m x atvruli s i m bolos

bu n e b i s aTvi s

avtoris stili daculia

Anastasia Zakariadze

For the Nature of Art Symbol

T B I L I S I 2009

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a n a s t a s i a z a q a r i a Z e

m x at vr uli s i m bolos

b u n e b i s aT v i s

filosofiuri, meTodologiuri, esTetikuri, literatu-

raTmcodneobiTi Tu farTo mniSvnelobiT aRebuli kul-turologiuri problemebis ara oden gadaWra, aramed day-enebac ki SeuZlebelia simbolos cnebis daudgenlad. sim-bolo gvevlineba kulturis yovlismomcvel kategoriad; simbolos cnebis kvleva aucileblad moiTxovs garkveul konkretizaciasa da lokalizebas. am lokalizebis erT-erT gzad naSromSi dasaxulia aqcentis gadatana mxat-vrul simboloze, rogorc simbolos yvelaze daxvewil, `wminda~ formaze.

winamdebare naSromi gankuTvnilia filosofiiT, kul-turis problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis. naSromi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes, ro-gorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelo humanitaruli specialobis studentebisaTvis.

s a m e c n i e ro r ed a q tor e b i:

filosofiis doqtori kaxa kacitaZe filosofiis doqtori akaki yulijaniSvili r ec e n z e nt e b i :

filosofiis doqtori mamuka biWaSvili, filosofiis doqtori valerian ramiSvili r ed a qtor i : naTela xurcilava

© anastasia zaqariaZe, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-13-095-3

S e s a v a l i

ar arsebobs realoba simbolos gareSe

ernst kasireri

mxatvruli simbolos bunebiT dainteresebas xan-

grZlivi istoria aqvs. mxatvruli simbolos filo-sofiuri kvlevis aucilebloba pirvelad antikur es-TetikaSi (platoni, aristotele, piTagorelebi, neo-platonizmi) gacnobierda.

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagnad simbolo Sua sau-kuneebis qristianul filosofiaSi iqca. (grigol noseli, klimenti aleqsandrieli, dionise areopageli, origene). aq yoveli grZnobadi movlena ganixileboda rogorc miRmuri, zegrZnobadi samyaros aTinaTi da ga-monakrTomi. momdevno saukuneebSi mxatvruli sim-bolosadmi interesma sagrZnoblad iklo da mxolod germanul klasikur filosofiaSi (kanti, Selingi, he-geli, humboldti, goeTe) kvlav aRorZinda mTeli Tavisi sicxoveliT.

miuxedevad imisa, rom simbolos kvlevas aseTi xan-grZlivi istoria aqvs, simbolo, rogorc filosofiuri problema XX saukunis monapovaria. r. verneri gamo-kvlevaSi `esTetikuri simbolo~ aRniSnavs: simbolizmma imdenad centraluri adgili daikava esTetikaSi, rom am sferoSi mkvlevari erT nabijsac ver gadadgams ise, simboluri kavSirebis romelime formas rom ar See-

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Cexos. amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas – simbolos kvleva es-Tetikaa miniaturaSi. (1)

es mosazreba arcTu usafuZvloa. marTlac, mxat-vruli simbolos problema Tanamedrove esTetikisa da zogadad filosofiis erT-erT centralur problemad iqca.

upirveles yovlisa, es gamowveulia XX saukunis dasavluri kulturis ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT. kerZod, bzaris gaCeniT mecnierul-teqnikur da humani-tarul kulturebs Soris; klasikuri racionalizmis SesaZleblobebSi eWvis SetaniT, rasac samyaros sai-dumloTa wvdomis axal saSualebaTa Zieba mohyva. es garemoebani aisaxeboda rogorc filosofiaSi, ise xe-lovnebaSi.

XX saukune dasavleTis filosofiis bevri mimar-TulebisaTvis aris racionalizmisa da pozitivizmis – teqnikuri azrovnebisa da Sesatyvisi praqtikis epoqa. igi adamianis sicocxlis azrdakargulobis, misi gadag-varebis krizisul xanas moaswavebs. tradiciuli meta-fizikis mier idealurad, WeSmaritad, absoluturad miCneulma samyarom dakarga Tavisi Zala da mniSvne-loba. tradiciul RirebulebaTa gaufasurebisa da am safuZvleze sicocxlis sazrisis dakargvis Tema cen-tralur adgils ikavebs sicocxlis filosofiaSi, eqsi-stencializmSi, fenomenologiaSi.

verc teqnikis arnaxuli warmatebani, verc mecniereba, verc `gonebis logika~ ver miscems adamians saWiro orientacias da myar safuZvels. mecnierebasa da teqni-kas mindobili Tanamedrove adamiani TvalnaTliv rwmundeba sakuTar uZlurebaSi. adamians mis mierve Seqmnili manqana imonebs. amdenad, inteleqts mindo-bili adamiani sagans gauigivda, TviT iqca sagnad. da-karga specifikur adamianuri.

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marTalia, racionalizmma teqnikurad uzomod gaa-Zliera adamiani, magram individualoba daukarga mas. es procesi, kerZod pirovnebis sulieri krizisi, gacno-bierda XX saukunis xelovnebaSic.

Tanamedrove xelovnebis iseTi mimdinareobani, rogo-ricaa siurrealizmi, kubizmi, cnobierebis nakadi (vul-fi, joisi), absurdis Teatri (ionesko, beketi), aton-aluri musika, (bergi, gviani stravinski, Sonbergi), gan-manaTleblobis idealebis msxvrevis, racionalurisadmi rwmenis dakargvis Sedegia.

amgvari xelovnebisaken swrafva, Tavis mxriv, gamow-veulia XX saukunis damdegis msoflmxedvelobrivi kri-zisis mZafri gancdiT, rac sabolood tradiciul Ri-rebulebaTa gadafasebis procesiT gamoixata. am proc-ess mohyva romantikuli tradiciiis sapirispiro kul-turis Camoyalibeba. axalma kulturam, erTi mxriv, da-bada principulad gansxvavebuli xelovneba da lit-eratura Tavisi axali, specifikuri gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiTa da formebiT, xolo meore mxriv, war-moSva saerTo pesimizmi, momavlis SiSi. `sazrisdakar-guli sicocxle, martooba, gancalkevebuloba, `arako-munikabeluroba~, adamiani TviTgaucxoebis mdgomareo-baSi... mxatvruli Semoqmedebis upiratesi Tematikaa da swored mxatvaria is adamiani, romelic Tavis grZno-bebsa da xilvebSi asaxavs raRac arsebiTsa da tipurs mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis~ (2).

mxatvruli azrovnebis principuli cvlileba xelov-nebaSi axali gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Ziebis tendenciiT aRiniSna. swored simbolos cnebis kvleva iqca im centralur problemad, romelsac mimarTa filosofiam da xelovnebam racionalizmis calmxrivo-bis dasaZlevad. moxda simbolos cnebis universali-zacia da absolutizacia kulturis filosofiaSi. kasirerTan da nagerTan mTeli adamianuri moRvaweoba

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arsebiTad da Zireulad `simbolurad~ gamocxadda. sim-bolo `qmnis~ Semecnebis obieqts da aformebs cdas. gniseologiurad `relevanturs~ xdis mas. ar arsebobs realoba simbolos garSe. arsebobs mxolod erTi si-namdvile da es sinamdvile simboluria. sinamdvilis filosofia amitom simbolur formaTa filosofiaa. mxolod maTi meoxebiT vWvretT da maTSi vflobT imas, rasac sinamdviles vuwodebT (3).

xelovnebaSi msgavsi tendencia gamoikveTa akmeizmsa da gansakuTrebiT simbolizmSi. simbolos cnebis abso-lutizacia aq ara marto mxatvruli xerxia, aramed msoflmxedvelobis arsad, kvintesenciad gvevlineba. su-bieqturi faqtori aq lirikis Sinaarsis Semadgeneli elementi ki ar aris, rogorc es romantizmSi, parnase-lebTan da, gansakuTrebiT, andre SeniesTan iyo, aramed Sinagani formis elementia. garegani samyaro gmiris sulier samyaroSi, mis SegrZnebebSia gardatexili. amiT mxatvruli saxe orplanian struqturas iZens. em-piriuli samyaros movlenebi SegrZnebaTa da saganTa saxis pirveli plania. meore plania simbolo, romelic gmiris Sinagani samyaros xatad gvevlineba.

amdenad, subieqtur faqtors simbolizmSi gansakuTre-buli, gadamwyveti adgili ukavia. garegani samyaros sag-nebi da SegrZnebani sulieri samyaros, ocnebebisa da mogonebebis simboloebad warmogvidgeba.

simbolos cnebis universalizacias vxvdebiT Semecne-bis TeoriaSic helmholcTan, e.w. `ieroglifebis Teo-riaSi~, empiriosimbolizmSi. aq Cveni SegrZnebebi da warmodgenebi subieqturi simboloebia, `ieroglifebia~, romlebic zust warmodgenas ver mogvcemen materialur samyaroze. yoveli simbolo aucileblobiT subieqturia da amdenad, gamoudegaria obieqturi sinamdvilis Se-mecnebisaTvis.

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Tavad buneba, Tavisi kanonebiT adamianur SegrZnebaTa kompleqsia, romelic guSin erTi iyo, dRes meorea, xval kidev mesame da ase usasrulod. WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. arsebobs mxolod subieqturi xatebi, hipo-Tezebi, fiqciebi, gantolebebi da simboloebi.

helmholcis mixedviT, SegrZnebani sagnis gamoxa-tuleba ki ar aris, aramed mxolod misi niSnebi an sim-boloebia. romelTac araviTari msgavseba ar aqvT mas-Tan. Tu gamoxatulebas, anasaxs moeTxoveba emsgavsebo-des imas, ramac igi gansazRvra, aRmniSvnels, niSans ar moeTxoveba araviTari msgavseba im saganTan, romlis ni-Sanic is aris.

Semoqmedis, adamianis gonebis produqtebi empiriosim-bolizmSi simboloebad iwodeba. maT unda aagon cda. bunebis kanonebi mxolod `empiriosimboloebia~, cdaSi mocemulia SegrZnebaTa `nakadi, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar kanonzomierebas. igi iracionaluria Tavisi bunebiT. adamians goneba, `logosi~ Seaqvs `mocemulis iracionalur nakadSi~. da es gonivruli, logikuri swored simboloebia. vTqvaT, adamianis abstraqtuli azrovnebis produqtebi – kategoriebi, kanonebi- obieq-turi kanonzomierebis asaxvad ki araa miCneuli, aramed `cdis~, Semecnebis organizaciis saSualebad, iaraRad, momwesrigebladaa warmodgenili.

calke unda gamovyoT simbolos cnebis aqtualiza-ciis iseTi faqtori, rogircaa semiotikis warmoSoba da ganviTareba. simbolo aq ganixileba, rogorc Tavise-buri niSani. niSani sistemuri obieqtia. igi niSnobriv sistemaSi (sintaqsuri, semantikuri, pragmatuli) fun-qcionirebadi elementia. `termini niSnis qveS igulisx-meba yoveli sagani, romelic gvawvdis romelime obi-eqtis Sesaxeb garkveul cnobas. yoveli niSani adamianis gonebas awvdis cnobas~ - wers Carlz pirsi (4) morisi umatebs: mniSvnelobis, e.i. niSnis, romelic axorcie-

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lebs Tavis funqcias aRsaniSni obieqtis mimarT, msgav-sebis an analogiis gareSe. amdenad mas araviTari faq-tobrivi kavSiri ar aqvs am obieqtTan – kavSiri aq pi-robiTia da bunebrivi instinqtis an inteleqtualuri aqtis wyalobiT xorcieldeba. fsiqologiur aspeqtSi es imas unda niSnavdes, rom simbolo aRniSnavs Tavis obieqts Cvevis wyalobiT, romelic obieqtsa da misi mniSvnelobis asocirebas axdens.

simbolos cnebis kvleva aucileblad moiTxovs gark-veul konkretizaciasa da lokalizebas. am lokalize-bis erT-erT gzad migvaCnia aqcentis gadatana mxatvrul simboloze, rogorc simbolos yvelaze daxvewil, `wmin-da~ formaze.

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Tavi I simbolo niSanTa sistemaSi

$1. niSnis cnebis Sesaxeb

niSani aris materialuri, grZnobadaRqmadi sagani

(movlena, moqmedeba), romelic Semecnebisa da komuni-kaciis aqtSi gvevlineba sxva sagnis Semcvlelad, mis warmomadgenlad. es sagani aisaxeba tvinSi niSnis grZnobadi xatis saxiT. materialuri niSani pirveladia, misi idealuri xati meoradi. urTierTobisas niSani gvxvdeba orive saxiT, radgan urTierToba SeuZlebelia, Tu, erTi mxriv, ar gveqna materialuri sagani, meore mxriv ki – misi xati cnobierebaSi. materialuri niSnis funqcionireba SeuZlebelia cnobierebaSi misi asaxvis gareSe. iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia fsiqikuri niSnis warmoSoba materialuri niSnis gareSe, amdenad cno-bierebis procesebSi fsiqikuri niSnis arseboba Tavis-Tavad gulisxmobs komunikaciis materialuri niSnis arsebobas. niSani adamianuri moRvaweobis yvela sferos msWvalavs. igi gvxvdeba rogorc adamianis, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi, saerTod kulturaSi.

vTqvaT, fizikosi fenomenebSi eZebs maTi aucilebeli kavSirebis dasabuTebas, magram imisaTvis, rom mivides am dasabuTebamde, man unda sruliad ugulebelyos grZnobadi STabeWdilebebi.

cnebebi, romliTac igi operirebs (drois, sivrcis, masis, Zalis da a.S.) Tavisufal `fiqciebs~ warmoad-genen. maT grZnobadi monacemebi ar Seesabameba. fizikis konceptualuri samyaro mTlianad Tavis TavSia Caketi-li. yoveli cneba im artikulirebuli sityvis msgavsia, romelsac mniSvneloba misive enis farglebSi aqvs, sa-dac myarad dadgenili kanonebi moqmedebs. laibnics miaCnda, rom saganTa logika, anu im materialur nebaTa da mimarTebaTa logika, romelsac efuZneba mecnierebis struqtura, ar SeiZleba davaciloT niSanTa logikas,

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(1) radgan niSani araa ubralo SemTxveviTi saWurWle ideisa, niSani aris aucilebeli da Zireuli organo, instrumenti, romlis meoxebiTac azrobrivi Sinaarsi viTardeba da mTlianad sruldeba. yvela WeSmaritad zusti da mkacri azri xorcieldeba semiotikiT, ro-melsac igi emyareba. bunebis yoveli `kanoni~ Cvens az-rovnebaSi iRebs universaluri `formulis~ formas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, materialuri niSniT formdeba. ariTmetikuli da algebruli universaluri niSnebis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebeli iqneboda gamogvexata spe-cifikuri mimarTebebi fizikaSi. voperirebT ra niSnebiT, mudam vgulisxmobT ara uSualod am niSnebs, aramed am niSnebiT aRniSnul sagnebsa da movlenebs. xSirad erT-maneTSi ireva sagnis saxeli (waikiTxe niSani) da Tavad sagani. `sagnisa~ da `niSnis~ Sinaarsi naTlad unda gan-vasxvavoT. cnobierebisaTvis niSani aris pirveli safex-uri da obieqturobis gamovlena. sagulisxmoa am sa-kiTxze ernst kasireris mosazreba: `niSans, gansxvavebiT cnobierebis sxva Sinaarsebisagan, aqvs garkveuli idealuri mniSvneloba. es araa marto grZnobadi moce-muloba, izolirebuli kerZo, aramed warmoadgens po-tenciuri Sinaarsis agregats. igi mTlianobis warmo-madgenelia.” (1).

