MUTATIONSMUTATIONS

Weird GeneticsWeird Genetics

MutationsMutations

http://www.accessexcellence.org/

A change in genetic

information•Can occur randomly (naturally)

•Or can be deliberately caused in the laboratory by scientists

•Inherited

•Not always harmful

Natural MutationsNatural Mutations

These are not albinos; they

have pigmented

eyes.

White Bengal Tiger

ALBINOSALBINOS

• Little or no pigmentation in the eyes, skin, Little or no pigmentation in the eyes, skin, and hair (or in some cases in the eyes and hair (or in some cases in the eyes alone). alone).

• Inherited an altered copy of a gene that Inherited an altered copy of a gene that does not work correctly. does not work correctly.

• The altered gene does not allow the body The altered gene does not allow the body to make the usual amounts of a pigment to make the usual amounts of a pigment called "melanin". called "melanin".

• True albinos have pink eyes and skin.True albinos have pink eyes and skin.

White Bluebonnets

Pink Bluebonnets

HUMAN HUMAN INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION

SELECTIVE SELECTIVE BREEDINGBREEDING

The selection of certain The selection of certain seeds or animals for seeds or animals for

reproduction in order reproduction in order to influence the traits to influence the traits inherited by the next inherited by the next

generation. generation.

SELECTIVE BREEDINGSELECTIVE BREEDING

• The LigerThe Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion. to a male Lion.

• The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes are inherited from its tiger parent and the spots are inherited from its tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. from the lion parent.

• On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds. pounds.

The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel.

Parents in background of picture.

The Zebroid is the result of breeding

a female Horse and a male Zebra.

The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of

breeding a female Donkey and

male Zebra.

                                                               

     

Geep - These are the result of a sheep and a goat.

The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse(mare) to a male donkey (jack). The

mule is superior to the horse in strength,endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

Maroon & Red Bluebonnets

GENETIC GENETIC ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

The selective, deliberate The selective, deliberate change of genes (genetic change of genes (genetic

material) by man.material) by man.The technique of removing, The technique of removing,

modifying or adding genes to modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it change the information it

contains. contains.

Bright face of genetically modified corn plant: pest-infected non-GM (left) and pest-free GM

plant (right) planted side-by-side in a field trial. (photo: Dr. Yu Jialin, China Agricultural

University)

                                          

                  

                                        

              

French genetic researchers created Alba for artist Eduardo Kac. Thanks to genes borrowed from a jellyfish, the albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.

                                        

                     

                                        

                                                

"Glow in the dark" fish. these genetically modified fish were developed by a Taiwanese aquatic firm, Taikong Group. They are planning to reproduce these fish in numbers and sell them for pets.

http://www.fluorescentpets.com/index.htm

                                        

 

                                        

                                                 

Scientists in the agriculture department of the Hebrew University inRehovot have genetically engineered a chicken that has no feathers.

Who Gets the Who Gets the Money??Money??

$$’s $$’s

$$’s

Purpose: To solve a mystery Purpose: To solve a mystery using genetics.using genetics.

Las Vegas Sun Times:Las Vegas Sun Times:

Mr. and Mrs. Jones died in a tragic Mr. and Mrs. Jones died in a tragic farm accident when the tractor they farm accident when the tractor they were riding on overturned in a ditch. were riding on overturned in a ditch. Authorities found one million dollars Authorities found one million dollars hidden in a feed bin in the chicken hidden in a feed bin in the chicken coop. The couple is known to have a coop. The couple is known to have a son, from whom they are estranged. son, from whom they are estranged. This man is the sole heir to the Jones This man is the sole heir to the Jones fortune.fortune.

The MysteryThe Mystery• Five men show up, each claiming to Five men show up, each claiming to

be the Jonesbe the Jones’’s long lost son who s long lost son who had run away to become a circus had run away to become a circus clown. You are called in as a clown. You are called in as a genetics expert to decide who is genetics expert to decide who is the rightful heir. This mystery will the rightful heir. This mystery will be solved in three parts.be solved in three parts.

Punnet SquaresPunnet Squares

• Female genotype always goes on top.Female genotype always goes on top.• Male genotype always goes on the side.Male genotype always goes on the side.

Part One: Monohybrid Part One: Monohybrid CrossCross

• Brown eyes are dominant over Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, free earlobes are blue eyes, free earlobes are dominant over attached earlobes.dominant over attached earlobes.

• Use Use ““BB ”” for dominant eyes, for dominant eyes, ““bb ”” for for recessiverecessive

• Use Use ““EE ”” for dominant earlobes, for dominant earlobes, ““ee”” for recessive earlobesfor recessive earlobes

Mr. JonesMr. Jones Homozygous free earlobes and homozygous brown Homozygous free earlobes and homozygous brown eyeeye

Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones Heterozygous free earlobes and heterozygous brown Heterozygous free earlobes and heterozygous brown eyeseyes

CarlCarl Homozygous brown eyes and homozygous attached Homozygous brown eyes and homozygous attached earlobesearlobes

RayRay Homozygous free earlobes and homozygous blue Homozygous free earlobes and homozygous blue eyeseyes

DaleDale Heterozygous free earlobes and homozygous brown Heterozygous free earlobes and homozygous brown eyeseyes

EarlEarl Heterozygous free earlobes and heterozygous brown Heterozygous free earlobes and heterozygous brown eyeseyes

RobertRobert Homozygous free earlobes, homozygous blue eyesHomozygous free earlobes, homozygous blue eyes

Punnet Squares – Punnet Squares – for for offspringoffspring

• EarlobesEarlobes Eyes Eyes

E

E

Ee

e

e

EE

ee

Ee

B B

B

b

BB BB

Bb Bb

75% free earlobes

25% attached

100% Brown eyes

+

Genotypes for each Genotypes for each personperson

PersonPerson Eye ColorEye Color EarlobesEarlobes

Mr. JonesMr. Jones BBBB EeEe

Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones BbBb EeEe

CarlCarl BbBb eeee

RayRay bbbb EEEE

DaleDale BBBB EeEe

EarlEarl BbBb EeEe

RobertRobert bbbb EEEE

Which men can be eliminated by these traits?

