mx2 training program 4e beam forming

7212019 MX2 Training Program 4E Beam Forming

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullmx2-training-program-4e-beam-forming 123

Beam Forming Basics

OmniScan MX2 Training Program



983090

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Forming Overview After populating the focal law calculator with the parameters of the

probe wedge and material velocity the software can be configured forthe beam formation This is the purpose of the focal law calculator Also

called group creation wizard in the OmniScan MX2 software The OmniScan MX2 has a built in group set up wizard that will walk the

user step by step through the group creation process populating theprobe wedge and material parameters before beam formation

Beam formation or focal law generation will determine the size shapeand angles of our sound beams (A-scans)

Beam formation includes both angle steering and beam focus combinedtogether for an array of A-scans in a group



983091

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Forming Overview cont

Groups of A-scans or focallaws come in many

configurations as a function ofsoftware calculatorsinstrument capability andprobe capability

The OmniScan MX2 refers tobeam sets as ldquoGroupsrdquo anddirectly supports sector andlinear scan groups in thesoftware

Other types of groups can beimported into the OmniScanMX2 from an external focallaw calculator



983092

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Group Formation The OmniScan MX2 supports both linear and sector scan groups for 1D

linear array probes and has an 8 group 256 focal law limit

Both sector scans and linear scans have unique advantages and limitations

regarding weld coverage number of focal laws range of angles A-scandensity ability to reproduce conventional results and ability to minimizenumber of required groups for the inspection

Additionally one of the most important factors in determining the scan plan

strategy is the ability to calibrate the group using traditional calibrationblocks with SDHs and notches to improve inspection results and comply withconstruction codes used throughout many industries



983093

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Group Formation - Sector vs Linear Group

Sector Scan Definition

Focal laws of different anglesgenerated using the same elements

A-scan density and coverage isdefined by the range of angles (45-70) and angle resolution (45 46 47

etc)

Linear Scan Definition

Focal laws generated over a series ofelements using the same angle

A-scan density and coverage isdefined by the element stepresolution (1 element 2 elementetc)



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Sector Scan Advantages

Large coverage area from smallfootprint on component

Improved flaw characterization frommultiple angles

Small element count required forinstrument and probes (16 32)

Fewer focal laws required for

coverage of weld area

Linear Scan Advantages

Produces same result asconventional UT raster scan (XY)

Ease of calibration due to only oneangle

Compliance with existing codesreferencing one angle inspections

Beam to beam resolution is the same

regardless of sound path



983095


Sector Scan Disadvantages Beam to beam resolution worse as sound

path increases

Limitations in ability to calibrate multipleTCG points for long sound paths

Limitations in ability to calibration wideangle range for long sound paths

Linear Scan Disadvantages Requires many focal laws (49 as pictured

below)

Poor coverage with one angleone group

Multiple groups required for same coverageresulting in long set up and calibration timeand big data file

Requires instrument with large multiplexer(XX64 XX128)



983096

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Steering Limits Beam steering is limited by the probe element size and aperture the wavelength

physics of UT (Snellrsquos law) and most importantly the ability to calibrate each A-scanin the group to the satisfaction of the application or procedure

The calibration process like conventional UT includes maintaining the velocity at aknown angle (Does not mode convert) and ability to correct the wedge delay

sensitivity and build a TCG (If required) for every A-scan in the group



983097

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Steering Limits cont The maximum steering angle at -6dB can be defined from the beam spread equation

below Small elements have greater beam spread and retain more energy at higherangles than that of larger elements

As element size decreases so does energy and more elements must be pulsedtogether to maintain the same sensitivity

This is a similar to conventional UT The smaller the single element crystal the wider

the beam spread



983089983088

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Steering Limits cont The limits of beam steering and focusing are dependent on many factors including

size of aperture size and number of elements material properties size ofcalibration reflector etc

The OmniScan MX2 calculator does not attempt to define the steering limits of any

probewedge combination because there are too many variables in the inspectionrequirements including what is an acceptable A-scan signal to noise ratio for anyone customerrsquos application



983089983089

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Verification of Beam Angle and Exit Point Beam steering angle (Refracted angle) is verified in phased array inspections exactly

like conventional UT

The beam steering limits of a particular probewedgeaperture is reached when thehighest and lowest angle of the group are not able to be verified within 1 degrees

The real exit point of the beam is verified with an IIW block and compared with thecalculated value in the software Once the exit point is validated the angle can beverified on the other side of the IIW block

This process is explained in detail a later section Repeathellipexactly like UT

Exit point of beam

Index offset calculatedby software andverified on IIW block

40 degree A-scan 40 degree A-scan

Verified exit point is usedto measure real angle inmaterial (40 degrees)



983089983090

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Focusing Overview Sound beams can be focused like light rays with the energy focusing at a givenpoint and then expanding beyond it

The depth of focus is changed by varying the applied delays on the elements and isbuilt into the focal law along with the angle steering

The maximum depth or sound path that a beam can be focused is defined by thenear field which is a function of element size frequency and material velocity

The effective sensitivity is improved by a smaller beam diameter with more energyat the focus point