niSnis mTavari funqciaa sxva sagnis reprezentacia. niSnis sakuTari Sinaarsi arsebiTia mxolod mis aR-saqmelad, SesamCnevad, imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT am niSnis gansxvaveba sxva niSnebisagan. niSani funqcioni-rebs mxolod rogorc mniSvnelobis matarebeli, gark-veul saganze informaciis Semcveli. ai, es mniSvneloba mTlianad aZevebs niSnis sakuTar Sinaarss. gavixsenoT hegeli, romlisTvisac `niSani uSualo ganWvretaa. igi warmogvidgens sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarss, imisagan gansxvavebuls, rac mas TavisTavad aqvs.~ (2). hegeli xa-tovnad adarebs niSans piramidas, romelSic gadaitaneba da Seinaxeba `sxvisi suli~. urTierToba niSansa da aR-saniSns Soris calmxrivia: aRsaniSni sagani niSnis

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saxiT arasdros ar Segvxvdeba Tavisi niSnis mimarT. ni-Sani SeiZleba aRsaniSn sagnad iqces, magram misi niSani arasodes ar iqneba is sagani, romelsac is aRniSnavda.

kavSiri niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris warmoebulia. ni-Sansa da aRsaniSns Soris SeiZleba ar iyos araviTari msgavseba (magaliTad enobrivi niSnebi). msgavseba mxo-lod xels SeuSlida im arsebiTi zogadi Tvisebebis aRqmas, romelnic xSirad saerTod ar aRiqmebian grZno-badi monacemebiT, magram yovel garkveul aRniSvnis sistemaSi, romelSic niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris mimar-Teba ukve dadgenilia, Secvla niSnisa da aRsaniSnisa gamoricxulia. aq kavSiri maT Soris ukve aRaraa nawar-moebi.

logikuri kavSiri niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris marti-via. isini qmnian gansakuTrebul wyvils. garkveuli ni-Sani gansazRvruli obieqtis aRmniSvnelia. am aqtSi ga-moiyofa mesame wevri – subieqti, romelic awyvilebs am ors. subieqti, garda imisa, rom akavSirebs niSansa da aRsaniSns, individualuradac amyarebs kavSirs TiToe-ul maTganTan, ris Sedegadac erT-erTi maTgani iqceva niSnad, meore ki mis obieqtad.

magram erTi ram unda gvaxsovdes: niSnad iqceva mxo-lod is sagani, romelic uSualod grZnobadaRqmadia, xolo kavSiri niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris Tavisi for-miT inteleqtualuria. niSani iqmneba da gamoiyeneba mxolod adamianis mier azrovnebisa da urTierTobis procesSi. am kavSirs obieqturi safuZvlebi aqvs. niSani warmoadgens aRsaniSni sagnis azrobrivi xatis matare-bels, misi fiqsaciis saSualebas. yoveli niSani ra-Racis aRmniSvnelia, garkveuli mniSvnelobis mqonea vi-RacisTvis. e.i. niSnobrivi urTierToba gulisxmobs su-bieqtis arsebobas, romlisTvisac arsebobs erTi, ro-gorc niSani, meore ki, rogorc aRsaniSni. kavSiris ga-Sualeba niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris subieqtis arsebo-bis gareSe warmoudgenelia. magram aqve wamoiWreba ki-Txva: gana sinamdvilis yvela movlena miiReba niSnad?

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gana subieqtis neba-survilzea mTlianad damokidebuli sagnis niSnad qcevis procedura, rogorc es magaliTad, suzana langerTanaa? mxatvruli simbolos am cnobil mkvlevarTan vkiTxulobT: `subieqti, romlisTvisac es ori ram (niSani da aRsaniSni) wyvildeba, erT-erTs uf-ro sainteresod, vidre meores da es ukanaskneli, ad-vilad xelmisawvdomad miaCnia.~ (3).

saqme imaSia, rom albaT unda arsebobdes obieqturi safuZvlebi, romelze damyarebiTac garkveuli sagani iqceva niSnad. es safuZveli Zevs materialuri movlene-bis zogad TvisebebSi. im TvisebebSi, roemlTa wyalo-biTac isini informaciis gadamcemebad iqcevian. agreTve socialuri xasiaTis mqone specifikur TvisebebSi. mxo-lod socialuri urTierTobis procesSi iZens niSani garkveul mniSvnelobas., iwyebs funqcionirebas, rogorc am mniSvnelobis matarebeli. niSani xom aucilebeli iaraRia yvela saxis abstrahirebis, ganzogadebisa da idealizaciisaTvis. zogadi, arsebiTi saganSi SeiZleba gamoiyos mxolod sxva saganSi misi reprezentaciis gziT. niSani ganzogadebis saSualebaa. igi sagans gan-zogadebuli saxiT aRniSnavs. asrulebs ra ganmazogade-bel funqcias, niSani sxvadasxva adamianis mier sxva-dasxva dros, sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoiyeneba. marTe-bulad aRniSnavs l. vigotski: `sityva yovelTvis gane-kuTvneba ara erT romelime calkeul sagans, aramed sa-ganTa mTel jgufs anda mTel klass. amis gamo yoveli sityva warmoadgens TavisTavad farul ganzogadebas. yoveli sityva ukve azogadebs da, fsiqologiuri Tval-sazrisiT, sityvis mniSvneloba, upirveles yovlisa, gan-zogadebaa~. (4).

adamianuri azris arc formireba, arc gamoTqma ar SeiZleba garkveul niSnad misi obieqtivizaciis gareSe. niSnis gnoseologiuri buneba vlindeba niSnobriv si-tuaciebSi, iq, sadac niSanTa gamoyeneba xdeba. niSani Tavdapirvelad sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis rezulta-tad gvevlineba. misi saSaulebiT xorcieldeboda gark-

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veuli informaciis gadacema pirvelyofil koleqtiveb-Si, romelTac upirveles yovlisa materialuri warmoe-bis amocanebi aerTianebdaT. danawevrebuli metyvelebis warmoSoba, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xmisebri eno-brivi niSnebi, urTierTkomunikacia niSnavda meoradi sasignalo sistemis warmoSobas da azrovnebis ganvi-TarebasTan uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli.

$2. niSanTa da niSnobriv sistemaTa mravalgvaroba

Cvens garSemo uamravi sxvadasxva saxis niSani fun-

qcionirebs. es niSnebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or did jgu-fad daiyos: araenobrivi niSnebi da enobrivi niSnebi.

enobrivi niSnebi gamoxataven garkveul azrs, aqvT mniSvneloba, internacionalurni arian, sakomunikacio saSualebas warmoadgenen. am sakiTxze Carlz sanders pirsisa da Carlz morisis gamokvlevebSi warmodgenili koncefcia SeiZleba Semdegi sqemis saxiT warmovadginoT.

Tu niSani aRniSnavs sagnis, movlenis an mdgomareobis arsebobas, vTqvaT, sveli quCebi niSania imisa, rom wvimda (an quCa moirwya), barometris dacema niSania imisa, rom iwvimebs, elva quxilis niSania da a.S. aseTi saxis niS-nebi bunebrivi niSnebia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bune-brivi niSani movlenaTa mdgomareobis simptomebia.

aqve unda davaxasiaToT adamianis mier nawarmoebi pi-robiTi niSnebi. magaliTad: gongis xma niSnavs imas, rom matarebeli unda daiZras, Savi krepi saxlis karze ni-Sania imisa, rom am saxlSi viRac gardaicvala da a.S. pirobiT niSnad SeiZleba iqces mxolod iseTi materi-aluri obieqti, romelic advilad iqmneba adamianis mier. pirobiTi niSniT manipulireba martivia. amisaTvis mas unda hqondes garkveuli konstruqciuli Rirsebebi.

rogorc xelovnur, ise bunebriv niSnebSi logikuri kavSiri niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris erTnairia. igi unda warmovidginoT `erTi erTTan~ tipis korelantad. ro-

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gorc bunebrivi, ise xelovnuri pirobiTi niSnebi praq-tikuli miznebiT moixmareba da maTi gamoCena praqti-kul moqmedebebs moiTxovs Cvengan. amave rigis movlenad unda CaiTvalos signalic. signali specialuri dan-miSnulebis niSania. igi winaswar gvatyobinebs raRacas da Cvengan garkveul dauyovnebliv moqmedebas moiTxovs.

vTqvaT, zaris xma karze niSania imisa, rom viRac movida da Cvenc vaRebT kars. Weqa-quxili niSania Zlieri wvimisa, avdrisa da Cven vxuravT fanjrebs da a.S. ni-SanTa mravalgvarobaSi enobriv niSnebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. jer kidev stoelebisaTvis nacnobi iyo is, rom ena niSanTa sistemas warmoadgens. ai, ra cnobas gvawvdis seqst empirikosi amis Taobaze: `stoelebi amtkicebdnen, rom sami ram SeiZleba davakavSiroT – aR-niSvna, aRmniSvneli da sagani. maTgan aRmniSvneli aris bgera, magaliTad `dioni~, aRsaniSni aris sagani, bgeriT gamoxatuli, romelsac Cven gansjiT vwvdebiT; obieqti gare substratia, magaliTad, TviT dioni. maTgan ori ram sxeulebrivia, saxeldobr, bgera da obieqti, erTi usxeuloa. swored aRsaniSni sagania is gamonaTqvami, ro-melic SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari~.(5)

yovel organizms Soris enobrivi organizmebi yve-laze axlosaa Cvens uSinaganes yofasTan. mxolod enaa, adamians rom adamianad aqcevs. haqslis am debulebas iziarebs Slaixeri. ueWvelia, rom ena yvelaze mniSvne-lovani da amave dros idumalebiT moculi movlenaa adamianuri arsebobisa. ena SegviZlia warmovidginoT konceptualuri azrovnebis artikularul Canawerad. enis gareSe ar gveqneboda komunikacia. yvela modgmis adamianebs, ganviTarebis yvelaze primitiul doneze myofTac ki, aqvT sruli ena da danawevrebuli ena. um-dablesi civilizaciis mqone xalxebis ena gramatiku-lad iseTive ganviTarebulia, rogorc, vTqvaT, berZnu-li, iseTive narnari da keTilxmovani, rogoric, vTqvaT, Turquli, franguli.

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ena specifikuri adamianuri movlenaa. cxovelTa sam-yaroSic vxvdebiT komunikaciis SemTxvevebs, magram ga-mokvlevebiT dgindeba, rom is bgerebi, romliTac cxo-velebi urTierTobas amyareben, ar atareben denotaciur xasiaTs. amgvarad, cxovelTa samyaroSi araviTar mety-velebaze laparaki ar SeiZleba. (6)

ena zRvars debs cxovelsa da adamians Soris. ro-gorc unda gafarTovdes cxovelTa samyaros sazRvrebi, mainc arsebobs erTi zRvari, romelis Seryeva cocxal arsebaTagan aravis ZaluZs – esaa enis zRvari.

enobrivi niSani sinamdvilis faqtis niSania. es faqti SeiZleba fizikur an fsiqikur samyaros miekuTvnebodes. enobrivi niSani raRacis niSania. igi faseulia ara Ta-visTavad, aramed sxva raRacasTan mimarTebaSi, faseu-lia rogorc niSani. enobrivi niSnis masala fizikuria. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi agebulebiT fizikuria, materialuria. TvaliT dainaxeba (Jest-mimikis ena), yu-riT moismineba (bgeriTi ena). enobrivi niSnis masalas warmoadgens bgera. enobriv niSans axasiaTebs cvaleba-doba. igi droTa viTarebaSi SeiZleba imgvarad gar-daiqmnas, rom misi cnoba SeuZlebeli aRmoCndes.

zemoT aRiniSna, rom niSans aqvs ara TavisTavadi Ri-rebuleba, aramed mas mniSvneloba eniWeba sxva raRa-casTan mimarTebaSi. niSani, ra masalisac unda iyos (TvaliT dasanaxi, yuriT gasagoni), imdenadaa niSani, ramdenadac raRac sxvaze miuTiTebs, raRac sxvis amsax-veli, mauwyebelia.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom niSani ver miiCneva enobriv faqtad, Tu ar viciT – xmarobda mas romelime enobrivi koleqtivi Tu ara. ese igi, enobrivi niSnis arsebo-bisaTvis garkveuli socialuri area saWiro. urTier-Tobis saSualeba – sityva – aris niSani sagnisa. sityva – fizikuri faqti – niSania, ramdenadac is imyofeba mi-marTebaSi garkveul saganTan. am mimarTebis gareSe sityva niSani ki ar iqneba, aramed yovelgvar sakomuni-kacio funqcias moklebuli fizikuri faqti. SeiZleba

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iTqvas, rom niSani materialuri rigis movlenaa, fizi-kuri faqtia, romelsac aqvs urTierTobis saSualebis funqcia, komunikaciis socialuri funqcia. sworad mi-uTiTebs arnold Ciqobava: `enobrivi niSnis masala fizikuria, misi Rirebuleba – socialuri. adamianis mier Seqmnili es fizikuri faqti adamianTa urTierTo-bas emsaxureba. Znelia daiZebnos sxva SemTxveva, sadac fizikuris socialuroba ase mkveTard Candes~ (7).

enobrivi niSani (aRmniSvneli) garkveul mimarTebaSia saganTan (aRsaniSnTan). swored am mimarTebis codnaa aucilebeli, raTa Sedges komunikaciis aqti. aq unda gavixsenoT, rom enobrivi niSani, iseve rogorc yvela saxis niSani, pirobiTi xasiaTisaa. ese igi, niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris araviTar msgavsebaze laparaki ar Seg-viZlia. maSin, rogorRa xdeba SesaZlebeli komunikacia, urTierTgageba? gageba, komunikacia SesaZlebeli xdeba imis gamo, wers arnold Ciqobava, rom aRsaniSns Tan axlavs mimarTebis cneba (8) mimarTebis cneba utoldeba mniSvnelobis sazrisis cnebis “gancdas”; am cnebis garkvevas qvemoT SevexebiT. aq ki gvinda calke SevCer-deT niSanTa iseT tipze, romelsac uwodeben ikonur niSans. ikonuri niSnis mkvlevarebi (C. morisi, C. pirsi, e. huserli) mas niSnis kerZo saxed acxadeben.

radgan es sakiTxi eqsplicirebulia morisis ga-mokvlevebSi `mniSvneloba da mniSvnelovnoba~, aRniS-nuli cnebis garkvevisas ZiriTadad mas daveyrdnobiT. ikonuri niSani imgvari niSania, romelic aRniSnavs sa-kuTari Tvisebebis mqone obieqts, am SemTxvevaSi obieqti Tavis Tavs axasiaTebs. ikonuri niSani unda gadmoscem-des yvela im Tvisebas, romelic aRsaniSn sagans aqvs.

moriss mohyavs kentavris magaliTi. kentavris naxati gamosaxavs garkveuli saxis cxovels, romelsac aseTi da aseTi sxeuli da Tavi aqvs. aRmqmelma SeiZleba erT SexedvaSi CaTvalos, rom amgvari cxoveli arsebobs, an ar arsebobs. morisi sworia iq, sadac asabuTebs, rom niSanma unda mniSvneloba mianiWos, gamosaxos raime, ni-

