Volume XIII, No. 2 Summer-Fall 2019

Save the DateWednesday, October 2 Quarterly Council Meeting

Program & Lunch Noon to 1pmThe Casino

Saturday, October 26Colonial History Lecture SeriesSpeaker 10 am: Mark Peterson,

The City-State of Boston Newberry Library

Thursday, December 5Winter Court - Stag Event

6pm White/Black TieThe Casino

Sunday, January 12, 2020Illinois NSCDA reception

Reception 10:30 amSpeaker 11:30 am: Liz Garibay

from the Brewseum Brunch 12:30 am

Indian Hill Club, Winnetka

Thursday, February 6 to Sunday, February 9, 2020

110th General CouncilPalm Beach, Florida

February 20, 2020 Annual Membership Event

The Racquet Club5pm Meeting/ 6pm Reception

followed by Dinner

Wednesday, April 1, 2020Quarterly Council Meeting 11:30Program & Lunch Noon to 1 pm

The Casino

Saturday, April 4, 2020Colonial History Lecture Series

Newberry Library

Sunday, May 3, 2020Summer Court

Shoreacres, Lake Bluff

Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Illinois 47 West Division Street, #368

Chicago, Illinois 60610

312-478-4845 • office@scwil.orgwww.colonialwarsil.org • www.gscw.org

Muskets & Arrows

article continued on next page

On Saturday, July 13, 2019, Illinois Dames and Colonial Warriors were joined by Candidates and friends for their annual dinner dance at Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, Illinois. Co-founded by Barbara and David Linville several years ago when they were serving as President and Governor of their respective Societies, the dinner dance is a highly-anticipated annual event and serves as a wonderful recruiting aid, bolstering the membership of both organizations.

After a week of horribly hot weather, the weather miraculously cooled down twenty degrees just in time for the party to start. Enjoying the cooler temperatures, attendees gathered for cocktails and hors d’oeuvre on the bluestone patio overlooking the golf course.

At the conclusion of the cocktail hour, the guests adjourned to the ballroom for a delicious three course meal. Chilled curried sweet corn soup accompanied by popovers

was followed by a surf and turf entrée and flourless chocolate cake.

Customary toasts were exchanged by the Warriors and Dames led by Governor Aaron Barlow and event co-chairs Priscilla Barlow and Alexander B. Jacobs.. The evening was purely social without an evening program. Speeches were short and acknowledged the cordial connection between the Society of the Colonial Wars in the State of Illinois and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the state of Illinois and the common focus of both societies on preserving the memory of the Colonial period in the United States. In addition, Deputy Governor General for Illinois Brian D. White was presented with the prestigious Samuel Victor Constant award for distinguished service to the Colonial Warriors.

Music was provided by the Fifty-One Lincoln Band, who played a variety of standards and oldies. After they wound down their final set,

Ellen Corley, Luke Matthews, Bud and Kipper Hendrick and Dana and John Strothman

Dames-Warriors Summer Dinner Dance

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Dames-Warriors Summer Dinner Dance continued

the younger attendees returned to the terrace to disco dance under the stars.

Bill Hamm and Brian White in the thick of thingsAmy & Ted Langan

Marjorie Schwabel and her son, Warrior Todd Schwabel

Bud and Kipper Hendrick, Kelly Penry, and Violet & Zack Sudler

Chris & Sarah Randolph, Zack & Violet Sudler, Priscilla Barlow & Brian D. White

Osana King, Petra Jacobs and Kelley Hood Gambera.

Illinois Dame Kathy Fox and her son, Warrior Bill Fox

Illinois Dames Jean Perkins and Carla Carstens

Warrior Sam McTier

Angie and Geoff Euston

Aaron Barlow, Alexander Jacobs and

David von Nirschl

David von Nirschl, Annie Hambleton, Hopie Hambleton, Julia and Robert Jackson

Many thanks to the Illinois Warriors for their hard work and generous underwriting, and to Dame Ginny McTier and Warrior Sam McTier for sponsoring the event at Onwentsia. A fabulous time was had by all!

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We are now heading into Fall in Chicago, one of the best times of year and, for Warriors, the resumption of our social, historical, educational and business activities. On October 2, 2019, at 11:15 at the Casino, we will hold our October Quarterly meeting and program. Our speaker will be our very own

Dwight Cleveland, whose exhibition, Film Posters from the Dwight M. Cleveland Collection is currently on display at the Norton Museum of Art in Florida. The exhibition, which runs until October 29, 2019, is the largest ever museum exhibitions of classic movie posters.

On Saturday October 26, 2019 at 10 am, the Warriors, the Newberry Library and the University of Illinois Department of History are proud to present the next Colonial History Lecture with Mark Peterson, the Edmund S. Morgan Professor of History at Yale University. Professor Peterson has recently published, The City-State of Boston: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630-1865 (Princeton University Press, 2019). The book depicts seventeenth and eighteenth century Boston as a city-state which was, like ancient Athens or medieval Venice, an autonomous, self-governing commercial hub.

Another pillar of our organization is building fellowship through our bonds with Warriors in Illinois and throughout the country. Each year, one of the State societies holds a national meeting, either a General Assembly (once every three years) or a General Council (on the other years.) The General Assemblies and the General Councils are largely the same in their format and include business

The Governor’s Report

Governor Aaron A. Barlow

meetings of the General Society on Friday and Saturday mornings, followed by lunch and afternoon activities, and on Saturday, an elegant white tie gala. These events are unique opportunities to meet Warriors from all over the country. In addition, many Colonial Dames are in attendance at the social events and, of course, at the gala.

