Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University

INETD- Internet Techologies Association

Turkish Internet: a look back for Turkish Internet: a look back for Governance and Developmental Governance and Developmental

InformaticsInformatics

Sept 2012 2

Summary

• Who am I?

• Research Networks before Internet

• Early Years

• Organizational structures

• Governence attemps

• Tiny developemental Informatics ..

• Censorship, filter etc

Who am I ?

• BS civil engineering METU 1970

• MS Math/OR METU '74

• Ph.D Cominatorial Optimization 1981

• 1982-87 May: U Delaware - NCSU

• 1987- Bilkent – Industrial E

• Information Systems

What I do ?

• Inet-tr, internet conference 95 -

• Academic Informatics 99 -

• Internet Fiesta '98 -

• Public Networks '98 (once)

• Open Systems, Linux Fiesta, informatics,

• Internet Council, Nation. Info Council(şura)

• INETD, LKD, TBD, executive

TR Pre Internet

• 1986 TUVAKA: connection to EU - bitnet• DOST-Directory of Scientist of Turkey (list)• TUVAKA reached 30 nodes• Ftp-by-mail, news, trickle, file-server• Overwhelmed by 89• Tr-net started '91,ripe, network @ ank, ist• 12/04/93 birthday-64K/19.2K

Years '93-'95

• Informatics'93: first exposure • Universities slowly: TCP/NJE, boun• One modem/one account: connected to int• Statistics Congress: seminer, booklet• '94 econ/crisis; no procument• Full day activity at Tubitak• Servis.net.tr: ank/ist, X.25• Books in turkish: Çağıltay, Akgül

'94-'95: Making of Turnet

• Tr-net → TT : let us extend internet to TR• Backbone: a triangle: 1M-0.5M-0.5M=1M• A company → TUBITAK: a deal • TRNET Inc., tiny ISP, news/article portals• TUBITAK-METU separated: • TT : to build Turnet - NO from gov.tr• Revenue sharing action: build & operate• TT has mono., has rev. on satellite, cableTV

'95-96: inet-tr• Inet is grow. In uni and IT sector, media• ISP explosion: superonline, Turk.net, ...• Universities in disarray – fighting• Near call: shutting down internet• Call for internet conference: may'95--> Nov• Turnet:77% TT, blocked boun/bilk--> 128k • jVenture: Global one, Satko, metu → out• Turnet (half) alive: sep '96, isp escort closed• tuvaka closed, ulakbim national akademic c.

Excursion: Governance - dev info

• Informatics 93, 94, 95 : concensus building• Inet-tr'95: national level attemp, (Linux!)• 96 Campaigns: “do not kill inet”,• Virtual protest meeting • Http://web.inet-tr.org.tr/Kamp • Long distance calls: 700, 800• '97 IXP – satellite perm ↔ sharing with TT• States goal for Turnet: income projected• Internet (Adv) Board idea ...

'97-'98• ISP -STK meeting: IC proposel, DNS adm• Foreign ministry: main Turkey site• Government changed: • Ministerial science council first discussed inet• icafe for sme (telec), e-commerce board -etkk• Inet-tr'97: Internet (Adv) Bord = High Council • Inet-tr'97: a session on e-gov, plan for TTNeT• IC started, Report, Internet Fiesta• Public net conference (pre e-gov): KamuNet

Excursion - II• ETKK: worked on legal aspects for e-commerce• SME adm: telecenters on large ind. cities• IC governance attemp: 3 pillars: gov, com org/edu• Ministers changed a lot; ministry was not ready• Fiesta: after netday, internet day (fr), fiesta (eu)• 2 weeks : aweraness, Uni/chambers .., sme, gov• Kamunet: a consensus by public IT• Kamunet Adm Comm (under secretary), Technical

..

'99-'00

• Kamunet blocked; crony ...• E-europa is on table; TR eu candidate• Lisbon treaty: e-europe '00-'02• E-turkey concept, working groups• State IT council working groups started • National Infor Master Plan (Tuena) finished• Telecom Regulation Aut. established• End of TT monopoly at 2004 announced

Excursion: III/'01-'02• TUENA: 96-99, gov-com-org joint work• Projected future: few policy rec.• Report placed in shelfs• State dev plan: info/telecom reports• E-turkey, state IT council (şura), consensus

attempt, gov-com-org • Little budget, little organization (for gov)• Plans for organization (prime min. under sec)• Big commercials, inet growing• Joined e-europa+ ('01)

Excursion: IV – “press law”• Inet is becoming alternative media• “inet is subject to press law” proposal• RadioTV Adm monitor any pub/broadcasting• Vetoed by president, passed again• Spanned 2 years figting with the law • In '03 “National Media Council”• “press law” article removed later• Council conclusions are not implemented• “

'03-'04

• End of '02: AKP in power: e-transformation• Feb '03: Information Society Office: 5 person• Short TermAction Plan: may → dec• E-transformation executive comm: min. 5 ngo,gov• A bit transparency, frequent meetings• Auction for: Nat. Strategy and Action Plan• BTK(Telecom Reg.) start working for free market• Huge demand for Tellco , but BTK was for TT• In 2000 TT head → BTK Head