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Sans unda hqondes signifikacia, magram srulebiTac araa aucilebeli, rom man raRaca aRniSnos. `raRaca ni-Sania~ - sruliadac ar niSnavs am sagnis arsebobis mtkicebas. Cvens magaliTSi kentavris naxats SeuZlia gamoxatos da aRniSnos raime arseba, sinamdvileSi arse-bobs Tu ara kentavri, es srulebiTac araa saintereso.

ikonuroba, morisis mixedviT, niSnis xarisxis donea. misi umdablesi zRvari iZebneba iq, sadac niSanmatare-bels araviTari saerTo ara aqvs mis SesaZlo aRsa-niSnTan (vTqvaT sityva “jvari~, roca igi ixmareba jvar-cmis mniSvnelobiT); umaRlesi donea maSin, rodesac ni-Sani gadmoscems im sagnis yvela Tvisebas, romelsac aRniSnavs.

vTqvaT, kentavris naxatis reproduqcia originalis ikonuri niSani gaxdeba maSin, rodesac aRmqmeli moa-xdens misi, rogorc originalis niSnis interpretacias. ikonuri niSnis sxva magaliTebia: fotografia, asli, portreti. adamianis saxis foto ikonuri niSania.

niSan-xatis niSanTa saxeobad gamoyofa ar gveCveneba marTebulad. upirveles yovlisa imis gamo, rom ikonuri niSnis iseTi specifikuri Tviseba, rogoricaaa msgavseba asasax saganTan, srulebiTac araa aucilebeli max-asiaTebeli niSnisaTvis. niSani SeiZleba hgavdes da Sei-Zleba ar hgavdes asasax sagans. es momenti araa arse-biTi imisaTvis, rom niSanma Tavisi ZiriTadi funqcia – aRniSvnis funqcia Seasrulos. ikonuri niSnis SemTxve-vaSi ki msgvasebas arsebiTi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. niSani SesaZloa hgavdes asasax sagans (mag., al-baT gzis niSnebi, niSnebi etiketze, abrebze da a.S.) yvela amgvar SemTxvevaSi msgavseba damxmare mniSvnelo-bas atarebs. aq msgavseba mxolod aiolebs niSnis aRqmas da gagebas. vTqvaT – vaSlis naxati boTlis etiketze imis niSania, rom boTlSi vaSlis sasmeli asxia. xatsa da asasax sagans Soris ki arsebobs bunebrivi mizezo-brivi ganpirobebuloba. xati warmoiSoba mxolod maSin, rodesac asasaxi sagani moqmedebs amsaxavze. xatsa da

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asasax sagans Soris arsebobs msgavseba droiT-sivrcob-riv struqturaSi, raodenobriv da Tvisebriv maxasiaTe-blebSi, rac niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris ar aRiniSneba. xati da asasaxi sagani Sinaarsobriv erTianobaSi arian. yovel xatSi mocemulia mxolod is Sinaarsi, riTac asasaxi sagani xasiaTdeba. niSans ki aqvs Tavisi `idea-luri~ sxeuli, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia aR-saniSni sagnisagan. magaliTad, enobrivi niSani arasodes ar emTxveva aRsaniSn sagans. marTalia, xati axdens niS-nis msgavsad sagnis reprezentacias, magram aq adgili ara aqvs formalur Canacvlebas, Canacvleba Sinaarso-brivia, Sinaarsobrivi erTianobidan gamomdinareobs. na-xati, vTqvaT, renoldsis peizaJi, esTetikuri Wvretis obieqtad imitomac gvevlineba, rom igi warmoadgens rea-lobis xats da ara mis niSans.

aqve unda iTqvas ramdenime sityva e.w. `mxatvrul ni-Sanze~. xelovnebaSi niSnebi atareben ara pirobiT, ara-med ikonur, gamomsaxvelobiT xasiaTs; gansxvavebiT eno-brivi niSnebisagan, mxatvruli niSnebi igeba gamoxatvisa da Sinaarsis planebs Soris ganpirobebuli kavSiris principze. amitom am ori planis gamoyofa Zneldeba. mxatvruli niSani axdens Tavisi mniSvnelobis mode-lirebas. es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom xelovneba, ker-Zod literatura, laparakobs gansakuTrebul enaze, ro-melic daeSeneba bunebriv enas, bunebrivi enis zed-naSenia. xelovneba meoradi modelirebuli sistemaa. mis safuZvelSi Zevs bunebrivi ena.

niSani gamosaxvis saSualebaa adamianuri kulturis iseTi movlenebisaTvis, rogoricaa literatura, mec-niereba, xelovneba, samarTali, religiuri Sexedulebani.

mxatvruli niSnis cneba SeiZleba mxolod funqcio-naluri xasiaTis aiyos, iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, religi-uri niSani, samarTlebrivi niSani da a.S. igi situaciis mixedviT gansxvavebul mimarTebebs aRniSnavs obieqts (xelovnebis nawarmoebi) da subieqts Soris (mxatvari da auditoria). mxatvruli niSnis cneba SesaZloa vixmaroT

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im realobis aRsaniSnad, romelic Tavs iCens ara xe-lovnebis sagnobriv yofierebaSi, aramed rogorc misi funqcionirebisas, ise misi funqcionirebisTvisac au-cilebel pirobad isaxeba.

niSnis kvleva aucileblobiT moiTxovs mniSvnelobis cnebis dadgenasac.

Tavad niSnisa da niSnobrivi sistemis cneba ganu-yreladaa dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis cnebasTan. niSani kacobriobis kulturaSi asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias. niSanTa xmarebis upirvelesi mizani da daniSnuleba xom garkveuli Sinaarsis gadmocemaa. niSnis mniSvneloba. neopozitivist d. railis azriT, XX saukunis filoso-fiis kvlevis ZiriTad mimarTulebas gansazRvravs. marTlac, mniSvnelobis problemas gansakuTrebuli ad-gili ukavia iseTi Tanamedrove filosofiuri mimdi-nareobebis problematikaSi, rogoricaa logikuri pozi-tivizmi, semantizmi, struqturalizmi.

logikuri semantizmisaTvis ZiriTad problemas, rom-lis irgvlivac yvela sxva problema iyris Tavs, eno-briv gamosaxulebaTa mniSvnelobis logikuri analizia. miuxedavad kvlevis xangrZlivobisa, dRemde ver dai-Zebna damakmayofilebeli pasuxi da, amdenad, yvelasaT-vis misaRebi Teoria mniSvnelobisa. sinamdvileSi arse-bobs ramdenime erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli Teoria, rac ganpirobebulia mniSvnelobis Teoriis winaSe mdga-ri siZneleebisa da problemebis gadawyvetisadmi gan-sxvavebuli midgomiT. enobriv gamosaxulebaTa mniSvne-lobis analizis ori ZiriTadi meTodi gamoiyofa: pir-veli, saxelebis mimarTebis an aRniSvnis meTodi (frege, raseli, CerCi, quaini). igi saxeldebis mimarTebidan amodis da Tvlis, rom enobrivi gamosaxulebis mni-Svnelobis qveS igulisxmeba obieqti, romelsac es ga-mosaxuleba aRniSnavs da sazrisi, romelsac igi ga-mosaxavs, gamoTqvams. meore meTodia eqstensionalisa da intensionalis meTodi (r. karnapi). am meTodis mixedviT, yoveli tipis enobriv gamosaxulebas aqvs eqstension-

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ali da intensionali e.i. saTanado klasi da saTanado Tviseba.

s. langerisaTvis mniSvnelobis raobis Ziri unda ve-ZioT logikis samefoSi. iq, sadac aravin laparakobs Tvisebebze. esaa urTierTobis, kavSirebis, Tanafardobe-bis sfero. mniSvneloba misTvis aris ara Tviseba, ara-med terminis funqcia, romelic maSin warmoCindeba, rodesac mocemul termins yvela mis totalur urTi-erTkavSirSi davinaxavT. (9).

cnobiereba langerisaTvis warmosaxviTia da trans-formaciaTa kompleqsia. misi `nawarmi~ mniSvnelobaTa qsovilia. am qsovilis qsels Seadgens monacemi (data), is niSnebi, romlebzedac Cveni gamocdileba SeCveulia yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, romlebzedac daufiqsire-blad vreagirebT.

Cveni pasuxi niSanze TavisTavad axali situaciisaT-vis niSnad iqceva, pirvelis mniSvneloba iqceva kon-teqstad meorisaTvis da ase viRebT realur gamocdi-lebaTa jaWvs. mniSvnelobaTa tipebi mravalgvaria. si-tyvis arsi SesaZloa meryeobdes sust da figuratul mniSvnelobebs Soris.

s. langeri Tvlis, rom sityvis mniSvneloba damoki-debulia nawilobriv socialur SeTanxmebaze, nawilo-briv mis istoriaze, misi bgerebis keTilxmovnobazec ki.

mzis Casvla, daisi niSnavs dRis dasasruls, SeiZleba kargi dRis niSanic iyos, magram amasTan erTad amaRle-buli da mSveniericaa. damkvirvebelTa umravlesobisaT-vis mniSvnelobs esTetikuri mxare movlenisa (iq, sadac Wvreta dauinteresebelia), yvela sxva ki igulisxmeba.

yovel sityvas Tavisi istoria aqvs. zogjer sityva kargavs Tavis adgils enaSi, icvlis denotats. gavix-senoT `olimpos~ magaliTi. Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba am sityvisa iyo - maRali mTa. dRes ki olimpo – gansaz-Rvruli mTis saxelia.

yovel obieqts, romelic Cveni yuradRebis centrSi amotivtivdeba, aqvs mniSvneloba, garda imisa, romliTac

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igi am faqtSi figurirebs. amis kargi magaliTia, `jvari~. jvari uZvelesi simboloa zodiaqos niSnebisa – aq igi kosmosuri konotaciis mqonea. bunebrivi sim-boloa gzajvaredinisa – aqedan arCevanisa, gadawyve-tilebis simbolo. mxatvrisaTvis jvari adamianis sxeu-lis simboloa, jvari qristianul religiaSi qristes mowamebrivi sikvdilis wamebis simboloa. es is tvirTia, romelic qristem Tavs idva. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom jvari fizikurad advili gamosaxatia, swored aqedan modis misi Rirebuleba. wminda konotaciis miuxedavad, jvari Tavisuflad ixmareba diskursiuli mizniTac, vTqvaT, maTematikaSi plusis aRsaniSnad, saarCevno biu-letenebze dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis aRsaniSnad da a.S.

e. kasireris mixedviT, xelovnebaSi mniSvnelobis fe-nomeni unda veZioT Cveni grZnobadi cdis fundamentur struqturul elementebSi, figurebSi, xazebSi, kon-turebSi, arqiteqturul da musikalur formebSi (10). ideaTa xorcSesxma damokidebulia ara materialur me-diumze, vTqvaT, bgeraze, brinjaosa Tu marmariloze, aramed grZnobad formebze – ferebis, xazebis, figure-bis da sxeulTa ganlagebaze (11). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mniSvneloba xelovnebaSi vlindeba formaSi, xelovne-baSi mniSvneloba tolia formisa, magram es grZnobadi forma ki araa, aramed “geStaltoba~. mniSvneloba er-wymis mniSvnelobis matarebel grZnobad sxeuls da igi intuiciiT miiwvdomeba. Tu aRqmis safexurze mniSvne-lobis matarebelsa da Tavad mniSvnelobas Soris gan-sxvaveba ar iZebneba, azrovnebis safexurze niSans (grZnobadi masala) da idealur mniSvnelobas Soris gansxvaveba naTladaa warmodgenili. maS, kasirerisaTvis mniSvneloba vlindeba formaSi, forma ki kognituri, SemecnebiTi struqturiT xasiaTdeba.

mniSvneloba xelovnebaSi ori saxiT vlindeba: 1. sa-gnobrivad gamoxatuli; 2. piraduli. pirveli mniSvne-lobis obieqtur aspeqts asaxavs, meore ki subieqturs. imis mixedviT, Tu romel aspeqtzea aqcenti gadatanili,

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xelovnebis funqciad cxaddeba an `mimeturi~ (pirvel SemTxvevaSi), an `gamosaxvis~ funqcia. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba Sinagani samyaros reproduqcia.

e. kasireri mniSvnelobas `obieqturobisa~ da `sayov-elTao~ maxasiaTeblebiT axasiaTebs. magram saidan war-moiqmneba es maxasiaTeblebi, mas mocemuli ar aqvs. formebi xelovnebaSi uneblieT ki ar wamoiqmnebian, aramed `WeSmariti saxiT~ warmogvidgebian. ar sazrdoo-ben arc fizkuri samyaros sagnebiT, arc individua-luriT. ai, ras ambobs kasireri: didi xelovnebis WvretiT gatacebulT, Cveulebrivi gvaviwydeba xolme subieqtur da obieqtur samyaroTa dacileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi arc yoveldRiur sinamdvileSi vcxovrobT da arc mxatvris individualobiT niSandebul samya-roSi. am ori sinamdvilis miRma arsebul sferoSi Cven aRmovaCenT plastikis, musikisa da poeziis iseT for-mebs, romelTac aqvT `saerTo mniSvneloba~. i. kanti mkacrad ganarCevs `mniSvnelobas~ da `sayovelTao mni-Svnelobas~, romelic logikursa da mecnierul msje-lobebs Seesabameba. esTetikur msjelobaSi, gvarwmunebs kanti, Cven arafers gamovTqvamT sagnis, rogorc aseTis Sesaxeb, aramed es msjelobani sagnis Wvretas exeba. `saerTo mniSvneloba~ imas niSnavs, rom esTetikuri msjeloba Zalis mqonea ara mxatvruli qmnilebis cal-keuli mWvretelisaTvis, aramed yvela im subieqtisaT-vis, vinc mxatvruli samyaros qmnilebis Sesaxeb msje-lobs (12). meore mxriv, Tu samyaros xelovanis indi-vidualuri kuTxiT SevxedavT, igi sruliad axali Su-qiT ganaTdeba. kasireri mkveTrad asxvavebs subieqtur da obieqtur xelovnebas. xelovnebis nawarmoebi Tvise-brivad axali formaa, (kasireri mas simbolur formas uwodebs), romelic arc mxolod obieqturia, arc wminda subieqturi. xelovnebaSi asaxuli sinamdvile ar war-moadgens arc bunebriv saganTa mibaZvas, arc Zlier grZnobaTa Relvas, aq sinamdvilis interpretacia xdeba

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ara cnebebis, aramed Wvretis meSveobiT, ara azrovnebis saSualebiT, aramed grZnobadi formebis eniT.

Taviseburad aris gadawyvetili xelovnebaSi mniSvne-lobis problema C. morisTan.

naSromSi `mniSvneloba da mniSvnelovnoba~ morisi cdilobs daamtkicos, rom xelovnebaSi niSans unda hqondes mniSvneloba, magram araa aucilebeli, rom hqondes obieqti (morisis terminologiiT, denotacia). niSnis mniSvneloba ki morisTan aRiniSneba terminiT interpretanti – interpretant, rac niSnavs tvinis indivi-dualur reaqcias niSanze. igi araa aucileblobiT `su-bieqturi~ xasiaTisa. interpretanta – esaa garkveul pi-robebSi niSnis meSveobiT garkveul saSualebaTa rea-girebis albaToba. mniSvneloba gansxvavdeba sagnebisa-gan (detonantebisagan) da mentaluri arsisganac. e.i. cnebebis, ideebisagan. igi morisTan warmodgenilia ro-gorc qcevis aspeqti. rac Seexeba xelovnebis nawarmo-ebs, igi morisTan gagebulia rogorc metyvelebis tipi, romelSic sxva saxis niSnebi ixmareba. niSnebs aqvs mniSvnelobis gansxvavebuli modusebi (am konteqstSi waikiTxeT - sazomi). modusebs Soris mniSvnelovania SefasebiTi modusi. am SemTxvevaSi niSani garkveuli Rirebulebis matareblad gvevlineba. niSani xelovne-baSi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom aRmqmelSi gamoiwvios garkveuli mimarTeba Rirebulebisadmi.