Increasing the size of the aperture or creating the same aperture using more

smaller elements increases the sharpness of the focused beam and improvesresults



983089983091

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Focusing ndash Near field

Beam focusing is only possible within the near field of the probe

The near field is different in the active and passive axis of the array and can becalculated with the formula below

Most methods for calculating the near field should be considered closeapproximations due to simplifying the formula and not taking into account everyprobe parameter

Do not be surprised if every manufacturerrsquos software calculates a slightly different

near field value for the same probe and aperture



983089983092

SAMPLE - OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Focusing vs TCG

The near field calculation that defines the maximum beam focus limit is notthe limit of the useful sound path for inspection purposes

Like conventional UT most of our code based phased array inspectionssuch as ASME API etc are performed with an unfocused probe and a TCGor DAC to compensate for sensitivity (Amplitude) over time (Sound path)

Use of a TCG for code based inspections reduces the benefits of focusingA focal point is selected within the TCG range that can accommodate allpoints

12

34

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4



983089983093

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Inspection Focus Strategies

Depth Sound Path Projection Focal Plane

Different focusing strategies can provide optimized results for differentapplications

There are five primary types of focusing associated with phased array

inspection1 Depth focusing Defined from the bottom of the wedge in depth and different

for every angle

2 Sound path focusing Defined by the uncorrected sound path and the same forevery angle

3 Projection focusing Defined by the surface distance from the wedge face

4 Focal plane focusing Defined by an XY position in the material

5 Unfocused Any value that is beyond the near field of the probeaperture



983089983094

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Inspection Focus Strategies cont

The OmniScan MX2 focal law calculator only supports depth focusing andun focused group

Sound path projection and focal plane focusing can be imported into theOmniScan MX2 from an external focal law calculator using the memory card



983089983095

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Advanced Inspection Focus Strategies

The majority of OmniScan MX2 applications including weld inspection arewell suited for depth focusing and do not benefit significantly from otherfocus strategies

An example of an application that would benefit from a specific focal planeother than depth is the dissimilar metal weld inspection in inconel using alow frequency longitudinal angle beam sector scan for maximum penetrationand focus on the far side weld bevel



983089983096

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Advanced Inspection Focus Strategies - WSY

Another example of an application that would benefit from an advancedfocusing strategy is the phased array version of the conventional UT 30-70-70 (WSY) technique used for internal crack detection and sizing in the powergeneration industry

A 55-70 longitudinal wave sector scan is focused in a vertical plane(Projection) at a fixed distance from the wedge face (Pictured in red in frontof the probe)

P r

o j e c t i on

f o c al pl an e

CE2CE1

Crack tip (70 degree)

Crack base (55 degree)



983089983097

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Adv Insp Focus Strategies ndash Near surface

The Hydroform inspection system uses a shallow depth focus to maximizenear surface detection and resolution

15mm surface resolution on carbon steel components is possible from theHydroform system with the aid of shallow depth focusing small aperturewater column and high frequency probe

In this application turbine components are inspected for porosity and laminarflaws before complex machining



983090983088

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Verification of Beam Parameters

In addition to standard IIW and similar calibration blocks there are industrialstandards such as ASTM E2491 that specify techniques and calibrationblock designs for verification of the phased array beam profile

Beam profile beam steering limits beam focusing element activity etc canbe verified similarly to the requirements of conventional UT with specializedreference standards



983090983089

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Phased Array Calculator Review

At this point in the training all of the hardware parametersand basic software considerations required to prepare aphased array beam set or group in the OmniScan MX2 havebeen described (Probe wedge material and beamforming)

The OmniScan MX2 like its predecessors is a UT instrumentbefore it is anything else and with the exception of softwareto manage the information unique to phased array it is very

similar to a modern single channel conventional flawdetector with better imagery more software features andmuch greater power

The use of the OmniScan MX2 setup and calibration

wizards will make managing all of the parameters requiredfor the phased array inspection fast and efficient permittingthe focus to remain on the applicationhelliphellipand not thesoftware



983090983090


Question

What are the essential parameters for the phased

array calculator1 Probe parameters

2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation

Answer All of the above





983090

OmniScan MX2 Training ndash Beam Forming Overview After populating the focal law calculator with the parameters of the

probe wedge and material velocity the software can be configured forthe beam formation This is the purpose of the focal law calculator Also

called group creation wizard in the OmniScan MX2 software The OmniScan MX2 has a built in group set up wizard that will walk the

user step by step through the group creation process populating theprobe wedge and material parameters before beam formation

Beam formation or focal law generation will determine the size shapeand angles of our sound beams (A-scans)

Beam formation includes both angle steering and beam focus combinedtogether for an array of A-scans in a group



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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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4 Beam Formation






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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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the beam spread



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Exit point of beam






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34

1 2 3 4

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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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the beam spread



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Exit point of beam






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34

1 2 3 4

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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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the beam spread



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Exit point of beam






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4 Beam Formation






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34

1 2 3 4

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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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Exit point of beam






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12

34

1 2 3 4

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34

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4 Beam Formation






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12

34

1 2 3 4

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Question



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34

1 2 3 4

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for every angle







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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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34

1 2 3 4

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for every angle







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Question



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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






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Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation






983090983090


Question



2 Wedge parameters

3 Material Velocity

4 Beam Formation




mx2 training program 4e beam forming

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