This year’s national meeting was a General Assembly, held in April, in Charleston, South Carolina and which is covered elsewhere in this issue. Next year there will be a General Council in Palm Beach, Florida February 6-9, 2020. Not only is this an excellent time of year to escape the winter in Chicago and head to Florida, it will undoubtedly be an enjoyable and enlightening trip. We have reproduced the registration form towards the end of this issue. I urge all Warriors to consider attending this fabulous event.

The Illinois Society will be hosting the General Assembly in 2022 in Chicago. Former Illinois Governor David G. Linville, who is also the General Society Deputy Historian General, and former Illinois Governor Robert L. Burell, who serves on the General Society as the Chair of the Awards Committee, are co-chairing a committee to prepare for this momentous event. We anticipate welcoming Warriors and their guests from all over the country to Chicago in 2022.

On Thursday, December 5, 2019, we will host the one-hundred twenty-sixth annual Winter Court at the Casino. Our speaker will be D. Brenton Simons, President & CEO of The New England Historic Genealogy Society (NEHGS). Mr. Simons will discuss the incredible recent developments in the impact of DNA testing on genealogy. This promises to be a wonderful evening of comraderie and convivialty, and I hope to see all of you there!

Aaron A. BarlowGovernor

Step it up and get your tails if you don’t already own them!

For those looking to purchase “Black Full Dress Tails” please visit: Formally Modern Tuxedo

2112 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614Tel: 773.975.7700 • web: www.formallymodern.com

Owner: Ask for Alex TsebelisIf you are a “Colonial Warrior” there is a special price of $395 for new Tail Coat and Pants and $85 for the shirt/vest & tie.

Cuff links/gloves/shoes, etc., also available.

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The General Assembly of the General Society of the Colonial Wars was held in Charleston, South Carolina on April 11-14, 2019. Over thirty Warriors and guests from Illinois attended, many of them driving to experience the unfolding spring foliage on the road from Chicago to beautiful, historic Charleston. A fabulous time of fellowship, touring and dining was had by all.

Many guests stayed in the Hyatt Place Hotel in Charleston’s Historic District. The welcome reception was held on Thursday evening at the former McLeod plantation, among beautiful old trees hanging with Spanish moss. Afterwards, Warriors and their guests enjoyed a Southern home-style dinner at the plantation with entertainment provided by a traditional Gullah musical group. Several Illinois visitors bought hand-woven, sweet grass baskets, which were sold by local craftsmen.

On Friday morning, the Warriors met at the Hyatt Place hotel for the business of the General Council, while the Warriors’ guests attended tours of the Joseph Manigault House and the Charleston Museum. After the business meeting, the Warriors attended a luncheon at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina. After cocktails at the Citadel’s River View Room, the Warriors had lunch where entertainment was provided by The Citadel Gospel Choir. The ladies had lunch at Charleston’s famous Magnolias Restaurant. After lunch, the ladies joined the Warriors at the Citadel for tours and the opportunity to view the Citadel Dress Parade in the late afternoon. Friday evening, the Warriors and their guests had cocktails at the

42nd General Assembly - Charleston, South Carolina

The Illinois delegation to Charleston

William Aiken House, followed by dinner on their own at the many wonderful restaurants in historic Charleston.

On Saturday morning, while the Warriors completed the business meeting, the ladies toured the Edmondston-Alston House and White Point Garden. The Warriors and their guests then had lunch at the Carolina Yacht Club, with stunning views of the harbor, where Fort Sumter could be seen in the distance. After lunch, the Shelby Cullom Davis Lecture was presented by Dr. James Horn, President of the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation and author of the 2018 book 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy. Dr. Horn, in is lecture as well as his book, discussed two events that occurred in Jamestown in 1619 that represent the genesis of the two major issues of America history—the first arrival of African slaves and the first gathering of a representative body in America.

On Saturday night, the white tie gala was held at Charleston’s Gaillard Center. This glamorous event included abundant cocktails, the stately Flag Ceremony, and an elegant dinner followed by dining and dancing to big band music---a truly magical evening was had by all.

On Sunday, the Warriors and their guests left behind sunny, warm Charleston, and returned (or attempted to return) to Chicago, which was experiencing an unusual April snowstorm.

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42nd General Assembly - Charleston, South Carolina continued

Illinois Deputy Governor General Brian D. White and Illinois Deputy

Governor Edmund H. Lester marching in the Flag Ceremony

Illinois guest Kelly Penry and Illinois Deputy Governor General

Brian D. White

Some of the Illinois delegation enjoying dinner on Friday night at the

McLeod plantationEd Rutledge and Brian D. White at

the Charleston Yacht Club

Warriors at the McLeod plantation

The Citadel’s Gospel Choir entertaining the Warriors with the Battle Hymn of the Republic

More of the Dress Parade at the Citadel

The afternoon Dress Parade at the Citadel

Jim Kinney, Coco and Bob Burell and Brian D. White enjoying South Carolina’s early April weather

Angie and Geoff Euston and George and Andrea Vincent

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Newberry Lecture“Circles and Squares: Natives and Colonists and Maps”

Summer Quarterly Meeting

Tomb of Lion Gardiner

On June 26, 2019, the Warriors held their summer quarterly meeting at the Chicago Yacht Club. The Warriors enjoyed wine and light cocktails and the stunning views of the Lake Michigan harbor on a beautiful early summer day. After lunch, Governor Aaron Barlow presented a talk on the memoirs of Lieutenant Lion Gardiner, a professional soldier with experience in the Dutch Wars of Independence who was hired by the English colonies to establish a fortification at the mouth of the Connecticut River. In his memoirs, Gardiner wrote about his arrival in New England and the colonists’ predilection for ignoring his advice on military matters. Eventually, after several colonists were killed in ways that should have been avoidable, and would have been avoidable if Gardiner’s advice were followed, the colonists began to listen more carefully to Gardiner, with dramatically different results.