ZiriTadi nakli am Teoriebisa isaa, rom aq mniSvne-loba cxaddeba niSnis funqciad, romelic obieqturi sinamdviliT araa determinirebuli. niSnebis saSuale-biT adamianuri cnobiereba agebs samyaros suraTs da-moukideblad. uariyofa, rom niSanSi fiqsirebuli mniSvneloba warmoadgens obieqturi sinamdvilis kon-ceptualuri asaxvis specifikur formas.

niSnis mniSvnelobad unda miviCnioT is informacia aRsaniSn saganze, romelic mas moaqvs da romelic masSia ganxorcielebuli. niSani xasiaTdeba SefardebiTi simyariT da amdenad informacia masSi fiqsirdeba, niSani

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grZnobadad aRiqmeba da masSi gamoixateba. niSanSi Se-mecnebisa da urTierTobis procesSi droTa ganmavlo-baSi praqtikuli saqmianobis safuZvelze formirdeba ganzogadebuli da sayovelTao xasiaTis mniSvneloba.

mniSvneloba damokidebulia rogorc asasax obieqtze, ise subieqtze. determinaciaSi wamyvani adgili ukavia sagans, radganac asaxvis procesis sasicocxlo arsi imaSia, rom am procesis meSveobiT subieqti eufleba obieqts, praqtikulad kvlav warmoiqmnis, cvlis mas. ad-amianis azris obieqtad SeiZleba iqces yoveli faqti Sinagani an garegani cxovrebisa, sinamdvilis yoveli movlena. amitom aRsaniSni sagani SeiZleba iyos ara marto materialuri sagani, aramed idealuric. yoveli niSani Cveulebriv raRac sagans aRniSnavs, magram mog-vepoveba iseTi niSnebic, romlebic realurad ararse-bul sagnebs aRniSnaven, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, devi, faskunji, feria. am dros xdeba fantastikuri saxis gasagnobriveba da niSani ukve gasagnobrivebuli Si-naarsis aRmniSvnelad gvevlineba. am SemTxvevaSi sagnis buneba (fantastikuri, warmosaxviTi) gansxvavdeba rea-lurad arsebulisagan.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom niSani mniSvnelobas ki ar aR-niSnavs, aramed misi matarebelia. igi mniSvnelobis fiqsacias axdens. niSani aRniSnavs sagans da ara mniS-vnelobas.

unda ganvasxvavoT sityvis mniSvneloba, romelic lingvisturi kategoriaa da axasiaTebs mas, rogorc garkveuli istoriulad Camoyalibebuli leqsikuri sis-temis elements, da cnebis mniSvneloba.

cneba, rogorc cnobilia, gnoseologiuri da logi-kuri kategoriaa. misi SemecnebiTi rolis ganszRvra SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac mas gan-vixilavT istoriulad Camoalibebuli codnis siste-maSi.

enobrivi niSnis mniSvneloba Sedgeba asaxvis sxvada-sxvagvari komponentebisagan, romlebic sagnobrivi si-

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namdviliTaa ganpirobebuli. maTiO gaformeba mocemuli enis sistemis meSveobiT xdeba.

mecnieruli enis niSnebis mniSvneloba Sedgeba kon-ceptualur asaxvaTagan. aq saqme gvaqvs cnebebTan. cneba ar arsebobs enobriv niSanSi fiqsirebis gareSe. magram misi Sinaarsi sagnis arsebiTi niSnebis asaxvaa. amdenad igi warmogvidgeba mecnieruli enis niSnis logikur mniSvnelobad.

niSans aqvs erTiani rTuli ganuyofeli agebulebis mniSvneloba, romelic moicavs konceptualur grZnobad-TvalsaCinoebiTs da eqspresiul komponentebs. am ukanas-knelis gamoa, rom erTi da igive niSani sxvadasxva ada-mianma SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad gaSifros, gansxvave-buli mniSvneloba Cados masSi. ai, ras ambobs hegeli: `erTsa da imave zneobriv msjelobas, gamoTqmuls Wabukis mier savsebiT sworad, srulebiTac ar aqvs misTvis igive mniSvneloba da moculoba, rac cxovre-biT gamobrZmedili Warmagi mamakacisaTvis, romelic Wvrets masSi moqceul Sinaarss.~ (13).

Tu SevajamebT zemoTqmuls, miviRebT Semdegi saxis daskvnebs:

1. niSani aRnagiT fizikuri sxeulia, grnobad aRqmadia - yuriT gaigoneba, TvaliT dainaxeba.

2. niSani pirobiTi xasiaTisaa – aRsaniSni ar gansazRvravs aRmniSvnels, aRsaniSnze aris da-mokidebuli niSani, sagani ver gadawyvets, Tu ra sityva Seerqvas mas. es rom asea, amas mowmobs mra-vali enis arseboba. erTi da imave sagans sxvadasxva saxeli hqvia sxvadasxva enaze. niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiris pirobiToba, is, rom niSansa da sagans Soris ar aris msgavseba, qmnis saganTa ganzogadebis, azrobrivi gamoyofis, maTi zogadi da arsebiTi Tvisebebis da mimarTebebis ab-strahirebis usasrulod mraval SesaZleblobas.

3. funqcia-daniSnulebiT niSani socialuria. igi komunikaciis saSualebaa.

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4. yovel niSans unda hqondes mniSvneloba. wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ver iqneba niSani. aq vlin-deba niSnis obieqturi, inteleqtualuri funqcia. aRmqmels uwinares yovlisa ainteresebs – ras eub-neba mas esa Tu is niSani, ra informacia moaqvs ni-Sans misTvis.

5. yvlaze farTo gagebiT, mniSvneloba aris ni-SanSi fiqsirebuli informacia sagnebze, maT Tvisebebsa da mimarTebebze, gare samyaros movle-nebsa da procesebze, romlebic saboloo jamSi mowmdeba da dgindeba praqtikiT. mniSvnelobis am ZiriTad SinaarsTan dakavSirebulia misi sxva aspeqtebic, rogoricaa fsiqologiuri, formalur-logikuri, operaciuli da sxva aspeqtebi.

$3. simbolur formaTa ganzomileba

simbolo metad rTuli da mravalwaxnaga bunebisaa.

misi cnebis dadgenisas dagvexmareba im movlenebis gaSifvra, romelnic cneba simbolos qveS igulisxme-bian. es sakiTxi vrcladaa ganxiluli e. kasireris sim-bolur formaTa filosofiaSi.

Tavisi sistemis agebisas kasireri ZiriTadad misdevs i. kantis sistemis xelaxali gaazrebis im sqemas, ro-melic marburgis skolaSi iyo SemuSavebuli, da axle-burad cdilobs adamianis cnebis Sinaarsis gaxsnas. n. hartmani e. kasireris sistemas axasiaTebs, rogorc fi-losofiur-anTropologias (14). marTlac, kasireri cdi-lobs gadalaxos adamianze specialur mecnierebaTa ga-mokvlevebis gancalkevebuloba, ganazogados yvela mo-nacemi da Caswvdes adamianis raobas. ver gvipovnia me-Todi, romelic dasZlevda da moawesrigebda im saoc-rad uxv masalas, romelic fsiqologiam, eTnologiam, anTropologiam daagrova – aRniSnavs kasireri (15). mkvlevris gaazrebiT, kulturaa is sfero, sadac sru-

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lad vlindeba adamiani. amitomac adamianis raobis dasadgenad igi mimarTavs kulturis filosofiur ana-lizs. amgvari kvlevis aucilebloba pirvelma maqs Selerma dainaxa, misma gamokvlevam “adamianis adgili kosmosSi” (Die Stellung der Menschen in Kosmos) bevrad ga-napiroba e. kasireris kvlevis saerTo orientacia. `ara-sodes istoriaSi adamiani ar yofila ise problemuri, rogorc amJamad. Cven ar gagvaCnia adamianis erTiani idea. adamianis gamomkvlev specialur mecnierebaTa mu-dam mzard simravles bundovaneba ufro Seaqvs ada-mianis sakiTxSi, vinem sinaTle~. kasireri xSirad em-yareba Seleris am da sxva Tezisebs.

e. kasireris sistemis amosavalia Semdegi daSveba: Tuki arsebobs cneba `adamianis~ ramdenime definicia, igi SeiZleba iyos mxolod funqcionaluri da ara sub-stancialuri, e.i. adamians verc im imatenturi prin-cipiT ganvsazRvravT, romelic mis metafizikur arss dagvidgenda, da verc ama Tu im Tandayolili unariT. Semecnebis kriteriumidan amosvliT `Cven sruliad ar gvWirdeba vamtkicoT adamianis ontologiuri substan-ciis erTianoba. adamians aRar miviCnevT martiv, Tavis TavSi arsebul da Tavisive Tavidan Semecnebad sub-stanciad. misi erTianoba ufro im funqcionalur er-Tianobad gvesmis, romelsac winapirobad ar udevs misi amgebi elementebis erTgvaroba. es funqcionaluri er-Tianoba ara marto SesaZlebels xdis, aramed moiTxovs kidevac sxvadasxva elementTa simravles, vinaidan igi dialeqtikuri erTianobaa, sadac sapirispiro momentebi arsobrivad miekuTvneba erTmaneTs~ (17). is niSandobli-vi Tviseba, romelic adamians sxva suldgmulTagan ga-nasxvavebs, aris ara misi fizikuri an metafizikuri buneba, aramed misi saqmianoba – adamianis moRvaweobis sistema – miiCnevs kasireri. amdenad, adamianis raobis gasaRebi Zevs mis mierve Seqmnil kulturaSi. esaa gza forma formata-dan forma formans-amde.

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Tavisi survilebi, grZnobebi da azrebi erTian for-maSi rom moeqcia, adamianma mimarTa goniTi Sinaarsebis gamosaxvis formaTa iseT sistemebs, rogoricaa: ena, mi-Tosi, religia, xelovneba, istoria. amitom misi raobis dasadgenad unda gavSifroT es sistemebi. formaTa mra-valgvaroba aixsneba im faqtiT, rom adamianis bune-bisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ar Semoifarglos erTi ro-melime specifikuri an erTaderTi midgomiT realobis-dami. mas SeuZlia Secvalos Sexeduleba ama Tu im sa-gansa da movlenaze, amitom xelewifeba sruliad Tavi-suflad gadasvla am sagnisa da movlenis erTi aspeq-tidan meoreze. swored am gziT xorcieldeba misi ada-mianuri samyaros gacnobiereba.

e. kasireri uaryofs adamianis aristoteliseul gan-sazRvrebas animal socioale, radganac igi gvareobiTi cne-baa da ara saxeobiTi. gansazRvreba ar moicavs ada-mianis specifikur Tvisebas. sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamiani xom eniTa da grZnobebiT ukavSirdeba am sa-zogadoebis sxva wevrebs. kasireris mixedviT, adamiani ver iarsebebs Tavisi yofierebis nairsaxovani gamosax-vis gareSe. igi agebs axal goniT samyaros, romelic mis individualur arsebobaze ufro myaria, ar uSindeba drois cvalebadobas. adamianis TviTganTavisufleba, kasireris mixedviT, kulturaSi xorcieldeba. `kul-tura axal enobriv, mxatvrul da religiur siboloTa uwyvet nakadad qmnadobaa. mecniereba da filosofia iZ-ulebulni arian daanawevron simboloTa es nakadi ele-mentebad, raTa gasagebi gaxadon isini. maT analizurad unda daamuSaon is, rac sinTezuradaa Seqmnili. aq saxezea uwyveti moZraoba da ukumoZraoba. kantis sity-vebiT, `bunebismetyveleba gvaswavlis ganvixiloT mov-lenebi CaTvliT, CamarcvliT, raTa moxerxdes maTi, rogorc cdis wakiTxva~. kulturologia ki gvaswavlis simboloTa ganmartebas, maTi dafaruli mniSvnelobis gafiSvras~ (18). kultura kasirers esmis, rogorc wminda goniTi realoba. misTvis kultura mTeli Tavisi

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gamovlinebebiT `sulis gacxadebaa bunebaSi~. gonebis ideebi, kasireris mixedviT qmnian kulturas. kultura sulis spontanobis gamomxatvelia da ara bunebis teqnikuri gardaqmnis Sedegi.

`enis, xelovnebis, religiis da mecnierebis ganvi-Tareba am procesis calkeuli fazebia. aseT simbolur formebSi miagno da gamoscada adamianma axali Zala, romlis SemweobiTac aRmarTa sakuTari, idealuri samya-ro~ (19). yoveli simboluri forma gvamcnobs adamianis bunebis ama Tu im mxares.

buneba adamians ar eZleva mza, ukve Camoyalibebuli saxiT. samyaro gamosacnobi, gasaSifri mocemulobaa. receptoruli da efeqtoruli sistemebis garda, rom-lebiTac cxoveli ukavSirdeba gare samyaros, adamian-Tan vxvdebiT mesame SemaerTebel rgols, romelsac kasireri simbolur sistemas uwodebs. esaa is mona-povari, romelic adamians realobis axali ganzomi-lebis binadrad xdis. igi simboluri samyaros mkvidri xdeba. ena, miTosi, xelovneba, religia am samyaros nawilebia. axla adamiani uSualod ki aRar exeba si-namdviles, aramed `iseTi ZaliTaa Cafluli enobriv formebSi, rom ar ZaluZs raime Seityos, an aRiqvas am xelovnur mediumTa gareSe~. (20).

maS, adamiani obieqturad dapirispirebulia samyaro-sTan. adamiansa da bunebas Soris mudam unda iyos Sua-mavali Wvretis saxiT, ris gamoc buneba mudam xatovnad, saxovnad, simbolurad vlindeba. kasirerisaTvis simbo-luri azrovneba da simboluri moqmedeba adamianuri arsebobis uniSandoblivesi Tvisebaa. amitom igi Caas-worebs adamianis klasikur definicias animal rationale ani-mal symbolicum-ad. adamiani simboluri cxovelia, arsebaa, romelic samyaros konstruirebas simboluri saxeebiT axdens. aq igi iyenebs msjelobis ara refleqsur, ara-med WvretiT, mza, SemoqmedebiT unarebs. adamiani xelo-vani, Semoqmedia yovelTvis, vinc unda iyos da rasac unda akeTebdes.