Ray & Robert EliminatedRay & Robert Eliminated• Both Ray & Robert have blue eyes Both Ray & Robert have blue eyes

which is homozygous recessive (bb). which is homozygous recessive (bb). This is not a genotype possible for any This is not a genotype possible for any offspring of Mr. and Mrs. Jones.offspring of Mr. and Mrs. Jones.

• Now the lawyers order blood tests. Now the lawyers order blood tests. The lawyers also read that hair The lawyers also read that hair texture is inherited.texture is inherited.

Part Two: Co-dominance & Part Two: Co-dominance & Incomplete dominanceIncomplete dominance

• Type Type ““AA ”” and type and type ““BB ”” are co-dominant are co-dominant over type over type ““OO ””

• Rh+ blood is dominant over Rh- Rh+ blood is dominant over Rh- bloodblood

• Hair texture exhibits incomplete Hair texture exhibits incomplete dominance. Homozygous dominants dominance. Homozygous dominants (HH) have curly hair, homozygous (HH) have curly hair, homozygous recessives (hh) have straight hair, & recessives (hh) have straight hair, & heterozygotes (Hh) have wavy hair.heterozygotes (Hh) have wavy hair.

Blood Type, Rh Type, & Blood Type, Rh Type, & Hair SymbolsHair Symbols

• IIAA denotes dominant type A denotes dominant type A• IIBB denotes dominant type B denotes dominant type B• IIAAIIBB denotes type AB blood denotes type AB blood• i denotes the recessive blood type i denotes the recessive blood type

OO• R+ denotes dominant Rh+R+ denotes dominant Rh+• r denotes recessive Rh-r denotes recessive Rh-• H denotes dominant hair textureH denotes dominant hair texture• h denotes recessive hair textureh denotes recessive hair texture

Mr. JonesMr. Jones Homozygous type A blood, Homozygous type A blood, heterozygous Rh+, straight hairheterozygous Rh+, straight hair

Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones Heterozygous type B blood, Heterozygous type B blood, homozygous Rh+, wavy hairhomozygous Rh+, wavy hair

CarlCarl Heterozygous type A blood, Heterozygous type A blood, heterozygous Rh+, wavy hairheterozygous Rh+, wavy hair

DaleDale Heterozygous type A blood, Heterozygous type A blood, homozygous Rh+, wavy hairhomozygous Rh+, wavy hair

EarlEarl Type O blood, Rh-, straight hairType O blood, Rh-, straight hair

Punnet Squares – Punnet Squares – for for offspringoffspring

• BloodBlood Rh factor Rh factor HairHairIB i

IA

IA

IAIB

IA

iIAIB IAAii

R+

R+

R+r

R+R+R+R+

R+rR+r

H h

h

h

HhHh

hh

hh

AB or A Rh+ 50% straight

50% wavy

Genotypes Genotypes for Blood type, Rh, & for Blood type, Rh, & hairhair

PersonPerson Blood Blood TypeType

Rh TypeRh Type Hair Hair TextureTexture

Mr. JonesMr. Jones IIAAIIAA R+rR+r HhHh

Mrs. Mrs. JonesJones

IIBBii R+R+R+R+ HhHh

CarlCarl IIAAii R+rR+r HhHh

DaleDale IIAAii R+R+R+R+ HhHh

EarlEarl iiii rrrr hhhh

Can anyone be eliminated with this information?

Earl eliminated!Earl eliminated!• Earl has the wrong blood type Earl has the wrong blood type

and the wrong Rh type to be an and the wrong Rh type to be an offspring of Mr. & Mrs. Jones.offspring of Mr. & Mrs. Jones.

• The lawyers now order a vision The lawyers now order a vision test to check for red-green color test to check for red-green color blindness. Red-green color blindness. Red-green color blindness is a sex linked blindness is a sex linked inheritance.inheritance.

Part Three: Sex-linked Part Three: Sex-linked InheritanceInheritance

Mr. JonesMr. Jones Color blindColor blind

Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones Homozygous for normal Homozygous for normal visionvision

CarlCarl Color blindColor blind

DaleDale Normal visionNormal vision

Use XC to denote color blindness on the X chromosome.

Punnet Squares Punnet Squares for for offspringoffspring

X X

XC

Y

XC

XXCX

XY

XY

100% of the daughters will be carriers for color blindness – heterozygotes

100% of all sons will have normal vision

GenotypesGenotypes

PersonPerson VisionVision

Mr. JonesMr. Jones XXCCYY

Mrs. JonesMrs. Jones XXXX

CarlCarl XXCCYY

DaleDale XYXY

So, who gets the money??????????

Dale Wins!!!!Dale Wins!!!!• Dale has all of the genotypes that Dale has all of the genotypes that

prove that he is the sole heir of prove that he is the sole heir of Mr. & Mrs. Jones.Mr. & Mrs. Jones.

• He has brown eyes and free He has brown eyes and free earlobesearlobes

• He has type A blood, is Rh+, & He has type A blood, is Rh+, & has wavy hairhas wavy hair

• He has normal vision.He has normal vision.• He is rich!!He is rich!!