The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Illinois—in conjunction with The Newberry Library and the University of Illinois History Department—was honored to sponsor noted colonial historian Alan Shaw Taylor to speak at The Newberry Library in Chicago on April 27, 2019.

Alan Taylor is one of five among an exclusive group of authors to have twice been awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Taylor is best known for his contributions to microhistory and the revival of narrative history. In addition to his two Pulitzer Prizes, Taylor also won the Bancroft Prize and was runner-up for the National Book Award for nonfiction. His books include: American Colonies: The Settling of North America, and William Cooper’s Town among other outstanding books.

Alan Taylor was invited to speak under the auspices of the SCWIL Colonial History Lecture Series. Other renowned

authors that have been sponsored to speak include Patrick Griffin, Nathaniel Philbrick, Wendy Warren, Andrew Lipman, David Silverman and Jane Kamensky. All lectures are free and open to the public with the funding coming from the generosity of the GSCW Matching Grants Program and the “SCWIL George Burditt Memorial Education Fund.” The program is managed by Illinois Warrior Philip May who also serves on the GSCW Awards Committee. To be invited to speak at the Colonial History Lecture Series, Warrior May targets authors whose research and writings are specific to our space.

GSCW Governor General Myron Harrington visited Chicago to introduce Alan Taylor and present the Society of Colonial Wars to the large audience assembled on the rainy Saturday morning. Governor General Harrington explained to the audience the critical mission of the Society of Colonial Wars in educating the public as well as keeping the memory alive of the sacrifices of our colonial warrior ancestors in the forming of our great nation. The Governor General also described the many impactful programs SCW sponsors. Of note, he bemoaned the lack of history education in schools today, and articulated the critical need to have history education integrated into our school’s curriculum. Myron concluded his remarks by delivering a most eloquent introduction of Alan Taylor—highlighting Alan’s impressive credentials and his many highly acclaimed books as one of the top colonial history writers in the country.

By Robert Burell

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Newberry Lecture“Circles and Squares: Natives and Colonists and Maps” continued

Gov. Aaron Barlow, Guest Speaker Alan Taylor, Chair. GSCW Awards Committee Bob Burell

Pictured from left to right: Chair SCWIL Colonial History Lecture Series Philip May, Governor SCWIL Aaron Barlow, Governor General Myron Harrington, The Newberry President David Spadafora, Author Alan Taylor, GSCW Chairman Awards Committee Bob Burell, DGG SCWIL Brian D. White

Alan Taylor’s subject “Circles and Squares: Natives and Colonists and Maps” reflects new, unique research in colonial America—which is the focus of our programming. Maps as we know them depict geographical proportions and borders. In contrast, Indian maps convey social and political relationships between peoples—both native and colonial. The deerskin map shown in the picture was given in 1721 by Catawba chiefs to the royal Governor Francis Nicholson in Charles Town to explain the complex world of native peoples and their intricate interconnections. Moreover, the map sought to educate the new Governor to native diplomacy which would have a profound future effect on trade and war. The thirteen various tribal groups appear as circles of varying sizes and locations on the map with the Nasaw having the largest and most central location on the map, accordingly, asserting a hierarchy of power. The map defines the Nasaw as the pivotal and most important in a web of relationships that linked the colonists of the coast with the Indians of the interior. The implication on the map was for Governor Nicholson to treat the Nasaw with a special generosity and seriousness. The Nasaw tribe was the conduit and influencer to the tribes inland. The natives lived in rounded wigwams, circular villages and felt spiritually safest in rounded forms. In contrast, the natives thought of colonists as squares living in rectangular buildings and square grid structured towns—

hence Charles Town and Virginia are depicted as squares on the map. Parallel lines connect Charles Town and Virginia to the native circles in a visual bid to incorporate them into the native web of trade and diplomacy in the hope that all can co-exist. The lines represented paths of safe conduct for the colonists in an environment that could quickly turn violent. As noted by Alan Taylor, “The map offers an alternative vision of coexistence on native terms, thereby rejecting the colonizer’s drive to dispossess native peoples and convert the survivors into Christian menials.”

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The Course of the Pequot War

This article is the fifth in a series on the Colonial Wars between the English colonies and Indian tribes that were fought by ancestors of our members. This series will outline the colonial Indian wars from the beginning of successful English settlement—the 1607 founding of Jamestown—up through 1775.

The previous article described how the Pequot War started after raiding by Boston colonists on Pequot villages in southern Connecticut led to revenge raids by the Pequot against the colonists along the Connecticut River. After one such raid in April in northern Connecticut, at Wethersfield, where the Pequot killed six men, three women, took two teenage girls prisoner, and destroyed twenty head of cattle as well as a horse, the Connecticut colonists met at Hartford and declared war against the Pequot tribe on May 1, 1637.