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e. kasirerTan pirovneba transcendentaluri subieq-tis donezea danaxuli. mas aqvs unari obieqturis Seqm-nisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kasirerTan adamianis da pi-rovnebis cnebebi identuria.

kasireris mixedviT, kantis kopernikul gadatrialeba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom misi filosofia mimarTulia ara mxolod logikuri msjelobis funqciaze, aramed misi msjeloba vrceldeba Tanabrad yvela tendenciasa da principze, romliTac adamianis goni aformebs realobas. aq ibadeba sakvanZo kiTxva, romelma unda gansazRvros: funqciam – struqtura, Tu struqturam – funqcia. kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis Zireuli principia funqciis pirveladoba. es principi vrceldeba yvela specialuri sagnis kvlevisas. Semecnebis wminda fun-qciis kvlevasTan erTad, e. kasirers ainteresebs, ling-visturi azrovnebis funqcia, mxatvruli aRqmis funqcia, rogor qmnian isini samyaros – obieqturi mniSvnelobiT savse Sinaarsis mqone erTobas.

amdenad, gonebis kritika kasirerTan iqceva kul-turis kritikad. kantis sistemis ZiriTadi kiTxva: `rogoraa SesaZlebeli mecnieruli codna?~ icvleba ki-TxviT: `rogoraa SesaZlebeli kultura?~

kulturis cnebas e. kasireri mimarTavs imisaTvis, rom SezRudos sabunebismetyvelo Semecnebis, `mecniere-bis~ Semoteva cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. mecniereba yov-elTvis iTvleboda adamianuri gonebis umaRles miR-wevad, mis siamayed, aRniSnavs kasireri, magram gonebis es triumfi adamians Zvirad daujdeba. mis Sinagan samyaros emuqreba saSiSroeba gaxdes martivi, erTmni-Svnelovani. racionalizmi xom adamianuri sulis umaR-les miRwevad gonebas Tvlis. cnobierebas utolebs Se-mecnebis wminda azrs. logikis wminda forma adamianis sulis prototipad, modelad iqceva. sinamdvileSi ki suli gacilebiT ufro mdidaria Semecnebaze. garda Se-mecnebisa, arsebobs `samyaros gagebis mravali sxva forma, romelebic sruliad gansxvavebul meTodebs iS-

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velieben sinamdvilis obieqtivizacia – ganzogadebisaT-vis. aq ver SevxvdebiT logikur cnebebsa da logikur kanonebs, romlebic Semecnebis procesisaTvisaa damax-asiaTebeli. yvela forma qmnis Tavis sakuTar `samyaros xats~, anu `simbolur formas~. maT mTlianobas kasir-eri kulturas uwodebs. yovel formas, romelic swvdeba yofierebas, sakuTari, specifikuri kanonebi, xasiaTi aqvs. isini arc daiyvanebian erTmaneTze, arc gamoiyvanebian erTmaneTisagan. arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens meoris asaxvas, yoveli maTgani warmoqmnis damoukidebel regions, sadac mxolod am regionSi mo-qmedi kanonebi sufevs.

yoveli maTgani sakuTar samyaros agebs, Caketili mTelia, romelSic ver SemoiWreba sxva. yoveli maTgani qmnis mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel realobas, rom-lis gageba, wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod am sferos, am formis farglebSi. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia xelovnebis nawarmoebis gageba maTematikuri gantolebebis, inte-gralebis miyenebiT.

xelovnebis simbolizmi, e. kasireris rwmeniT, unda gavigoT imanenturi da ara transcendenturi azriT. xelovnebis sagani ar aris arc Selingis metafizikuri usasruloba da arc hegelis absoluti. “didi xelovne-ba arc mxolod aslia, arc mxolod mibaZva, aramed igi Cveni Sinagani cxovrebis namdvili gamovlenaa” (21). e. kasireris winaSe dgeba amocana ipovos is faqtori, ro-melic yovel kulturul formaSi vlindeba. is sa-yrdeni punqti, romlidanac SesZlebs dainaxos da dag-vanaxos yvela es forma (ena, xelovneba, religia, mec-niereba, istoria) erTianobaSi, aRmoaCinos wminda ima-nenturi mimarTeba am formebisa erTmaneTTan da ara `transcendentur~ yofierebasTan an raime principTan.

mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli dadgindes idea-luri mimarTebebi damoukidebel, individualur for-mebs Soris ise, rom ar daikargos TiToeulis indi-vidualoba. Tu vipovniT am aucilebel SemaerTebel kav-

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Sirs, SevZlebT kulturuli formebis gaerTianebas, amtkicebs e. kasireri.

mravali wlis muSaobis Semdeg e. kasireri aRmoaCens, rom simboluri funqcia aris is zogadi, romelic ana-Tesavebs yvela formas. am zogadi Teoriuli debulebis dasamtkiceblad misTvis ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda ena, Semdgom miTosi da Teoriuli Semecneba, Tumca es debuleba marTldeba yvela simboluri formis mimarT.

`xelovnebis nawarmoebi - wers e. kasireri, aris er-TaderTi, unikaluri, damoukidebeli, sakuTar TavSi Caketili; igi Tavad axal mTels xatavs – axali rea-lobis xatsa da sulier kosmoss. individualuri ar miuTiTebs mis gareT arsebul statikur abstraqtul universalurze. igi Tavadaa es universaluri, radganac mis arssa da substancias moicavs simbolurad~ (22). kasireri sakuTriv formis analizze gadadis. kantTan formis problema codnis problemad iqca da kasireris azriT, es problema dResac Zireuli da wamyvania (23). kasireri midis im daskvnamde, rom forma aRaraa regu-latoruli idea. igi wminda damfuZnebeli principia, droisa da sivrcis intuiciur formebsa da codnis in-teleqtualur kategoriebze aranakleb originaluri da marTebuli. kantis sqemac xom droSi moqceul formad SegviZlia warmovidginoT.

sqema kasirerTan cnebisa da intuiciis erTianobaa. am ori faqtoris saerTo monapovaria. sainteresoa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi intuiciuri da struqturuli formis erTobad, sxva sityviT, sqemis konkretul ga-movlinebadaa ganxiluli. igi SeiZleba dadgindes mxo-lod universaluri sqemis bazaze, romelic ubralod axali konkretuli SinaarsiTYivseba.

e. kasireri gvaZlevs kantis cnobili debulebis - `cnebebi Wvretis gareSe carielia, xolo Wvreta cnebe-bis gareSe brmaa~ - Semdgom interpretacias: `imis na-cvlad, rom vamtkicoT adamianis gansja `iseTi gansjaa,

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romelic xatebs saWiroebs,~ umjobesia igi iseT gansjad miviCnioT, romelsac simboloebi sWirdeba~ (24).

e. kasireri aq ar unda gulisxmobdes imas, rom xatis adgili simbolom unda daikavos. igi albaT ar moi-Txovs maT Canacvlebas. adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis orive aucilebeli da saWiroa. `simbolur formaTa filosofiaSi~ asea danaxuli maT Soris gansxvaveba. `xati~ mudam aris pasiuri saxe imisa, rac ukve mocemu-lia, `simbolo~ ki inteleqtis mieraa Seqmnili. xatebi mocemuli gvaqvs, simboloebi ki iqmneba. iqmneba xatebis-agan – aRqmebisa da cdis Sinaarsisagan. inteleqti iRebs xatebs da aamoqmedebs maT simboloebad. (25)

simbolo ar arsebobs realurad, rogorc bunebis nawili. igi mniSvnelobis mqonea. primitiuli azrovneba ver axerxebs yofierebisa da mniSvnelobis am ori sferos urTierTgamijvnas. iq isini mudam urTierTSerwy-mulia. igulisxmeba, rom simbolo aRWurvilia magiuri an fizikuri ZalebiT. magram adamianuri kulturis winsvlam cxadyo gansxvaveba sagnebsa da simboloebs Soris, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansxvaveba namdvilsa da SesaZlebels Soris. enis cnebis analizisas kasireri metad sagulisxmo miniSnebas iZleva, rac SemdgomSi sim-bolos cnebis gasaRebad iqceva; kerZod, enis cnebaSi igulisxmeba is, rom igi verasodes ver iqneba wminda sensoruli. ena gamoxatavs grZnobadi da konceptualuri faqtorebis urTierTqmedebas. enaSi individualuri sen-soruli niSnebi ivseba zogadi inteleqtualuri mniSvnelobis mqone SinaarsiT. igive meordeba yvela sxva saxis `reprezentaciis~ drosac – cobierebis yoveli elementi meore elementis meoxebiT gamoixateba. (26).

yovel lingvistur niSanSi, miTosur an mxatvrul xatSi sulieri Sinaarsi, romelic Sinaganad miuTiTebs mTeli grZnobadi sferos miRmurobaze, iTargmneba grZnobad formad, imad, rac dainaxeba, moismineba, Sexe-biT Seigrnoba. formis damoukidebeli saxe gamoCndeba, rogorc cnobierebis specifikuri aqtivoba. iyenebs ra

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amwuTier grZnobad monacemebs, rogorc saSualebas ga-moxatvisaTvis, igi sruliad gansxvavdeba misgan. sim-bolod ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos raime, Tu igi ar aRniS-navs raRac ukve mocemuls da mxolod saSualebas gvaZlevs ganmeorebiT vilaparakoT masze. igi unda gaixsnas nacnob cdiseul SinaarsTan mimarTebaSi. amde-nad, `bunebrivi~ simbolizmi, cnobierebis Zireuli max-asiaTebeli, erTi mxriv, gamoiyeneba da Seinaxeba, meore mxriv ki daiZleva da daixveweba, radganac am `bunebriv~ simbolizmSi cnobierebis Sinaarsis garkveuli nawili, Tumc gansxvavebuli mTelisagan, inarCunebs Zalas, ga-moxatos es mTeli da amiT aRadginos igi gancdaSi. mo-cemul Sinaarss unari Seswevs gamoixmos sxva Sinaarsi, romelic araa uSualod mocemuli, mis mier igulisx-meba da gadaicema. es ise ki ar unda gavigoT, rom sim-boluri niSnebi enaSi, miTossa da xelovnebaSi Tavda-pirvelad `arian~, Semdeg ki am `arsebobis~ gamo aRweven garkveul mniSvnelobas. maTi arseboba gamodis maTi signifikaciidan. maTi Sinaarsi arsebobs wminda signi-fikaciis funqciiT. aq cnobiereba qmnis garkveul konk-retul grZnobad Sinaarsebs garkveuli rTuli mniSvne-lobebis gamosaxatavad; da radganac es Sinaarsebi cno-bierebis Zalauflebis qveS imyofebian, maT ZaluZT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi yovel wams `gamoixmon~ yvela es mniSvneloba. sulieri moqmedebis amgvari Tavisuflebis gamo (igulisxmeba simboluri aqtivoba) grZnobadi STa-beWdilebebis qaosi iwmindeba, naTldeba da myar formas iRebs CvenTvis. simbolo aris wminda sulieri gamoxa-tuleba, gaazrianeba grZnobadisa. aq grZnobadi mocemu-lia, rogorc raRac gansakuTrebuli azris (mniSvnelo-bis) ganxorcieleba. simbolo mniSvnelobis adamianuri samyaros nawilia, funqcionaluri Rirebulebis matare-belia da swored esaa Rirebuli masSi. simbolo arse-biTad cnobierebis mier grZnobadi samyaros dasau-fleblad agebuli Tavisufali xatia. aq grZnobadi mo-cemulia, rogorc raRac gansakuTrebuli azris (mni-

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Svnelobis) ganxorcieleba. simbolo mniSvnelobis ada-mianuri samyaros nawilia. funqcionaluri Rirebulebis matarebelia da swored esaa Rirebuli masSi. simbolos materialuri, fizikuri mxare STainTqmeba mniSvnelobis funqciiT. simbolo arsebiTad cnobierebis mier grZno-badi samyaros dasauflebad agebuli Tavisufali xatia.

ena, miTosi, religia, xelovneba, mecniereba simbolu-ri formebia. kantis Semecnebis formebisagan gansxvave-biT, isini mudam konkretuli arian, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tavidanve ganuyofelni arian grZnobadisagan. maTi gancalkeveba wminda mimarTebis sferoSi fsiqozi-fikuri problemis tipis substancionalobisa da kauza-lobis cnebebis aramarTlzomier aqtad miiCneva kasire-ris mier. igi fsiqofizikuri problemis tipis amouxsne-li aporiis msgavsia. e. kasirerTan simbolo da sazrisi igiveobrivni arian. simboloSi realoba ki ar vlindeba, aramed igi Tavadaa gacnobierebuli realoba. ar arse-bobs realoba simbolos gareSe.

miuxedavad imisa, rom e. kasirerTan mxatvruli sim-bolos buneba calke gamoyofilad ar aris gaanalize-buli, misi naazrevi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom simbolo xelovnebaSi, iseve, rogorc yvela sxva for-maSi, organzomilebiania. mas axasiaTebs fizikuri yofi-ereba da sulieri mniSvneloba (Sinnes). xelovnebaSi grZnobadi fizikuri mxare madominirebelia, mniSvnelo-

ba∗ ki TiTqos CainTqmeba, gaixsneba masSi. aq Tavs iCens eqspresiuli Rirebuleba – yoveli movlena Tavis speci-fikur bunebas avlens. mniSvnelobis fizikuri matareb-lis specifika imaSia, rom igi grZnobadi formaaa, ro-melSic iZireba mniSvneloba. xelovnebas aqvs unari gan- ∗ e. kasireri xmarobs termins `saerTo mniSvneloba~. am cne-bis qveS, i. kantis mixedviT, igulisxmeba is, rom esTetikuri msjeloba zemoqmedebis mqonea ara mxatvruli qmnilebis calkeuli aRmqmelisaTvis, aramed yvela subieqtisaTvis, ro-melic xelovnebaze msjelobs.

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sazRvros ganusazRvreli, daudos zRvari usazRvros. igi gvawvdis sinamdvilis ufro mdidar, cocxalsa da feradovan suraTs. misi formis kanonebis ufro Rrma codnas, vidre mecniereba. aq xdeba SesaZlebeli, Sevxe-doT sagnebs pirdapir, kategorialuri azrovnebis Caurevlad. xelovneba sinamdvilis gacxadebaa, `inter-pretaciaa~ grZnobadi formis daxmarebiT. cxadia, aq kasireri gulisxmobs ara obieqtur, adamianisagan da-moukidebel, transcendentur sinamdviles, aramed im transcendentalur `sinamdviles~, romelsac qmnis xelovneba. xelovnebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba SevimecnoT is formebi, romelTac Tavad xelovneba qmnis da ara obieqturi samyaros formebi, xelovnebaSi formebi ar asaxaven obieqturi realobis formebs.

e. kasirerTan simbolos cneba hipostazirebulia. igi cnobierebis yovelgvar da yovelnair Sinaarss moicavs. garda amisa, saTanadod ar aris gaSuqebuli is gansxvaveba, romelic cnobierebis idealur Sinaarssa da am Sinaarsis grZnobad-aRqmad gamosaxulebas Soris arsebobs. simbolos cnebis garkvevisas ki am faqtors gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos.

