music of the middle east
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MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE EAST. Major Cultural Influences. Persian culture (Iran, speak Farsi, adheres to Shia interpretation of Islam; historic Persian Empire) Arabic culture (Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq Lebanon, Egypt, Kuwait; speak Arabic) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE EAST
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Major Cultural Influences
• Persian culture (Iran, speak Farsi, adheres to Shia interpretation of Islam; historic Persian Empire)
• Arabic culture (Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq Lebanon, Egypt, Kuwait; speak Arabic)
• Turkish culture (Turkey, present day Afghanistan; speak Turkic; historic Ottoman Empire)
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Persian Empire (550 BC – 651 AD)
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Influence of IslamArose in Arabia in 7th century; was unifying
force among Arabic tribes. Arabic language and culture begin to absorb Persian.
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The Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
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Major Religions
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Islam and Music
• Koranic chant. Emphasis on written word (Koran is revealed word of God). Koran is important source for poetry, literature and song texts.– Example of Koranic chant.
• No tradition of instrumental religious music or religious dance (with exception of some sects).
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Classical Music of Iran
TAR
SETAR
KAMANCHE
ZARB / DONBAK
NEY
SANTOUR
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Persian miniature (Tabriz School, 13th cent.)
Persian Carpets
Persian Calligraphy
EXAMPLES OF PERSIAN ART FORMS
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Khandan/Musiqi Continuum
Khandan Musiqi
Chant
Unmetered
Improvised
Amateur
Solo
Vocal
Dance music (esp. belly dance)
Highly rhythmic
Precomposed
Professional
Ensemble
Instrumental
“Acceptable” “Unacceptable”
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Persian Classical Music
• Transmitted in private concerts.
• Role of improvisation.
• Texture: monophonic or heterophonic.
• Melodies usually ornamented.
• Tense vocal quality.
• Section of concert devoted to one dastgah
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Music Theory• Dastgah:
• a mode, similar to Greek modes (but not limited to half and whole steps)
• 7 primary, 5 secondary• Basis for composition and improvisation• Includes pitches, scale patterns, melodic essence
(motif). Each has descriptive name and associated character
• Gusheh: • subdivision of a dastgah; “central nuclear melody”
• Radif:• Repertoire of several hundred melodies or
gushehs in all 12 dastgahs memorized by students and used as basis for improvisation and composition
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DASTGAH = SHUR SELECTED GUSHES (melodic motifs)
http://www.dejkam.com/music/iran_traditional/about/
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Classical Concerts
• Section of concert explores a particular dastgah (usu. five instrumental or vocal pieces)
• Concerts• Open with rhythmic introductory piece (like
Pishdaramad)• Avaz (improvised, nonmetric) (considered high
point of concert)• Concluding section (rhythmic dance or light vocal)
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Traditional 19th century Iranian court musicians playing kamanche, dombak, dayere, tar, santour
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Indian and Persian Classical Music• Similarities:
• use complex system of pitches• have long history of performance and theoretical
writings about music• Monophonic or heterophinc• Transmitted in concerts• Passed on in oral tradition• Incorporate improvisation and composition
• Differences:• Persian tradition has no equivalent of tala• Ambivalent attitude of Islam towards music