The colonists muster at Fort Saybrook Even before the declaration of war on May 1, the Connecticut towns had written to Boston asking the Massachusetts Bay colony to send men to help defend Fort Saybrook. On April 10, Captain Underhill, who had led the raid on the Pequot the previous year, brought twenty Massachusetts Bay men to Fort Saybrook.

As part of the declaration of war, the Connecticut colony also levied men from each of the Connecticut towns. Hartford agreed to provide forty-two men, Windsor thirty, and Wethersfield eighteen for a total of ninety. These were to be led by Captain John Mason. They were joined by about sixty Mohegan Indians under their Sachem Uncas, who had recently revolted against the Pequot.

Pequot territory was located in south-eastern Connecticut sandwiched between the Pequot River1 on its west and the Narragansett territories in what is now Rhode Island on the east. (See map below.) The Connecticut towns were

located in north central Connecticut, along the Connecticut River about forty miles upstream from the coast. To reach Pequot territory, the Connecticut-Mohegan forces first sailed down the Connecticut River to Fort Saybrook at its mouth.

When they arrived at Fort Saybrook, Lieutenant Lion Gardiner, met with Captain Mason and convinced him that the colonists should test the loyalty of Uncas and the Mohegan Indians. Gardiner pointed out that less than a year ago, they had been part of the Pequot confederacy. The Mohegans were told to attack seven Pequot who had been seen in the area and bring them back dead or alive. The Mohegans passed the test, killing five of the Pequot, mortally wounding one and bringing one alive to the fort. This unfortunate individual refused to answer any questions, so “they tied one of his legs to a post, and 20 men with a rope tied to the other, pulled him in pieces, Captain Underhill shooting a pistol through him to dispatch him.”

Intelligence on Pequot Arms and campaign planShortly thereafter, a ship from the Dutch colony on Manhattan cast anchor at Fort Saybrook. The Dutch stated their business was to trade with the Pequot. The colonists refused to allow them to depart, being in a state of war. After many angry threats were exchanged, the Dutch offered to rescue the two teenage girls who had been captured by the Pequot in the raid on Wethersfield. The Dutch then sailed to the Pequot River, where they lured seven Pequot men onto their ship, took them hostage and threatened to sail into the open ocean and throw them overboard unless the girls were freed. The Dutch had to come very close to making good on their threat before the Indians relented and surrendered the girls.

After the Dutch brought the girls to Ft. Saybrook, the girls were interviewed by the colonists, chiefly to find out whether they had had sex with the Indians. The eldest of the two, who was sixteen, said “that they did solicit her to uncleanness,” but she was so upset at being their prisoner, that she thought, “How shall I commit this great evil and sin against my God?”

She also told how the Pequot had moved them about the tribe’s territory, showing them their forts and their “curious Wigwams,” and, significantly, that the Pequot had “sixteen guns with powder and shot.” This would have been

By: Aaron A. Barlow

1As a result of this war, the name of the Pequot River was changed to the Thames.

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significant intelligence. Up until then, in all recorded fights with the Indians in New England, only the colonists had guns. Guns in the hands of Indians would change things dramatically.

The colonists then held a Council of War to develop campaign strategy. The Pequot significantly outnumbered the combined English-Mohegan force. Further, the most direct route to Pequot territory would require landing from the ocean or the Pequot River onto hostile territory. Consequently, the colonists decided to take the long way around and sail east, past Pequot territory to the territory of the Narraganset Indians. Through the intercessions of Roger Williams of Rhode Island, the Narragansett had refused the Pequot request of an alliance and instead stayed friendly to the colonists. Captain Mason and his colleagues reasoned that they could land safely in Narraganset territory and then attack the Pequot without having to face a dangerous landing from their ships. At the same time, the plan had the advantage that, as Captain Mason wrote in his memoirs, the colonists “would come upon their Backs and possibly might surprise them unaware.”

The Campaign into Pequot TerritoryEven with this plan in hand, Lieutenant Gardiner was very pessimistic about the chances of Mason’s expedition. He did not see how the Connecticut-Mohegan force could do any better than the better equipped Massachusetts Bay raid the previous year. Perhaps he was influenced by the information from the teenage girls that the Pequot had firearms. Gardiner and Underhill also believed that twenty of the Connecticut men were so unsuited for war that they convinced Mason to send them home. This suggests the Connecticut colony scraped the bottom of the barrel in coming up with the militia when it declared war on May 1. Total strength of the colonists was still ninety, however, because Underhill’s twenty men joined the remainder of Mason’s on the expedition.

On Friday morning, May 19, 1637,2 the combined force set sail from Ft. Saybrook bound for Narragansett Bay. They arrived at the bay on Saturday towards evening. They stayed on board on Sunday to keep the Sabbath, and high winds prevented them from landing on Monday and Tuesday until sunset. Tuesday evening, they marched to the main Narraganset town and sought out the sachem. They explained why they were coming into his country armed and in force and assured him that they did not intend to attack any of the Narraganset. Rather, they asked for free passage through his lands in order to attack the Pequot.

He agreed to their request and stated that he “approve[d] of their Design” but that he “thought [the English] numbers were too weak to deal with the Enemy, who were (as he said) very great Captains and Men skillful in War.”

