the Sonata FormSonata Form

ExpositionExposition—where themes —where themes are presentedare presented

DevelopmentDevelopment—where themes —where themes are treated in new waysare treated in new ways

RecapitulationRecapitulation—where the —where the themes returnthemes return

Classical Classical SymphonySymphony

The continued evolution The continued evolution of music in the of music in the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The Classical The Classical SymphonySymphony

from Latin from Latin symphoniasymphonia, “a sounding , “a sounding together”together”–meaning, a symphony is a longer, meaning, a symphony is a longer, more developed musical composition more developed musical composition that usually lasts between twenty that usually lasts between twenty and forty-five minutesand forty-five minutes

Classical symphonies contain Classical symphonies contain movementsmovements which vary in theme and which vary in theme and tempotempo

Types of movements:Types of movements:1. & 4. Allegro1. & 4. Allegro—In a quick, —In a quick, lively tempo.lively tempo.

Usually begins and ends a Usually begins and ends a symphony, but may be proceeded symphony, but may be proceeded by the adagioby the adagio

2. Adagio2. Adagio—In a slow tempo.—In a slow tempo.

3. Andante (andante moderato)3. Andante (andante moderato)—In —In a moderately slow tempo.a moderately slow tempo.

3. Minuet3. Minuet—A slow, stately —A slow, stately pattern dance in 3/4 time.pattern dance in 3/4 time.

The Classical The Classical OrchestraOrchestra

Approximately 30 string Approximately 30 string violin, cello, and viola violin, cello, and viola playersplayers

Also, 2 players each for the Also, 2 players each for the oboe, flute, bassoon, horns, oboe, flute, bassoon, horns, trumpets, kettledrums, and trumpets, kettledrums, and clarinetclarinet–Beethoven often increased this Beethoven often increased this demand for instruments and also demand for instruments and also added extra ones like the added extra ones like the piccolo and trombone.piccolo and trombone.

Franz Josef Haydn Franz Josef Haydn (1732-1809)(1732-1809)

Began writing symphonies in Began writing symphonies in 1757 1757 (7 years after the death of (7 years after the death of Bach and the marked end of the Bach and the marked end of the Baroque music age)Baroque music age)

Wrote 104 symphonies (possibly Wrote 104 symphonies (possibly more) in about 50 years more) in about 50 years –(Yikes! More than 2 a year! (Yikes! More than 2 a year! Eat your heart out John Eat your heart out John Williams!)Williams!)

Symphony No. 94 in Symphony No. 94 in G Major, G Major,

“Surprise” (1792)“Surprise” (1792)The 2nd movement, the andante, The 2nd movement, the andante, is the most well-known is the most well-known movement for it’s simple, movement for it’s simple, charming theme and the charming theme and the dramatic musical surprise.dramatic musical surprise.

The movement is in a The movement is in a theme and variations form theme and variations form (AA’A’’A’’’A’’’’)(AA’A’’A’’’A’’’’)

Symphony No. 104 Symphony No. 104 in in

D Major, (1795)D Major, (1795) Listen to: Listen to: ““London symphony”London symphony”–Written for performance in Written for performance in LondonLondon

–Folk dance characterFolk dance character–Bagpipe-like droneBagpipe-like drone

Finale movementFinale movement–AllegroAllegro

Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-Mozart (1756-

1791)1791)

Wrote 41 symphoniesWrote 41 symphoniesWrote in other genres: Wrote in other genres: opera, opera, keyboard works, keyboard works, choral workschoral works

Melody writerMelody writerDied at the age of 35Died at the age of 35Always financially insecureAlways financially insecureListen to parts of Listen to parts of

Piano Concerto in A MinorPiano Concerto in A Minor

Ludwig Van Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-Beethoven (1770-

1827)1827)

Crossover composerCrossover composer–Part of the Classical period Part of the Classical period & the Romantic& the Romantic

Deaf at the end of his Deaf at the end of his lifelife

““Immortal Beloved”Immortal Beloved”–Story of BeethovenStory of Beethoven

Wanted to expand the classical Wanted to expand the classical symphonic form to accommodate symphonic form to accommodate greater emotional character.greater emotional character.– This expansion of the classical This expansion of the classical symphony style is what helped lead symphony style is what helped lead the music of the EP into the Romantic the music of the EP into the Romantic period. Mozart helped with this as period. Mozart helped with this as well in his later symphonies.well in his later symphonies.

The typical classical symphony has The typical classical symphony has movements with contrasting and movements with contrasting and unrelated themes.unrelated themes.

Beethoven’s works differ because Beethoven’s works differ because he used more of a similar theme he used more of a similar theme throughout the entire symphony to throughout the entire symphony to give it more emotional unity.give it more emotional unity.

Beethoven’s works are more Beethoven’s works are more dramatic with more dynamics to dramatic with more dynamics to make more emotional effect.make more emotional effect.–Listen to selection from Listen to selection from Symphony No. 5Symphony No. 5 Beethoven described it as “fate Beethoven described it as “fate knocking at the door”knocking at the door”

The work was first performed on 22 December 1808, at The work was first performed on 22 December 1808, at an enormous concert typical of the age - which also an enormous concert typical of the age - which also saw the first performance of the 'Pastoral' symphony, saw the first performance of the 'Pastoral' symphony, the fourth piano concerto, the Choral Fantasia and the fourth piano concerto, the Choral Fantasia and parts of the C major Mass.parts of the C major Mass.

Established the pattern of what later became known as Established the pattern of what later became known as the "finale symphony"the "finale symphony"

Listen to Finale of Listen to Finale of Symphony No. 9Symphony No. 9–Last movement of the Last movement of the symphonysymphony

–Beethoven included vocals to Beethoven included vocals to create dramacreate drama

–Very well-known to the Very well-known to the general publicgeneral public