LESSON 8:MUSICAL GENRES

Elena Carrión Candel

INDEX:

1.THE CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL GENRES.

2.HISTORY OF CLASSICAL MUSIC.3.POPULAR MUSIC: 3.1.TRADITIONAL MUSIC(IN SPANISH). 3.2.URBAN POPULAR MUSIC. 3.3.MUSIC OF THE THEATRE AND

CINEMA.

1.THE CLASSIFICATION OF MUSICAL GENRES

A musical genre establishes the content and function of the Music.

There are three important groups in musical genres:

a)According to the aim of the music:

• RELIGIOUS MUSIC:All music works are related to religion.

• SECULAR MUSIC:All music works are not related to religion but related to human beings and their feelings,nature…etc.

b)According to the audience.

• CLASSICAL MUSIC: Musical works which belong to important composers who have followed academic principles.It has a clear aesthetic function.

• POPULAR MUSIC : It is created for a wide audience.We can distinguish between:

FOLK MUSIC:Traditional music works from regions which reflect the nature or life of its inhabitants.

POP MUSIC: It is the music known thanks to the recording and mass media.This music has a clear commercial function.

c)According to the content and the manner it is shown.

There are three different types of music:

a)Descriptive music:It is the instrumental music which describes in general terms,meteorological phenomena or an event such as a battle ,a storm,birds singing,etc.

b)Programme Music:

Instrumental music that is based on the description of a program or a plot.Complete understanding of the work requires prior knowledge of the plot,as the description is a lot more complex and not based on an imitative processes but rather in associated musical ideas or instruments to determine particular characters or situations.

C)Dramatic Music:

Is all music that is sung and expresses the text,and thus,it is all vocal music.

There are two types:

-Represented or theatrical music.

-Non-represented music:without stages/scenes,for example,the song.

D)Pure or abstract music:

It doesn´t intend to suggest or describe anything but the pure language of music and its logic.

THE GREAT MUSIC GENRES(por apuntes)

The Great Music Genres

The two principal genres of western music: cult music and popular music.

1.Cult Music

The history of western cult music has its origins in ancient Greek civilization that considered music to be a divine art form. We owe the first musical treaties to the Greeks; they were then collected by the Romans and later by the theorists of the middle ages.

•

1.2.The Middle Ages

It is the period between the centuries V and XV. During this era the convents and monasteries were converted into grand and important centers of culture.

The authority of the church made the most important music of the Middle Ages the ‘Gregorian Chant’ – with a monotexture.

Gregorian chant:pueri habraeorum portantes AUDITION

Fragments Choir Solists

Pueri habraeorum

Domini est terra

Pueri habraeorum

Quia ipse

Pueri habraeorum

Listen to the beginning of the antifona”Pueri habraeorum portantes”.It is sung on Passion Sunday and indicate who is singing each part:

1.Audition

Look at the following music work

2.Audition.

Answer these questions:a)What is the lowest and the highest voice?

b)Do you think that the range of the melody is correct to be sung by the congregation in a procession?

c)What is the most repeated note in this SALM?

FA-SOL-LA-SIb

THE RENAISSANCE• This is the period

which covers the XV and XVI centuries. During this period, there is a returning to the antiquity classical models. Man is not only interested in the knowledge of Arts and Science, but also in how to express his own emotions.

• Religious vocal music emphasizes the motete form. One of its main composers is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.

• Lots of polyphonic songs appear in secular vocal music.The musical forms are:Madrigal,opera in musica and villancico. One of its main composers is Claudio Monteverdi.

• Instrumental music is born.

VIDEOS

MADRIGALhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoW-hFeGIf4&feature=player_detailpage

OPERA IN MUSICAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ll_u870PG8

VILLANCICO

3.AUDITION

• Listen carefully to this song composed by Tomas Luis de Victoria called “Ave María” and answer these questions:

a)What combination of voices have you heard?• SOPRANO,CONTRALTO,TENOR,BASS .• SOPRANO,TENOR,BARITONE,BASS.

b) Is it sung A CAPELLA?• Yes because there are a lot of voices.• Yes because there aren´t instruments.

4.Audition

• Listen carefully to ”Hoy comamos y bebamos”.It´s a villancico composed by Juan del Encina.Answer these questions:

Choir stanza bridge

a)What´s the order of these three parts of the villancico?b)How is the choir?•Mixed choir or•Men´s choir.

THE BAROQUE PERIOD

It starts in 1600 and finishes in 1750 aproximately.

The most important thing in this period is the search for constrasts in music through the rythms,melodies,tempor or instruments.

The main musical genres are:

-Opera,cantata,oratorio(for voices)

-Concierto,suite,sonata y fuga

The main composers are:Vivaldi,Johann Sebastian Bach y Haendel.

• Video about Vivaldi:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10mmKSzE8H8&feature=fvsr

5.Audition• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZ9qWpa2rIg

Listen to this audition of J.S. Bach and indicate if the following sentences are true or false:

The violin has the principal role. Strings and bass continuous play the

tutti(orchestra). There is a constant dialogue between two

grops of instruments. The rhytm is binary.

CLASSICISM

This is the period related to the second half of the XVIII century. There is a returning to the ideals of beauty and the classical antiquity proportion, avoiding the complexity of Baroque.

The vocal music continues the development of the opera. The most preferred type of this period is the bufa opera, which is of popular character.

Instrumental music will find its perfect model with the sonata.

Some of the main composers of the Classicism are: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Photos!!!

HAYDN

MOZART

BEETHOVEN

6.AUDITION

• Watch this video carefully.It belongs to a film called “Pride and Prejudice”.There are four fragments (I-II,III and IV).Its a musical work from these days but isnpired in the Classical period.Look at them carefully and answer these questions:

• A)In the fragment I appears a musical group which usually accompanies the dances in this period.What family of instruments is the most important?

1.Wood wind.

2.Stings.

3.Brass.

4.Percussion.

• B)In the Fragment II appears a metronome,

1.How is the rhytm?binary ,ternary or quaternary.

2.There are two phrases,how many bars have each one?

ROMANTICISM:

 • This period, influenced by the French

Revolution spirit, covers almost all the XIX Century,

• Opera becomes the most preferred spectacle. Its main composers are: Rossini, Verdi and Wagner.

• Small musical forms such as the lied appear, It is a song for a soloist voice accompanied by piano.

• The biggest instrumental musical forms are

the symphony and the concert. Their main composers are: Mendelssohn and Brahms.

• Programmatic music, which uses the

orchestra with a narrative aim, was born..

•

AUDITION

• You are going to listen a fragment of a Opera composed by Verdi called”La Traviata”.Answer these question:• How is the rythm?• Is this a mixed choir ,a men´s choir or a

woman´s choir? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkp6lDyyUOM

XX and XXI CENTURIES:

• The XX century is the beginning of a period with fast changes and several musical styles.

• The contemporary classical music does not look for beauty or entertainment anymore, it prefers breaking off and experimentation.

• Among the most important contemporary styles, we can mention:

• Impressionism: Claude Debussy.• Expressionism: Arnold Schoenberg.• Dodecaphonism: Schoenberg.• Serialism: Alban Berg.• Electric music:Stockhausen.• Random music: John Cage.

• Among the most important contemporary styles, we can mention:• Impressionism: Claude Debussy.• Expressionism: Arnold Schoenberg.• Dodecaphonism: Schoenberg.• Serialism: Alban Berg.• Electric music:Stockhausen.• Random music: John Cage.

4´33´.By John Cage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fYvfEMUJl8&feature=fvst