Next morning, Wednesday, the English and Mohegans marched twenty miles to the Narragansett town of Nayanticke, which is probably near modern Charlestown, Rhode Island. This town was on the frontier of Pequot country. The Nayanticke Indians would not permit the colonists or Mohegans to enter their town. This caused Captain Mason to fear that Nayanticke Indians might betray the expedition to the Pequot. So he placed guards around the town to prevent any Indian from leaving during the night.

Next morning, Thursday, a large group of Narraganset Indians sent by their sachem arrived to assist in the attack on the Pequot. They set out at “about eight of the Clock in the Morning” heading west, being accompanied by about five hundred Indians. It was a very hot day and several colonists fainted—(probably from dehydration.) After about twelve miles, they arrived at the Pawcatuck River, the modern-day southern border between Connecticut and Rhode Island, where they rested. At this point, the Narragansett began to express great fear of the Pequot, and many of them went home.

After a few hours rest, they marched another three miles and stopped to discuss new information obtained from Indian scouts. They learned that the Pequot had two forts, both impregnable according to the Indians. One of the Pequot forts was quite far away, and, unfortunately, that was where the Pequot sachem, Sassacus, was located. They reluctantly decided they could not attack both forts simultaneously and prepared an attack on the nearest fort, which was located at present day Mystic, Connecticut.

They marched on silently until one hour after darkness. They were now about two miles from the Pequot fort. They made camp and slept a little. “The Rocks were our Pillows; yet Rest was pleasant; the Night proved Comfortable, being clear and Moon Light.” The sentries heard the Indians carousing and singing at their fort until after midnight.

The English planned to attack the Pequot fort before daylight on Friday, May 26, 1637. However, they overslept! They

2 May 19, 1637 in the modern, Gregorian calendar is a Monday. However, the English continued to use the older Julian calendar until September 2, 1752. The English colonists, therefore, used the Julian calendar, in which the same date is a Friday.

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awoke in the morning to “see[] it very light,”and were very concerned they had lost their opportunity for a surprise attack. They quickly roused all the men and marched to the fort. When they got there, the saw very few of their Indian allies. The rest were holding back, “exceedingly afraid.” Captain Mason told the Indian chiefs to tell their men, “That they should by no means Fly, but stand at what distance they pleased, and see whether English men would now Fight or not.”

The Massacre of Mystic FortThe Pequot fort was a circular fort of about an acre or two in area enclosing dwellings for about five hundred Indians. It had two entrances on opposite sites—one on the north-east and one on the south-west. Inside were five rows of wigwams, houses made of branches with mats of bark placed on the outside. The walls of the fort were a palisade of trees. At each of the entrances, there were piles of brush blocking the door.

Captain Underhill took his men around to the south-west door while Captain Mason approached the north east. As Captain Mason approached, a dog barked and an Indian cried out, “Owanux! Owanux!” which means, “Englishmen! Englishmen!”

Captain Mason ordered his men to fire their guns into the palisade and then went into the north-east entrance himself, followed by sixteen men. Mason found the lanes between the wigwams completely empty of Indians. He stepped into a wigwam where he was attacked by “many Indians.” Colonist William Haydon saw the commotion in the wigwam and, believing there might be colonists inside, went in to help fight. The Indians then dispersed, some running outside and others hiding under their beds.

Mason then went outside the wigwam where now several Indians were in the lanes between the wigwams. He tried to attack them, but they ran away. Some of them ran towards Edward Pattison and Thomas Barber, who killed seven of them with their swords.

Captain Mason decided it would be too difficult to kill all the Indians one by one with swords, so he said, “We must burn them.” He grabbed a burning log from inside a wigwam and began setting fire to mats on the outside of several wigwams. The colonists went outside the palisade as the wind quickly spread the fire throughout the fort.

The colonists and their Indian allies then surrounded the fort and would not let anyone escape. The Indians had trouble

fighting back against the colonists, because the fire burnt their bowstrings. However, some had working bows and so pelted the colonists with arrows. The colonists “repaid them with [their] small shot.” Contrary to the information provided by the teenage girls, the Pequot did not have any firearms. Perhaps all the guns were with the sachem Sassacus at the other fort. Or perhaps the Indians had lied to the girls in order to intimidate them or so that the girls would tell the colonists after their return from captivity and refrain from attacking the Pequot. In any event, the Indians had no firearms to defend themselves at Mystic.

The Indians who tried to escape “were received and entertained [by our soliders] with the point of the sword; down fell men, women, and children, those that escaped us, fell into the hands of the Indians, that were in the rear of us.” William Bradford reported, “It was a fearsome sight to see them frying in the fire, with streams of blood quenching it; the smell was horrible, but the victory seemed a sweet sacrifice.”

The march backAfter the destruction of the fort, the English had to quickly leave enemy country. They had no provisions, all of their Narraganset allies immediately left for home without them, and there were three hundred Indian braves from the second Pequot fort seeking to attack them.

Fortunately, they could see their vessels in the distance in the harbor at mouth of the Pequot river. They moved with difficulty because they had to carry several severely wounded men. As the best of the Pequot moved in to attack, Captain Underhill led twelve or fourteen men to head them off. He reported that the Indians “finding our bullets to outreach their arrows, forced themselves often to retreat.” Again, there is no sign that there were any firearms among the Pequot.

Because the Indians would not engage with the English, Underhill reports that “we requested our Indians for to entertain fight with them, our end was that we might see the nature of Indian war.” They exchanged a few arrows, but at a distance and without intensity. Captain Underhill described the Indian way of war as follows:

[A]s I boldly affirm, they might fight seven years and not kill seven men: they came not near one another, but shot remote, and not point blank, as we often do with our bullets, but at rovers [at random], and then they gaze up in the sky to see where the arrow falls, and not until it is fallen do they shoot again. This fight

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is more for pastime than to conquer and subdue enemies.