$4. grafikuli simbolo da semiotikuri komunikacia industriuli dizainis niSnobriv sistemaTa cnobili

amerikeli mkvlevari henri dreifusi Tavis Semajamebel wignSi “simboloTa wyaros wigni”@(27) axdens 20000-mde yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli simboluri niSan-figuris analizs da aRniSnavs, rom isini warmoadgenen Taname-drove industriuli komunikaciis RerZs. avtori Semdeg-nairad msjelobs: Cven SegviZlia davweroT raime si-tyva, magaliTad “mSvidoba” sxvadasxva ena da sxvada-sxva alfabeturi gamosaxulebiT. amiT Seivseba ramden-ime aTeuli gverdi, magram yvelaferi, rac am gverdze daiwereba, SesaZlebelia gamoixatos grafikuli figu-

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riT “ mtredi palmis rtoTi” da is gasagebi iqneba ne-bismieri adamianisaTvis miuxedavad imisa, flobs igi am enebs, Tu ara. es simbolo grafikulad aRniSnuli saz-risis matarebelia. am principzea, avtoris azriT, age-buli mTeli Tanamedrove industria, reklama da komu-nikacia. simboluri ena internacionalur enaze lapara-kobs, Tanamedrove msoflioSi 5000-mde ena da dialeqti arsebobs, magram enaTa es simravle komunikaciisaTvis siZneleebs qmnis. ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlo-baSi ramdenjerme scades am siZnelis moxsna yvelasaT-vis saerTo xelovnurad Seqmnili enis gziT. aseTi iyo Eesperanto da sxva msgavsi sistemebi. avtori am waru-matebeli cdebis mizezad Tvlis im viTarebas, rom bu-nebriv enaTa xelovnuri formalizeba SeuZlebelia. Sei-Zleba Seiqmnas ara erTiani ena, aramed yvela enisaTvis damxmare simboloTa sistema, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba adamianebma gaugon erTmaneTs. amiTaa ganpirobe-buli semiotikis, rogorc niSanTa Sesaxeb mecnierebis ganviTarebis saWiroeba.

oqsfordis leqsikonis ganmartebiT simbolo aris specialuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli niSani, figura an aso, romelic ideas, an materialur obieqts, an process aRniSnavs. (28) axali britanuli enciklopedia sim-bolos ganmartavs, rogorc sakomunikacio elements, romelic moxmobilia gaamartivos reprezentacia an Cae-nacvlos personaTa, obieqtTa Tu ideaTa kompleqs. (29)

bazisuri, anu Taur-simboloebi verbalur sityvebze ufro “xandazmulni” da arsobrivni arian, isini gamoi-yenebian yvela drosa da yvela kulturul sivrceSi, ramdenadac primitiulni ar unda iyvnen isini. Tavda-pirvelad adamianma Seqmna simbolo-naxati gamoqvabulis kedelze es sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom adamians gamo-exata Tavisi azrebi umartives qmedebebze, magaliTad sakvebis mopovebaze da a.S. es iyo pirveli sainforma-cio niSnebi, romlebis maSin gamoCndnen, rodesac ada-mians gauCnda moTxovnileba gamoexata abstraqciebi,

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RirebulebiTi gansxvavebebi, definiciebis niuansebi da filosofiuri konceptebi. es simboloebi, avtoris az-riT, araadekvaturni da aramyari sazrisisanni iyvnen. dRevandeli ganviTarebuli enebis gadasaxedidan Cven gvWirdeba Zalisxmeva, raTa gavugoT imdroindel sim-bolizms.

simboloebis ricxovnobam imata enebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad. simboloTa mravalricxovneba da mra-valferovneba aris is faqti, romelic dauyovnebliv reagirebas moiTxovs. samyaro globalizaciis procesis Sedegad ToTqosda dapataravda da advili komunikaciis saWiroeba Zalian mZafrad SeigrZnoba, adamiani moeqca hermenevtikul wreSi: jer preistoriuli simboloebi, Semdeg urTulesi verbaluri komunikaciebi da kvlav ukan simboloebisaken. simboloTa amgvari universaluri sistemis Seqmna dagvexmareba yvelas, raTa vicxovroT dRevandel samyaroSi, romelsac avtori babilonis go-dols adarebs. avtoris klasifikaciis mixedviT, rep-rezentacia, abstraqcia da pirveladi reprezentaciuli simbolo aris gamartivebuli asaxva naxati obieqtisa. magaliTad, lokomotivis silueti niSania imisa, rom aq gadis rkinigza, naxati, SesaZloa, aseve aRniSnavdes mo-qmedebas, vTqvaT, velosipedistis silueti miuTiTebs, rom es gza gankuTvnilia velosipediT moZraobisaTvis.

abstraqtul simboloTa magaliTia zodiaqos niSnebi. zodiaqos niSani istoriul warsulSi realisturi su-raT-xati gaxldaT, erT SemTxvevaSi cxovelisa, sxva SemTxvevaSi sagnisa, xanac RvTaebis gamosaxulebisa. dRes es suraT-xatebi sruliadac ar emTxvevian Taur konceptebs. am tipis simboloebSi xdeba Setyobinebis grafikuli reducireba.

h. dreifusi gamoyofs pirveladi simboloebis cne-bas. am kategorias miekuTvnebian is simboloebi, romel-nic gamogonilni, Seqmnilni arian da aranairi koncep-tualuri Tu vizualuri analogiis gamonaxva gamosax-ulebasa da mis mier motanil informacias Soris ar

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xerxdeba. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi Cven gvesaWi-roeba ganmartebis TandarTva. magaliTad, maTematikaSi niSani “+”, niSnavs mimatebas, musikaSi niSani“ violinos gasaRebs.

avtori gvTavazobs grafikul simboloTa klasifi-kaciis SesaZleblobaT dargisa an disciplinis mixed-viT, romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba industriul diza-inSi, vTqvaT qimiur warmoebaSi, an igive maTematikasa Tu musikis TeoriaSi.

h. dreifuss miaCnia, rom komunikacia adamianis yve-laze bazisuri moTxovnilebaa. am mimarTulebiT moZ-raobisas ikveTeba yvelaze mokle gza, es, mkvlevris azriT _ grafikul niSanTa standartizebaa. adamianebma imperatiulad unda gaacnobieron aRniSnul niSanTa velSi CarTvis aucilebloba. paralelur reJimSi mim-dinareobs simboloTa mbadi procesi, axali simboloe-bis (aq igulisxmeba grafikuli simboloebi) gaformebis uwyveti jaWvi., mimdinareobs maTi duplikacia, kon-tradiqcia, Sereva. adamianebs uWirT erTmaneTis gageba, “gaxsna” simboloTa mniSvnelobebisa. mkvlevari gamo-sTqvavs SiSs imis Taobaze, rom es procesi gamoiwvevs enaTa imgvar aRrevas, rogorc es babilonis godolis SemTxvevaSi moxda. avtoris mixedviT, arsebobs erTad-erTi gamosavali: esaa simboloTa standatizeba.

300 wlis win didi germaneli ganmanaTlebeli laib-nici ocnebobda imaze, rom vinmes gamoegonebina umar-tivesi grafikuli simboloebis sistema, vTqvaT, gan-tolebis 1+2=3 msgavsi, romlis wakiTxva da gageba Tar-gmanis gareSe SeeZleboda nebismieri enis mcodnes, yvelas, visTvisac elementaruli maTematikis elemente-bia cnobili. am sistemas Tavisi umartivesi logika da semantika aqvs. msgavsad imisa, rom nebismiers SeuZlia ipovnos mcdaroba gantolebisa 2+2=5.

garkveuli simboloebi iqcnen semiotikuri komuni-kaciis bazisur konstantebad. maT avtori discipli-naTSoris simboloebs uwodebs, radgan isini arasodes

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icvlian Sinaars, ra velzec ar unda moxvdnen grafi-kul simboloTa sistemisaTvis isini rCebian fundamen-turad. h. dreifusi maT uwodebs grafikul sistemaTa anbans. (30)

xSirad xdeba maTi kombinireba sxva simboloebTan ufro kompleqsuri mniSvnelobebisa da instruqciebis mocvis mizniT.

$5. metaenis Ziebis saukune rolan barti Tanamedroveobis umTavres niSnad

metaenis Seqmnis tendencias Tvlis. r. bartis mixedviT “logikis diskursi gvaswavlis nayofier gansxvavebas ena-obieqtsa da metaenas Soris.”(31) ena-obieqti es TviT sagania logikuri gamokvlevisa., xolo metaena aucile-beli xelovnuri ena, romlis safuZvelze amgvari ga-mokvleva mimdinareobs. logikuri azrovneba sworedac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom realuri enis (ena-obieqtis) struqtura da mimarTebani formulirebuli iqnes sim-boloTa enaze. (metaenaze)

r. barti miuTiTebs, rom simboloTa enis Secnobis aqtualoba gansazRvrulia TviT Tanamedrove postmod-ernuli adamianis “sulieri situaciiT” da epoqaluri SekveTaa TviT xelovnebisa da xelovnebis filosofiis mimarT.“ saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xelovani ar gaur-boda saWiroebas, ganexila xelovneba, rogorc metao-bieqti. TviT diskursulma cvlilebebma evropul kul-turaSi moiTxova Seqmniliyo “ena enis Sesaxeb”, anu gaxsniliyo ormagi fenomeni: “literatura-obieqti” da “metaliteratura”. amgvari metaliteraturis Camoyali-bebam ramdenime faza ganvlo da ukanaskneli aswleuli SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc saukune, romelic cdi-lobs gaiazros ra aris xelovneba, anu xelovnebis metaenis Ziebis saukune. igi oidiposiviT svams tragi-kul kiTxvas: vin var me? mere ki cdilobs upasuxos

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kiTxvas ra unda vakeTo? Tanamedrove xelovneba SeiZleba gamoisaxos sakuTar niRabze miSverili TiTis figuriT.

xelovnebis specifikaze SegviZlia vilaparakoT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mas CavsvamT niSnobriv sis-temaTa zogad TeoriaSi. vidre pretenzias gavacxadeb-deT mxatvruli nawarmoebis imanentur wakiTxvaze, manam-de unda vicodeT ra aris logika, istoria, e.i. winaswar unda gamovideT wminda xelovnebis farglebidan da mivmarToT kulturul anTropologias.

enis mkvlevarebisaTvis cnobilia is mdgomareoba, rasac ewodeba asimbolia. am mdgomareobaSi adamians ar ZaluZs aRiqvas simbolo, simboloTa Tanaarsebobis wes-rigi, ar ZaluZs maTiT operireba, raki mxolod amgvari avadmyofi gadis enis racionalisturi gamoyenebis Car-Coebidan. simboluri funqcia, romelsac aqvs friad farTo diapazoni da adamianebs aZlevs unars moaxdinon ideaTa da saxeTa mxatvruli konstruireba, aRmoCndeba darRveuli; daeqvemdebareba SezRudvebsa da cenzuras. SesaZloa, xelovnebis nawarmoebze ise vimsjeloT, rom ar gamoviyenoT simbolos cneba. es damokidebulia Tvalsazrisis arCevanze. uSualo xilva nawarmoebisa SeiZleba ise, rom imsjelo an ar imsjelo misi simbo-luri bunebis Sesaxeb. magram rogorc ki mogvindeba SeviswavloT nawarmoebi rogorc aseTi, rogorc kon-stituirebuli mTeli, SeuZlebeli iqneba ar mivmarToT mis simbolur wakiTxvas.

saidan gaCnda siyrue simboloTa enis mimarT, es asimbolia. ratom xdeba es swored dRes?

r. bartis azriT, arsebiTad xelovnebis Taname-drove filosofia unda iyos simbolur formaTa filo-sofiis nawili, man unda ikisros “simboloTa enis” gax-sna.(32)

niSanTa sistemaSi cvlilebebi diskursiul revo-lucias moaswavebs. fridrix nicSes mixedviT, inteleq-tualuri diskursis wesebi dawvas eqvemdebareba. ro-

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gorc Cans es procesebi xdeba am SemTxvevaSic, inteleq-ti SexebaSi modis Sinagani cdis axal SesaZleblobeb-Tan. xdeba saxis totaluri SeWra enobiv velSi, sai-danac igi aZevebs cnebis tradiciul abstraqtulobas, ilustrirebuli konkreciis gziT. sityva xorcs isxams, xorcieldeba iseTive masStabis cvlileba, rogorc Sua saukuneebidan aRorZinebis epoqaze gadasvlis periodSi. am xdomilebas komentaris kriziss uwodebs r. barti.

krizisi im momentidan daiwyo, rodesac gacno-bierda enis simboluri xasiaTi an simboloTa lingvis-turi xasiaTi. amas asrulebs fsiqoanalizi da stru-qturalizmi. Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebi simboluria, ma-Sin aucilebelia moviZioT wakiTxvis wesebi.

r. bartis mixedviT, Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi xdeba “avtoris sikvdili”; magaliTad, rusuli enis gakveTil-ze maswavleblis amocana iyo aexsna, ra unda eTqva av-tors. avtori iyo wminda figura. r. barti gvTavazobs uari vTqvaT amgvar interpretaciaze; teqsti principu-lad Riaa da interpretaciis usazRvro SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.

r. bartis mixedviT, teqstis arsebiTi maxasiaTe-blebia: Riaoba, sazrisuli decentralia, mravlobiToba, principuli dausrulebloba, teqstTan da teqstSi Tama-Si – teqstSi Sesvla, simboloTa axalqmnadobaSi Tana-monawileoba.

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Tavi II mxatvruli simbolos filosofiuri istoria

$6. transcendentaluri sqematizmi da simbolo kantis esTetikaSi

SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom simbolos cnebis

gagebaSi ernst kasireri originaluri ar aris. misi uSualo winamorbedia imanuil kanti. kerZod, misi moZ-Rvreba transcendentaluri sqematizmis Sesaxeb. radga-nac kantiseuli simbolos gageba ufro zusti da naTeli gveCveneba, aq ufro dawvrilebiT moviyvanT mas.

kantis mixedviT, mTeli Cveni codna aigeba garedan mosuli Sinaarsisa da Cveni Semecnebis aprioruli grZnobadi (dros da sivrce) da gansjadi (kategoriebi) formebis SeerTebiT. gansjiTi kategoriebi grZanobadi Wvretis gareSe carielia. Wvreta ki, Tavis mxriv, kate-goriebis gareSe brmaa. kantis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi – monaxos an ori sferos damakavSirebeli. `naTelia, rom unda arsebobdes mesame, romelic, erTi mxriv, katego-riebTan, xolo meore mxriv, movlenebTan erTgvarovani unda iyos da SesaZlebels xdides pirvelTa (kategori-aTa) gamoyenebas meoreTa (movlenaTa) mimarT. es gamaSu-alebeli warmodgena unda iyos wminda (ar Seicavdes arafers empiriuls) da mainc, erTi mxriv, iyos in-teleqtualuri, meore mxriv, grZnobadi. swored esaa transcendentaluri sqema~ (1). maS, sqema yofila, kantis mixedviT, is aucilebeli mesame wevri, romlis meoxebi-Tac SesaZlebeli xdeba aprioruli cnebebis gamoyene-baOSinaarsis principebisadmi. sqema inteleqtualuria da grZnobadic. gansjis meSveobiT igi ganisazRvreba rogorc saxeebSi cnebaTa gamosaxvis meTodi.

sqemaSi gansjis formebi da grZnobadi intuiciebi imgvarad asimilirdebian, rom ageben gamocdilebas. sqe-ma kantisTvis araa ubralod is saSualeba, romliTac grZnobadi da ineteleqtualuri erTiandeba, igi ufro rTuli erTeulia. `gansjiTi cneba Seicavs mraval-

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ferovnebis wminda sinTezur erTianobas sazogadod. dro, rogorc Sinagani grZnobis mravalferovani Si-naarsis da, maSasadame, yvela warmodgenis dakavSirebis formaluri piroba a priori Seicavs mravalferovans wminda mWvretelobaSi. amasTan, droismieri transcen-dentaluri gansazRvreba erTgvarovania kategoriasTan (romelic am gansazRvrebis erTianobas Seadgens), imde-nad, ramdenadac zogadia da damyarebulia a priori wesze. magram, meore mxriv, igi (droismieri transcendenta-luri gansazRvreba) erTgvarovania movlenasTan imde-nad, ramdenadac dro Sedis mravalferovanis Sesaxeb yovel empiriul warmodgenaSi. amitom kategoriebis movlenebisadmi miyeneba SesaZlebeli xdeba droismieri transcendentaluri gansazRvrebis saSualebiT, ro-melic gansjadi cnebebis sqemis saxiT gaaSualebs mov-lenaTa subsumcias kategoriebis qveS~ (2).