'04-'06

• XDSL was in TTNet – 3800 ports-00-01• TT researched, planned … but could not install dsl• E-europa+ targets was lagging; school = '03• Xdsl started in'04, K12 started in '04• IT council asked for Informatics com in parliment• National strategy action plan: gov + exec com• Published 06 for 06-10• New one is in make? New auction in place• TT privatized

Excursion V: strategy action plan

• It was mainly e-gov or consumption oriented• Not e-transformation, e-turkey or production or• One pillar was: social transformation• KIEM=telecenters, (gov + TT+ city gov )• KIEM (IT training + access to inet ) “clean inet”• NO: feedback, dissemination, public rel• Nothing serious on human resources• little on open source: migration@ 1 institution• Almost nobody knows it, 50% success!

'07-!12

• “internet media law=5156”• CableTV (was semi private) → nationalized• 3G started• ISP/Telco's started fiber to home• User selected filter introduced• IC restructured twice• E-commerce law/spam prev Is in progress• Strategy/Action plan will replaced• Plans for: hadopi, social media halt

Censorship - I

• 5156 regulate internet publication• 9 catalog crimes, including Ataturk Law• Pretext: protection of children• Task to “Clean internet”• TR → courts; else → BTK bureaucracy• Mainly: indecent, porno, Ataturk, gambling, prost• 1st year: report, a bit transparency• Engelliweb.com: 20500+ sites blocked• IP, DNS blocking or both

Censorship - II

• Samples: alibaba.com (digger)• Vimeo.com, myspace.com• Google.com (not iplemented)• Youtube, almost all google• Blogger, wordpress, richarddawkins.net• Political, ataist, anarchist, tarikdursun(anti islam)• Civil coursts, penal courts diff., beyand 5651• Opening of youtube: misleading public, ad hoc sol• Regulation remained as is

Filtering Saga • Propod secondary regulation for filter – no NGO• Standart, family, child, local• Huge protest major cities: 150K istanbul• They softened: child, family remained• Reaction weakened• 11 person committee to define criteria• Black and white lists determined by BTK• Lists (its size also) is secret, • You can check a web if it is list, but only 10

İnternet Council • Hoped to solve problems (high council)• Advisary board of all stake holders• Internet Fiesta, reports, teenage search, decleration• Worked with 7 ministers: 3 parties, 2 non-partisan• Enlargement; after AKP anew structure proposed• AKP relectant to deal, later dissolved itself• After 5651 established with “good boys”, cutoff ..• Silently, changed to 7 member • “committee for development of internet

I-town • TBD – Turkish Informatics Association -SME Ad• Denizli Yatagan (knife, sword)• Idea: intro to business, good manufacturing• Teach it skills, e-commerce, • Nearbay town yeşilyuva (shoe maker)• A metallurgical eng., and oven, IT teacher, web• 2004 human development report (turkey)• Http://akgul.bilkent.edu.tr/hdr/

nhdr_turkey2004.pdf

IT Related Law Making • Penal Code '91,95: “hacking” , adopted france• ETKK, inet-tr, informatics, state info council, IC• Cybercrime convention: participated, did not sign• 2004 penal code: most of cybercrime conv include• Penal procedure law passed very fast• “info systems and network services” law draft• Child porn manipulated, → passwd 5651• “to be world leader to clean internet”

Lifting of youtube ban • Youtube banned several times, mostly Atatürk rel.• Gov wanted youtube have an office, respect, tax• For tax they were in court, no clause ban for tax • Misled President: “ban due to tax problems”• Solution: IC → I have rights of Atatürk video, DE• Firm in DE: I am taking this off; youtube OK• Video off, ban lifted by public prosecuter • Then youtube: you do not have rights, put it back• So regulation is intact ; probably google/TR agree.

State of Turkish Internet • Usage: 47% Male: 58 W: 37 , heavy: 33%• Urban: 56,67,46 Rural: 26, 37, 16, Worst:29,44,16• Home: 47, U: 55, R 27, Mobile: 43, 41, 51 (rela)• Home broad 43, 52,21, 3G+gprs: 91,94,79 (rela)• Every(rel):62,64,59 U:65,67,61 R:49,50,47• NO e-gov: 55, 53, 67, total users: 10M+• Broadband users (BTK): 14 M• Number of comp: 4M, domain: 300(tr), 1.3M out

Summary • Above world average; behind europa• World indeces: fluctaing 50-60, hdr: 92, dem: 90+• RSF: 148, Freedom House: 120+, innov: 74• Telecom is free in paper, not in practice, oligoply• Disorganized, multicentered, lacking long term • “ship is not destined to Info society”• Governance most non existing• Research and dev informatics weak

Questions

• Thanks for listening• Akgul @bilkent.edu.tr • http:// akgul.bilkent.edu.tr• http://akgul.web.tr• Http://blog.akgul.web.tr• Bt-stk.org.tr inet-tr.org.tr ab.org.tr• internethaftası.org.tr, inetd.org.tr• Web.inet-tr.org.tr