The Indians kept harassing the colonial-Mohegan force as they marched towards the ships, but no one was shot. When they reached the harbor, the Pequot left. Captain Underhill boarded one of the boats with the wounded and sailed for Saybrook. The rest marched west along the coast twenty miles through Pequot territory. The Pequot they encountered along the way fled and they arrived safely back at Fort Saybrook.

The Indian Council and the flight of the PequotAfter the massacre at Fort Mystic, the Pequot chief Sassacus met the remaining Pequot at the second Pequot fort. They discussed the horrifying massacre and held a council to decide what to do next. There were several proposals on the table. The largest contingent of the tribe blamed Sassacus for everything that happened. This group wanted to kill Sassacus and his family. The elders talked the tribe out of this and they agreed to spare Sassacus’ life.

The remaining options discussed were to attack the Narraganset in revenge for helping the colonists, attack the colonists themselves, or flee to the west. They decided the only viable option was the latter. They broke into groups, some heading towards the Dutch colony at Manhattan.

Massachusetts Bay had meanwhile sent another one hundred twenty men to help in the war effort. Captain Mason was made Chief Commander of all the forces and held a war council at Hartford. It was decided to pursue the Pequot fleeing to Manhattan. The Indians were moving slowly as they were traveling with many children and had not had time to prepare provisions before taking flight. Accordingly, they had to dig for clams along the way in order to have enough to eat. As a consequence, the colonists, sailing along the coast, quickly caught up with them.

The Pequot were camped near a swamp in what is now Fairfield, Connecticut. The English surrounded the Indians and called a council to decide what to do. Various plans were discussed, but because they wanted to avoid killing women and children, Mr. Thomas Stanton, who could speak the Pequot language, offered to go into the swamp and attempt to negotiate with the Indians. He returned with almost two hundred old men, women and children who were taken prisoner.

The colonists then tightened the cordon around the swamp and prepared to watch all night. An hour before dawn, the Pequot attempted to break out but were beaten back several times with gunfire. Captain Mason then led the men to attack the Indians. The Indians forced them back and while they were preparing a second attack, about sixty or seventy escaped, including Sassacus. A few of the Indian men were slain or mortally wounded, and their bodies were found in the swamp.

The sixty or seventy Indian men who escaped fled west where most of them were killed by the Mohawk. Their heads were sent back to the colonists as a gesture of good will.

As for the women, children and old men, according to William Bradford, they were disposed of as follows: the male children were sent to Barbados, where they undoubtedly were put to work as slaves on sugar plantations and quickly died in that famously brutal environment. The rest were distributed as slaves throughout the New England towns. They presumably died or escaped soon afterwards: Captain Mason said, “The captives we took were about one hundred and eighty; whom we divided, intending to keep them as servants, but they could not endure the Yoke; few of them continuing any considerable time with their Masters.”

End of the warThe English, Mohegans and Narragansett met with the remaining free Pequot at Hartford. Peace terms were imposed on the Pequot: they must cease to exist. The Pequot name was outlawed. The Pequot River would now be called the Thames River. And the remaining one hundred eighty or so Pequot would be distributed to the Mohegan, the Narragansett and the Nihantic Indians. “The Pequots were then bound by a Covenant, That none should inhabit their native Country, nor should any of them be called Pequots any more, but Moheags and Narragansetts for ever.”

However, about forty to eighty free Pequot survived and continued to use their name. The Pequot captives were treated so badly by the Mohegan Indians, that the Connecticut colony freed them in 1683 and set up Pequot reservations in North Stonington and Ledyard. The tribe still survives today and in 1986 opened the Foxwoods Casino, one of the most successful Indian casinos. In 1998 the Pequot opened the Pequot Museum and Research Center which includes exhibits on the Pequot War of 1637.

Summer-Fall 2019 Page 12

The Course of the Pequot War continued

Bibliography

John Mason, A Brief History of the Pequot War, written in 1637 by Captain John Mason, the commander of the Connecticut forces in the war, and published in 1736. Available at digiticalcommons.unl.edu

John Underhill, Newes from America; or, a New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England, Containing, a True Relation of Their War-like Proceedings These Two Years Past (1638). Written by a participant in the Massachusetts Bay colony’s Endicott expedition. Available at digiticalcommons.unl.edu

Philip Vincent, A True Relation of the Late Battell fought in New England, between the English, and the Salvages (1637). Available at digiticalcommons.unl.edu

William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation a handwritten manuscript written between 1630 and 1647. The manuscript somehow ended up in the Library of the Bishop of London, where it was discovered in 1844 and published

shortly thereafter. A Dover edition of a 1920 republication rendered with modern English spelling and punctuation is available. There are also numerous online sources, such as archive.org.

Lion Gardener, Relation of the Pequot Warres (1660). Written by the designer of military defenses at Fort Saybrook and its commander during the war. Available at digiticalcommons.unl.edu

Albert E. van Dusen, Connecticut, A Fully Illustrated History of the State from the Seventeenth Century to the Present (Random House 1961).

Alan Gallay ed., Colonial Wars of North America 1512-1763, an Encyclopedia (Garland Publishing 1996).