maS, warmosaxvis aprioruli unari sqemis saSualebiT axdens gansjisa da grZnobadobis dakavSirebas. sqema WeSmariti da erTaderTi pirobaa imisaTvis, rom wminda gansjiT cnebas mieniWos SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba da amitom kategoriebs sabolood ar SeiZleba sxva (saSu-alo) gamoyeneba hqondeT, garda SesaZlo empiriuli ga-moyenebisa.

kategoriebi usqemebod gansjis mxolod funqciebia, cnebaTa arsebobisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli. rac Se-exeba gonebis cnebebs, e.i. ideebs, maTi grZnobadi ga-mosaxva sqemebis meSveobiT ar SeiZleba, radgan maT em-piriul sinamdvileSi araferi ar Seesabameba da, maSa-sadame, arc Sesatyvisi grZnobadi Wvretebi SeiZleba hqondeT. maTi gamosaxva SeiZleba mxolod analogiiT maTi moazrebis formasTan, da ara maT Sinaarsze re-fleqsiiT. aseT gamosaxulebas kanti simbolos uwodebs. maS, simbolo, kantis mixedviT, aris iseTi gamosax-uleba, iseTi grZanobadi Wvreta, romelic miesadageba gonebis ideas. mxolod gonebiT moiazreba da romelsac araviTari grZnobadi Wvreta (TvalsaCino xati) ar See-

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sabameba. yoveli grZnobadi monacemi, romelic apri-orul cnebas gamosaxavs, kantis mixedviT, warmoadgens an sqemas, an simbolos. Tu sqema Seicavs cnebis pir-dapir gamosaxulebas, simbolo cnebis arapirdapiri ga-mosaxulebaa. aq msjelobis unari or saqmes akeTebs: miuyenebs cnebas grZnobadi Wvretis sagans da iyenebs refleqsiis wess sruliad sxva saganze, romlisTvisac pirveli mxolod simboloa. simboluri kantTan mxo-lod intuiciis saxea.

gamodis, rom kantTan, kasirerisagan gansxvavebiT, simbolurad SeiZleba gamoisaxos mxolod gonebis idea da ara gansjis cneba. aq simbolo cnobierebis Sinaar-sis TvalsaCino-xatovan gamosaxvas hqvia da ara TviTon am Sinaarss. kantis es mosazreba mniSvnelovania, raTa ar moxdes simbolos aRreva cnobierebis sxva Si-naarsebsa da Sinaarsebis gamosaxvis sxva saSualebebSi.

simbolos cnebis kidev ufro Rrma gageba igulisx-meba kantis debulebebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad, silamaze zneobis simboloa: `mSvenieri aris zneobrivi keTilis simbolo da mxolod swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT mog-vwons igi, Tumca ise, rom uflebas vacxadebT yvela sxva piris Tanxmobaze~.

mSvenieri (rogorc es kants esmis – dauinteresebeli, cnebisagan Tavisufali Wvretisa da siamovnebis sagani), simboloa zneobisa – da imasac niSnavs, rom esTetikur WvretaSi simbolurad aris warmodgenili, gamosaxuli TvalsaCinod aRsaqmeli wminda goniTi ideuri Si-naarsebi, e.i. simbolo grZnobadobisa da zegrZnobadis, Wvretadisa da ideuris erToba yofila. maS, simbolo SegviZlia warmovsaxoT imgvar saSualebad, romliTac grZnobad sinamdvileSi adamians SeuZlia amoikiTxos

analogiiT misi zegrZnobadi safuZveli da sazrisi∗.

∗ cnobili rusi simbolistis andrei belis gamokvlevebSi `simbolizmi~ da `arabeskebi~ TanmimdevrobiTaa gatarebuli es mosazreba. metad saintereso masalas iZleva am mxriv

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Jan moreasi `simbolizmis manifestSi~ wers: `obieqtu-rad aRwerili simboluri poezia winaaRmdegia rCeva-darigebebisa, deklamaciisa, yalbi grZnobierebisa. is cdilobs idea Semosos xelSesaxebi formiT, romelic amave dros misi TviTmizani ki ar iqneba, arame ideis gamoxatvasac emsaxureba da daqvemdebarebul mdgo-mareobasac inarCunebs. Tavis mxriv, ideac ar unda gveC-venos garegani analogiebis didebuli samosis gareSe, radganac simboluri xelovnebis namdvili xasiaTi ima-Si mdgomareobs, rom arasodes mivides ides TavisTavSi Semecnebamde. amrigad, am xelovnebaSi bunebis suraTebi, adamianTa saqcieli, yvela konkretuli movlena Tavis-Tavad ver mogvecema. aq es xelSesaxebi obieqtebia, ro-melTa mizania gamoavlinon TavianTi faruli naTesaoba pirvelad ideebTan~ (3).

simboluri gamosaxuleba, kantis mixedviT, misi mo-sazrebis formiT (refleqsiis formiT) da ara Tavisi SinaarsiT `hgavs~ masSi gamosaxul ideas. kants mohyavs monarqiuli saxelmwifos magaliTi. igi SeiZleba war-movidginoT an sulier sxeulad, an manqanad, xelis wisqvilad, magram orive SemTxvevaSi igi mxolod sim-bolurad aris warmodgenili. sinamdvileSi, marTalia, despotur saxelmwifosa da xelis wisqvils Soris ara-viTari msgavseba ar arsebobs, magram aris msgavseba ma-Ti refleqsiisa da kauzalobis wesebs Soris.

kantis dakvirvebiT, ukve Cveni yoveldRiuri samety-velo ena aRsavsea arapirdapiri grZnobadi aRniSvnebiT an niSnebiT, romlebic analogiiTaa naxmari. am sity-vebSi termini cnebis sqemas ki ar Seicavs, aramed sim-bolos refleqsiisaTvis. aseTia, magaliTad, sityvebi: safuZveli, damokidebuleba (e.i. zemodan mxardaWera), gamomdinareoba, nacvlad sityvisa (mimdevroba) da a.S.

qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedeba, vTqvaT, nikoloz bara-TaSvilis `merani~.

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es sityvebi gankuTvnilia cnebebis aRsaniSnavad, oRond ara piradpiri Wvretis meSveobiT, aramed mxolod mas-Tan analogiiT – Wvretis sagnidan refleqsiis gada-taniT sruliad sxva saganze.

$7 simbolos panesTetikuri Teoria SelingTan i. kantis Semdgom simbolos kvlevas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba mianiWa Selingma. Selingis filosofiisaT-vis amosavalia Semdegi daSveba: yoveli arsebulis sa-fuZvelSi devs absoluti, rogorc wminda indiferen-ciacia, realurisa da idealuris, subieqturisa da obieqturis wminda igiveoba. absolutis TviTganWvreta xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac `me~ subieqturisa da obi-eqturis pirvelad harmonias gaacnobierebs. es uka-naskneli SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod xelovnebis nawar-moebis Wvretisas, aq sasrulisa da usasrulos, wamier-isa da mudmivis, Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis, `me~-sa da ara `me~-s sruli wonasworobaa.

`xelovnebis nawarmoebSi mTlianad Tavisufldeba subieqturoba, bolomde xdeba obieqtivacia subieqturi-sa da obieqturis yovelgvari harmoniis im pirvelsawy-isi safuZvlisa, romelic Tavisi dasabamiseuli igiveo-biT mxolod inteleqtualur WvretaSi SeiZleba mogve-ces.~ (3)

Selingis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos germanul klasikur filosofiaSi simbolos cnebis dadgena. misi gamoyofa sqemebisa da alegoriisagan. simbolo, Selin-gis mixedviT, warmoadgens ori dapirispirebulis: sqe-misa da alegoriis sinTezs. sqematizmi aris gamoxatvis imgvari saSualeba, sadac zogadi aRniSnavs erTeuls, sxva sityvebiT, sadac erTeulis Wvreta xdeba zogadis meoxebiT.

alegoriaSi erTeuli aRniSnavs zogads. zogadi erTe-uliT ganiWvriteba. aris am oris imgvari sinTezi, sa-

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dac arc zogadi aRniSnavs erTeuls da arc erTeuli – zogads, magram sadac erTica da meorec absoluturad erT ganuyofel mTels qmnian.

`absolutis gamoxatva gansakuTrebulSi zogadisa da gansakuTrebulis absoluturi ganurCevlobiT mxolod simbolur formaSia SesaZlebeli~. (4)

gamosaxvis am sam saSualebas saerTo aqvs is, rom is-ini warmosaxvis formebs warmoadgenen, amasTan, amaTgan mesame – simbolo - misi absoluturi formaa.

Selingi aqve gamohyofs saxis cnebas. saxe mudam kon-kretulia, wminda wylis gansakuTrebulia, xasiaTdeba garkveulobiT. aRsaniSn saganTagan mTlian igiveobrivo-bas xels uSlis is garemoeba, rom aq ar xdeba sagnisa da saxis sivrcobrivi Tanxvedra. sqemaSi zogadi War-bobs, Tumca zogadi aq iWvriteba rogorc `erTeuli~. Selingi imowmebs kants, romlisTvisac sqema aris sagnis grZnobadad Wvretis wesi. sqema mudam dgas cne-basa da sagans Soris. is warmosaxvis produqtia. xelov-nebis nawarmoebi, Selingis mixedviT, ideaa, da ara cne-ba. ideebi warmosaxvis Zalis obieqtebia, romlebic garkveul saxes iReben sasrulsa da usasrulos Soris mudmivi `livlivis~ gamo.

ama Tu im ideis Sesabamisi obieqtis sasruloba an usasruloba damokidebulia refleqsiis Tavisufal mi-marTebaze. `me~ axdens gadasvlas ideidan garkveul obieqtze. amis gageba SesaZlebeli xdeba, mxolod gama-Sualeblis meoxebiT, romlis rolsac azrovnebisaTvis sqemis SemTxvevaSi asrulebs simbolo, xolo cnebis SemTxvevaSi – sqema.~ (5) sqema cnebisaTvis zustad igivea, rac simbolo sqemis mimarT. amis gamo sqema mudam au-cileblobiT gulisxmobs an empiriul, an arsebul, an gansaxorcielebel sagans. (movlenas) ase, magaliTad, yoveli organuli warmonaqmnis mimarT, Tundac aviRoT adamiani, SesaZloa mxolod sqema, maSin, rodesac mSve-nierebisaTvis, maradisobisaTvis da aS. gamosadegia mxolod simbolo.

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SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli xelovnebis nawarmoebi SelingTan simboloa. simboloa Tavad ideis arseboba, misi (ideis) grZnobadi gamoxatuleba; WeSmaritad isaa, rac mniSvnelobs, anu, aris idea mis uSualo WeSmaritebaSi.

gamosaxvis sami saSualebis ierarqiaSi Selingi po-tenciaTa ierarqias xedavs. azrovneba ubralo sqematize-baa, yoveli qmedeba, sapirispirod amisa, alegoriulia (radgan erTeuli zogads aRniSnavs), xelovneba ki sim-boluria. am principiT aseve tradiciulad iyofa Sel-ingTan mecnierebebic (saxviTi, musikaluri, plastikuri), bunebac (sinaTle, sxeulebrivi rigi, organuli samyaro).

simbolo SelingisaTvis niSania, mxolod imgvari ni-Sani, romlis mniSvneloba pirobiTia, winaswar araa dadgenili. igi, erTi mxriv, intuiciurad ganiWvriteba da gacxadebulia, meore mxriv ki, arasodes bolomde ar miiwvdomeba, amouwuravia. simbolo mTelia, imgvari sa-xea, romelic srulyofilia TavisTavad da ganuyofeli mTelia. simbolo niSani kia, magram sxva niSnobrivi sistemebiT misi Targmna SeuZlebelia. mis kvlavwarmo-qmna, warmosaxva SesaZlebelia mxolod ise, rogorcaa warmodgenili. simbolos specifikas Selingi xedavs mniSvnelobis da yofierebis SerwymaSi. aq mniSvnelova-nia simbolos Sinagani struqtura, romelic sazrisis wyaros warmoadgens. mniSvneloba simboloSi emTxveva Tavad yofierebas. igi gadadis saganSi da erT mTels qmnis masSi. aq realoba idealurTanaa Serwymuli.

`isini ubralod raimesTan mimarTebis gareSe arse-boben absoluturad Tavis TavSi da amave dros maTSi ucvlelad gamokrTis mniSvneloba~. (6)

Cven ar gvakmayofilebs arc mniSvnelobas moklebuli SiSveli yofna da arc SiSveli mniSvneloba. absoluturi mxatvruli gamosaxvis sagani iseve konkretuli unda iyos, rogorc saxe da imave dros iseve ganzogadebuli da moazrebadi, rogoc cneba. Selingis mosazrebiT, ger-manulSi zustadaa daWerili termin simbolos mTavari maxasiaTebeli `gaazrebuli saxe~. (Sinnbild)(7)

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$8. mxatvruli idealis simboluri forma hegelTan simbolos cnebis damuSavebaSi Semdgom win gadag-

muli nabiji hegelis xelovnebis filosofiaSi unda veZioT. hegeli simboloSi gamoyofs mniSvnelobas da mniSvnelobis gamosaxvas. `pirveli garkveuli Sinaarsis mqone warmodgena an sagania, meore ki saxis grZnobad arsebobs an suraTs warmoadgens. hegeli simbolos upirveles Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, rom igi `niSania, sruliad Taviseburi niSani~, sadac mniSvneloba da misi gamoxatulebis kavSiri TviTneburia. maT ara aqvs raime saerTo Tvisebrioba, romelic akavSirebdes simbolos da im sagans, romelsac igi aRniSnavs. aseTi tipis sim-boloebia magaliTad, ferebi, romlebiTac xdeba erov-nuli droSebis garCeva.

rac Seexeba simbolos xelovnebaSi, aq adgili ara aqvs mniSvnelobisa da aRniSvnis aseT `gulgrilobas da ganurCevlobas~, radganac sazogadod xelovneba swored mniSvnelobisa da saxis urTierTmimarTebis, naTesaobis konkretul urTierTSerwymaSi mdgomareobs.~ (8).

arsebobs iseTi simboloebi, sadac mniSvnelobasa da saxes Soris nawilobrivi Tanxmoba sufevs. amgvar sim-boloebSi grZnobadad arsebul sagnebs ukve TavianT sakuTar arsebobaSi is mniSvneloba aqvT, romlis gad-mosacemad da gamosaxatavadac ixmarebian. am azriT, sim-bolo ubralo da ganurCeveli niSani rodia. es niSania Tavis formaSi da im warmodgenis niSans Seicavs, ro-melsac gamoavlens. aseTi simbolos magaliTad hegels mohyavs lomi, rogorc sulgrZelobis, Ronierebis sim-bolo. misi mosazrebiT, loms swored is Tvisebebi aqvs, romelTa mniSvnelobas is unda gadmoscemdes.

simbolo ar miekuTvneba ubralo, garegan da for-malur niSanTa rigs. amitom ar SeuZlia mTlad aradek-vaturi iyos Tavisi mniSvnelobisaTvis, magram imisaTvis, rom simbolod darCes, mainc unda Seicavdes sxva, sru-liad damoukidebel gansazRvrebebs im saerTo Tvise-

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briobisagan, es saxe erTxel rom aRniSnavda; misi Si-naarsi unda iyos abstraqtuli da amave dros konkre-tulic. da es konkretuloba Tavisi TvisebebiT gansxva-vebuli unda iyos Tavdapirvelisagan. is, rac sim-boloSi, uwinares yovlisa, Tvalwin gvidgas, is saxea, is suraTia, TavisTavad uSualo arsebiTis warmodgenas rom iZleva. magaliTad, lomis suraTis SemTxvevaSi Tvalwin gvidgas ara marto is mniSvneloba, mas ro-gorc simbolos rom SeiZleba hqondes, aramed upirve-lesad Tavad lomis saxe. suraTi, romelsac raRac mniSvneloba aqvs, hegelis mixedviT, mxolod maSin iwo-deba simbolod, roca es mniSvneloba Sedarebis msgav-sad TavisTvis ar gamoixateba, anda ukve cxadia Tavis-Tavad.