Andrew Lipman, The Saltwater Frontier : Indians and the Contest for the American Coast (Yale University Press 2015).

Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (Viking Press 2006).

Summer Court

The Illinois Warriors assembled on May 5, 2019 at Shoreacres for the Warrior’s Annual Summer Court. After a brief Council Meeting the Warriors and their guests enjoyed the unobstructed views of the lake and the distant Chicago skyline, while sipping Peach Bellinis, Bloody Marys and Bloody Bulls.

The Warriors and their guests were ushered into lunch by a Scots bagpiper and then treated to classic American fare,

including fried chicken and Shoreacres’ famous popovers. Following lunch the group was then treated to a fascinating lecture, “French Colonial Peoria: 300 Years of Illinois,” by John Morris, the President and CEO of the Peoria Riverfront Museum. Mr. Morris provided the assembled Warriors and guests with a fascinating overview of the history of Peoria, including its French colonial past.

Summer-Fall 2019 Page 13

Old Northwest Summer Court at Mackinac Island

Once again SCW-MI arranged and hosted an “Old Northwest Summer Court” at the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island, an historically significant military outpost in the straits between Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas, August 15-18.

The legendary Grand Hotel was built in 1887 and received the exquisite attention of interior designer Dorothy Draper, who also adorned The Greenbrier Hotel in West Virginia. Her colors, designer and other influences are quite apparent in the private rooms, common areas, and even outside on the 660’ long porch, lined with dozens of rocking chairs overlooking the grounds, the golf course, and the Straits of Mackinac.

Don Johnston, Governor of SCW-MI, and his wife Shaula, assisted by very capable staff, planned and hosted the event which included: an opening cocktail party on the magnificent Grand Hotel porch; horse and carriage tours to Fort Mackinac and the Island’s interior of wooded areas and rock formations; daytime lectures on American Ancestors, New France, and the Battle of Hue City were all informative; evening five course dinners followed by dancing ‘til midnight; and the final black tie Gala Dinner in the private Cottage Room.

Overall, the venue was gorgeous, the program first-rate, and the weather was sunny and bright during the entire event. Should SCW-MI host another “Old Northwest Summer Court” at the Grand Hotel, you should definitely consider attending this event which is well worthwhile in every respect.

In closing, enroute home an overnight in Grand Rapids and a visit to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum (his Library is in Ann Arbor) might be enlightening and well worth the time.

Arriving at the Grand Hotel by Horse and CarriageLake View from Porch Rockers

Tour of Fort Mackinac with Ret. Professor of Naval War College,

John Hattendorf, SCW-RI

View of Grand Hotel from the Secret Garden

Grand Hotel 660’ 1887 Porch

At black tie Gala Dinner, George and Andrea Vincent, SCW-IL

The Woods Bavarian Restaurant

Cocktail Reception at Grand Hotel Cupola Bar, Dana & Past Gov. SCW-IL, John Strothman

By: George A. Vincent III

Summer-Fall 2019 Page 14

General Society of Colonial Wars 110th General Council - February 6-9, 2020

Society of Colonial Wars – Florida – Palm Beach REGISTRATION FORM

DEADLINE: January 1, 2020 To Register & Pay via credit card online, visit www.scwfl.org

PLEASE PRINT LEGIBLY: Warrior’s Name Badge Name Spouse or Guest’s Name Badge Name Address _City/State Zip Telephone _ Email Highest Past or Present Office _Name of State Society Emergency Contact and Phone Number Please note any Dietary Restrictions / Special Accommodations ______________________________________________________

Fees Per Person Number Total Due Warrior Registration $995/$1,095* $ Spouse or Guest Registration $995/$1,095* $ Optional – Sunday Polo $280 $ Total $

*Price does not include Hotel Reservations (see bottom of page for hotel reservation information). Registrations made afterNovember 15th are $1,095 and prior to that date receive the early bird discount of $100.

CANCELLATION POLICY: 50% refund for cancellations received prior to January 15, 2020. No refund for cancellations received on or after January 16, 2020.

Please help us plan efficiently for your time at the 110th General Council. Events subject to change. Date Activity Number attending

THURSDAY (2/06) Tennis Tournament* will attend. THURSDAY Welcome Reception - Cocktails & Hors d’oeuvres (Hilton West Palm

Beach, Pool Deck) will attend.

FRIDAY (2/07) Breakfast (Hilton West Palm Beach) will attend. FRIDAY Warriors Meeting (Everglades Club) FRIDAY Spouses/Guests Shopping & Champagne will attend. FRIDAY Luncheon with Guest Speaker (Norton Museum of Art) will attend.

FRIDAY Dinner Dance (Everglades Club) White Tie or Black Tie / Orders & Decorations

will attend.

SATURDAY (2/08) Breakfast (Hilton West Palm Beach) will attend. SATURDAY Warriors Meeting (Everglades Club) will attend. SATURDAY Spouses/Guests – Flagler Museum will attend. SATURDAY Luncheon with Guest Speaker (The Bath & Tennis Club) will attend. SATURDAY Cocktail Reception (Society of the Four Arts) SUNDAY (2/09) Breakfast (Hilton West Palm Beach) will attend. SUNDAY Sunday Services (Schedules Provided Upon Arrival) will attend. SUNDAY VIP Sunday Afternoon Polo (International Polo Club)** _ will attend. HOTEL I/we plan to stay at the Hilton West Palm Beach (Official Event Hotel) _ will stay. *Transportation not included to/from Tennis Tournament. Please make your own arrangements.**Please note that the optional Polo event on Sunday will require an additional fee.

Make checks payable to: SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS – FLORIDA, and Mail to: SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS – FLORIDA, P.O. Box 3097, Palm Beach, FL 33480

Direct Inquiries to office@scwfl.org

Hotel Reservations must be made by Monday, January 6, 2020 to receive the preferred rate; be advised that when the block of preferred rooms is fully reserved, room rates will be those normally in effect. Trolley service will be available between the Hilton West Palm Beach and event locations. Other transportation is the responsibility of the individual. Hilton West Palm Beach: City View King or Queen rooms available at $284/night (2 guests) $304/night (3/4 guests) plus taxes Reservation Link: https://book.passkey.com/event/49887830/owner/14106173/home Guests may also call Central Reservations at 1.800.445.8667. When calling, use Group Code ZCWF to receive the preferred rate.

will attend.

will attend.

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Summer-Fall 2019 Page 15

Society of Colonial Wars in Illinois Members’ Apparel For members only

Needlepoint Belt $85

• Produced by Smathers & Branson. Add 2” for your belt size Warriors Red Dress Socks $25 • Woven wool, over-the-calf socks • Sizes: S (7.5-9), M (9.5-11), L (11.5-13)

Wool Winter Scarf $50 • Oxford-style English wool scarf by

William Turner in an Illinois SCW stripe

Polo Shirt $65 • Choice of logo: IL Shield (large) or

Muskets & Arrows (small) • Coral w/ a blue logo, white w/ red,

& navy w/ white • Sizing: S - XXXL Muskets & Arrows Tie $85 • The of�icial tie of the Illinois

Warriors by Ben Silver

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Name: ______________________________________________ Shipping Address: _________________________________ _________________________________ Phone Number: ____________________________________ Email Address: _____________________________________ Form of Payment: Credit Card Check

Please �ill in the details of your order and circle any color or logo options below: Item Color Logo Sizing Quant. Price Total

Needlepoint Belt x $85.00 Red Dress Socks x $25.00 Wool Winter Scarf N/A x $50.00 Of�icial Tie N/A x $85.00 Polo Shirt Coral / White / Navy Shield / M&A x $65.00 Total:

Additional Items: Item Color Logo Sizing Quant. Price Total

Additional ordering, details, or requests: Subtotal:

Grand Total:

Apparel Order Form • Please make any checks to “SCWIL” and

enclose with your order slip. • For CCs, check the box and expect an email. • Remit to: William H. Parke

2403 Greenwood Avenue Wilmette, IL 60091 312-296-1574, william.parke@cmegroup.com

Ordering • Members may opt to remit a check with their order or use a credit card through a QuickBooks invoice • Make checks out to: Society of Colonial Wars in Illinois, or “SCWIL.” All prices include tax and shipping • Remit order form below with payment to William H. Parke at 2403 Greenwood Avenue, Wilmette IL 60091 • Please contact Quartermaster, William H. Parke with any enquiries at 312-296-1574 or william.parke@cmegroup.com

Summer-Fall 2019

Membership & Social CommitteesSocial Chairman ..............................................Todd D. H. Schwebel Social Committee .............Alexander B. Jacobs, Zack Sudler, Ryan S. Ruskin and Thatcher Waller, Jr Membership Chairman ......................................Edward Rutledge

Muskets and Arrows/Gazette CommitteeEditor .............................................................................Aaron A. Barlow Photographer ........................................................................Peter Mark

Investment CommitteeChairman ........................................................................Edmund Lester

Committee of Fort de ChartresCommander of the Fort ..................................... James M. Kinney

2022 General Assembly in Chicago CommitteeChairmen Robert L. Burell and David G. Linville

Governor ................................................................................................................................................... Aaron A. Barlow Deputy Governor ............................................................................................................................. Edmund H. LesterDeputy Governor General for Illinois .........................................................................................Brian D. WhiteLieutenant Governor ...........................................................................................................................James M. KinneySecretary ..............................................................................................................................................Geoffrey M. EustonTreasurer ...........................................................................................................................................Dwight M. ClevelandHistorian..............................................................................................................................................................Philip R. MayRegistrar .........................................................................................................................................................William M. Fox Chancellor ..................................................................................................................................................Tobin M. Richter Chaplain .....................................................................................................................................................Alexander Jacobs Quartermaster .......................................................................................................................................William H. Parke

Society of Colonial Wars In the State of Illinois

47 West Division Street, #368Chicago, Illinois 60610

— Officers of the Council —

— Special Committees Appointed by the Governor —

Respectfully submitted, Aaron Barlow, Editor, Muskets and Arrows

Please Note: William M. Fox, the Registrar for The Illinois Society, can be contacted at cell # 312.315.5586 e-mail: WilliamMichaelFox@gmail.com and mailing address for Preliminary & Formal applications to

William M. Fox 3660 N. Lake Shore Drive, Apt. #2812 Chicago, IL 60613

Gentlemen of the CouncilSamuel Badger Louis C. Sudler, Jr. Renton K. Brodie III Martinus J. DryudJohn A. Bross Leland HutchinsonHowell Brown James F. RudwallDwight M. Cleveland David G. Linville

Ambassador to the SocietiesAmbassador ...................................................................James F. Barr, Jr.

PRESORTEDMARKETING

U.S. POSTAGE PAIDFOX VALLEY, IL

PERMIT NO. 363