simbolo orazrovania im gagebiT, rom misi garegani forma, realizebuli xati, yovelTvis warmogvidgens raRac sxvas, vidre mxolod im mniSvnelobas, TviT es garegani xati rom iZleva.

simboloSi orazrovneba aixsneba imiT, rom grZnobadi suraTisa da mniSvnelobis kavSiri Cveulebad da met-naklebad pirobiTad iqceva. magram vinc warmodgenaTa aseT pirobiT wreSi trialebs, maTTvis uSualo grZno-badi gamosaxulebaa mxolod mocemuli. amitom es saxe maTTvis saeWvoa. igi unda aRqmul-moxelTebul iqnes mxolod sakuTrivi azriT, Tu sakuTrivi da imavdrou-lad arasakuTrivi azriT, Tu mxolod da mxolod arasakuTrivi azriT.

simbolos es Tviseba – saeWvooba – Tavs iCens miTo-logiasa da xelovnebaSi. hegelis mixedviT, simboluri miTologiaSi ewodeba mxolod imas, rom miTebi, rogorc gonisagan Seqmnilni, Seicaven TavSi mniSvne-lobebs, e.i. zogad azrebs RmerTebis bunebis Sesaxeb – filosofemas. xalxi im epoqaSi, rodesac miTebs Txzav-dnen, poetur mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da amitom Ta-vianT uSinaganes da uRrmes gancdebs azris formaSi ki ar gaicnobierebdnen, aramed fantaziis saxeebSi (rac,

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hegelis mixedviT, Semecnebis dabali safexuria). ise, rom zogad abstraqtul warmodgenebs ar wyvetdnen konkretuli suraTebisagan. amgvarad, maTi warmodgenebi, hegelis mixedviT, simboloebs warmoadgenen.

xelovnebis formebis daxasiaTebisas, hegeli zustad adgens kvlevis mizans. `Cven gvinda, davadginoT mniSvne-lobis mxatvruli mimarTeba misi saxisadmi, misi formi-sadmi, ramdenadac igi, mimarTeba, simboluris mxat-vruli gamosaxvis sxva wesebisagan, upiratesad, klasi-kurisagan da romantikulisagan, gansxvavebulia. Cvens amocanas unda Seadgendes ara is, rom xelovnebis mTel sferoze gavavrceloT simboluri gageba, aramed gark-veviT unda SevzRudoT wre imisa, rac TavisTavad da sakuTriv warmodgenilia simbolos saxiT da amitom ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc simboluri~ (9).

simboluri, hegelis mosazrebiT, ixsneba iq, sadac Tavisufali subieqturoba da ara zogadi abstraqtuli warmodgenebi Seadgenen gamosaxvis Sinaarssa da formas. subieqti am dros TavisTavad aris mniSvnelovani, igi TviTon ixsnis sakuTar Tavs, mis sulier da grZnobad gamovlenaTa rigs, subieqturis garda, sxva mniSvneloba ara aqvs. gamosavleni da gamovlenili moxsnilia konk-retul erTianobaSi, movlenas sxva arseba aRar aqvs, xolo arseba – movlenaa Tavis Tavis gareSe.

hegelis mixedviT, pirveli codna WeSmaritebis Ses-axeb erTgvar saSualo mdgomareobas warmoadgens bune-baSi `wminda da ugono CaZirvisa da misgan sruliad ganTavisuflebul goniseuls Soris.” es saSualo mdgo-mareoba poeziisa da xelovnebis Tvalsazrisia. aq goni Tavis warmodgenebs bunebis saganTa saxiT imitom gvaZ-levs, rom mas jer ar miuRwevia umaRlesi formisaTvis. sruliad prozauli gaCndeba maSin da iq, sadac subi-eqturi goni Tavis abstraqtul da WeSmaritad konkre-tul formaSi ganTavisufldeba. es ki ukve religiis safexuria.

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simbolur xelovnebas Semdegi principi gamoyofs: esaa brZola WeSmariti xelovnebisaTvis jer kidev dau-morCilebel Sinaarssa da am ukanasknelis amdenadve nakleb homogenur formas Soris. es ori mxare arc erTmaneTs emTxveva da arc xelovnebis WeSmarit cnebas. amitomac orive cdilobs Tavi daaRwios am naklovane-bebs, amgvarad, mTeli simboluri xelovneba hegels es-mis, rogorc uwyveti brZola mniSvnelobebisa da saxis Sesabamisoba-SeusabamisobisaTvis. simboluri xelovne-bis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri migvaniSnebs go-niseulisa da grZnobadis am erTi da imave winaaRmdego-bis sxvadasxva stadias.

pirvel etapze brZola arsebobs Tavis TavSi. mxat-vruli cnobiereba am etapze jer kidev ver arCevs verc `zogadi bunebiT aRebul Sesacnob mniSvnelobasa~ da verc `realur saxes~. amitom, nacvlad imisa, rom es gansxvaveba dainaxos, gaiTvaliswinos da aqedan amovi-des, igi maTi uSualo igiveobidan amodis. am safexurs hegeli uwodebs aracnobier, pirvelad simbolikas, misi warmonaqmnebi simboloebad jer kidev ar dadgenila. es safexuri Tavis mxriv kidev samad iyofa. konkretuli da TvalsaCino magaliTebi hegels mohyavs sparsuli re-ligiidan, Zveli induri xelovnebidan, egviptelTa xe-lovnebidan.

meore safexuria – amaRlebulis simbolika. aq grZno-badi saxisagan gabundovanebuli mniSvneloba sabolood ixsnis sakuTar Tavs, mniSvneloba Tavisufldeba uSu-alo saxisagan. `es ganTavisufleba mxolod imdenad SeiZleba moxdes, ramdenadac grZnobadi da bunebrivi Tavad Tavis TavSi uaryofiTad, mosaxsnelad da moxsnilad iqneba gagebuli da ganWvretili~ (10). am sa-ganSi TvalsaCino xdeba ara misi kerZo saxe, da mniSv-neloba, aramed zogadi suli, zogadi substancia. aR-maRlebulobis simbolikaSi hegeli gamoyofs or safex-urs. pirvel safexurs Seesabameba panTeizmis xelovneba indoeTSi, mahmadianobis mistikuri xelovneba, qristia-

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nuli mistikis zogierTi movlena. aq yovelgvari kerZo niSnebisagan ganTavisuflebuli substancia imanenturia gansazRvruli movlenebisaTvis, maTi warmomqmnelia, sawyisia maTTvis. `am imanenturobaSi substancia gani-Wvriteba, rogorc mtkicebiTi awmyofi~ (11).

meore safexurs Seesabameba ebrauli poezia. am safexurze ixsneba absolutis pozitiuri imanentoba mis mier Seqmnil movlenebSi. `yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT, mTeli Tavisi mSveniere-biTa da sidiadiT, gamoxatulia mxolod aqcidenciad da warmaval moCvenebad RmerTis arsebasa da mis simyare – simtkicesTan, mudmivobasTan SedarebiT~. (12).

mesame safexuria Segnebuli simbolika. am safexurze mniSvneloba, romelmac Tavisufleba miiRo, eTiSeba saxes. am dros simboloSi es ori mxare erTgvari Sina-gani naTesaobis gamoa gaerTianebuli, maTi `Sefardeb-iTi ucxoobis~ miuxedavad. es safexuri Seicavs rogorc mniSvnelobisa da garegani realobis gaTiSvas, rac sa-fuZvlad edo amaRlebuls, aseve romelime konkretuli movlenis miTiTebas, miniSnebas raime monaTesave zogad mniSvnelobaze, rac sakuTriv simbolosaTvisaa damax-asiaTebeli.

simbolos gamocnoba TavisTavad da TavisTvis arse-bul mniSvnelobaSia, gonSia, `cnobierebis Suqi sicxa-dea, Tavis konkretul Sinaarss naTlad rom gamoavlens Tavis sakuTar Sesabamis formaSi da, Tavis myofobaSi mxolod Tavis Tavs gamogvicxadebs~ (13).

namdvili simbolo, hegelis mixedviT, gamocanise-buria. ramdenadac is garegnoba, riTac esa Tu is zogadi mniSvneloba ganWvretis sagnad unda iqces, jer kidev gansxvavebuli rCeba misi gamosaxatavi mniSvnelo-bisagan da amitom saeWvoa is, Tu ra azriT unda ga-vigoT saxe. hegelTan simbolos Sinaarsi naklebia mis formaze. misTvis simbolo WeSmaritebis miRwevis erT-erTi safexuria. maS, Selingica da hegelic, Tumca sapirispiro daskvnebamde midian, erTisaTvis simbolo

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Semecnebis umaRlesi formaa, meoresaTvis ki - mecnier-uli cnebis winasafexuri, magram maT Soris saerToa TviT midgoma, Selingica da hegelic gnoseologiur aspeqtSi ganixilaven simbolos.

$9. siuzan langeris simbolistur – semantikuri Teoria simbolos fenomenis kvlevaSi siuzan langeris Teo-

rias gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. mas, masStaburo-biTa da siRrmiseuli analizebiT savses, etapuric SeiZleba ewodos. igi mihyveba e. kasireris gzas da cdilobs, amoavsos is xarvezebi, romlebic simbolur formaTa filosofiam datova. kerZod, s. langeris amo-canaa simbolos funcionirebis specifikis axsna xelov-nebaSi. is azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, cnebaTa arastabilu-roba, romelic xelovnebis TeoriebSi sufevs, langeris azriT, logikurad gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom mravali Teoretikosi gverds uvlis an sruliad uary-ofs `mxatvruli simbolos~ cnebas (14). mxatvruli sim-bolo ki swored is generatiuli ideaa, romelic Semo-qmedebiTi procesebis axsnis gasaRebad unda iqces.

kasireris msgavsad, langeri Tvlis, rom mTeli ada-mianuri moRvaweoba simboluri xasiaTisaa. ufro metic, simboloTa Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis unari aris is Ziri-Tadi unari, romelic abatonebs adamians bunebaze, ga-moyofs mas cxovelTa samyarosagan. adamianis Sinagan samyaros qmnis simbolo da ara SegrZnebebi. mentaluri procesi simbolizaciis procesia. amgvarad, inteleqtu-aluri aqtivobis amosaval punqtad langers simboloTa qmnadoba (symbol-making) miaCnia. cdis simboluri trans-formacia mudmivmoqmedi, fundamenturi procesia, ro-melic yovelTvis gacnobierebulad ar mimdinareobs. langeris mixedviT, yoveli goniTi cda simboluria. cdis simboluri transformacia aucileblobiT moi-Txovs garegan gamovlenas. ena, xelovneba, rituali

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warmoadgenen im bolo sadgurebs, romlebSic xdeba cdis simboluri transformaciis daboloeba. simbo-luri transformacia iseTive bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, rogorc vTqvaT, sunTqva. igi pirveladi adamianuri moTxovnilebidan amodis, spontanuri aqtivobaa, ro-melic Tavdapirvelad araviTar gacnobierebul mize-zebs ar Seicavs. goni (mind) ganviTarebis garkveul eta-pze sruliad bunebrivad awarmoebs simboluri trans-formaciis process.

kasirerisagan gansxvavebiT, langerisaTvis simboli-zaciis procesi aRsaqmeli realobis logikur-struqtu-rul TaviseburebaTa asaxvaa, formaluri analogiaa, anu logikur struqturaTa Tanxvedra aris is upirvelesi piroba, romelic unda sruldebodes simbolizaciis procesSi.

simbolosa da aRsaniSns unda hqondeT saerTo logi-kuri forma. langeri erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs sim-bolosa da niSans da xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom niSani subieqtisaTvis asaxelebs garkveul obieqts. igi TiTqosda rwmunebulia obieqtisa, maSin, rodesac sim-bolo obieqtis cnebas atarebs. igi obieqtSi wvdomis, misi warmodgenis saSualebas iZleva. Tuki niSani gark-veulwilad moiTxovs moqmedebas, simbolo azrovnebis iaraRia. simboloSi kavSiri subieqtsa da obieqts So-ris Cveulebriv Semdegnairad gamoixateba: simbolo aR-niSnavs obieqts, magram simboloSi es kavSiri srule-biTac aRaraa martivi. aq subieqti wyvildeba im cnebas-Tan, romelic meordeba da akmayofilebs obieqts.

simbolosaTvis arsebiTia ara is, rom igi fizikuri samyaros nawilia (aq igulisxmeba simbolos garegnuli, fizikuri mxare), aramed is, rom igi mniSvnelobis ada-mianuri samyaros Semadgeneli nawilia. simbolos ma-terialuri mxare misi mniSvnelobis funqciiT gadai-fareba, STainTqmeba, simboloSi mniSvneloba da misi matarebeli garegnuli arsi ganuyrel erTianobas qmni-an. iq, sadac operirebs simbolo, mudamaa mniSvneloba.

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amdenad, langerTan simbolizaciis sfero logikis, se-mantikis, mniSvnelobis sferoa.

transformaciul procesebs Soris langeri gansa-kuTrebiT gamoyofs abstraqcias. abstraqcia intuiciuri procesia, logikuri intuiciis erT-erTi bazisuri aqtia. abstraqciis umartivesi da tipuri gamovlena sim-bolizaciis procesSi xdeba. `yoveli saSualeba (device), romlis meoxebiTac Cven vawarmoebT abstrahirebas, aris simboluri elementi da yoveli abstraqcia moicavs simbolizacias~ (15), - ambobs langeri.

amdenad, langerTan simbolo abstrahirebis iaraRad gvevlineba. igi arasruli fazebisagan Semdgar safex-urebriv procesadaa warmodgenili. aq yovel safexurs ukavSirdeba protosimboluri fenomeni. swored is faqti, rom simbolo abstraqtuli xasiaTisaa, s. lang-eris azriT, aniWebs mas mecnierul Rirebulebas.

mecnierebaSi abstraqcia ganzogadebul xasiaTs ata-rebs. mas mkvlevari prezentatuls (presentational) uwo-debs. mecnierebaSi saqme gvaqvs simboloTa umaRlesad ganviTarebul, gansakuTrebul, sagangebo moxmarebasTan. mecnieruli simboloebi konverciuli xasiaTisani arian, winaswari SeTanxmebiT miiRebian. aqtiurad ki maTi ga-movlena yvelaze gabedul, naTel abstraqciebSi xdeba (16). maTematikuri simbolizmi daxvewili enis umaRlesi formaa, maSin, rodesac xelovnebaSi abstraqcia sru-liad sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba (maizolirebeli, me-taforuli, meoradi, trancendentaluri).

s. langeri asxvavebs simbolizmis or formas: diskur-sulsa da warmomadgenlobiTs. diskursuli simboliz-mis naTeli magaliTia ena.

diskursuloba niSnavs wrfivobas. gamoiTqmebian mxo-lod is azrebi, romlebic garkveuli wesiT lagdebian Cvens gonebaSi. yoveli idea, romelic Cajdeba mwkrivSi, arakomunikabeluri xdeba. kavSiri sityva – struqtu-rebsa da maT mniSvnelobebs Soris logikuri analogiis gziT xorcieldeba. enas aqvs leqsikoni, sintaqsi, mis

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elementebs - fiqsirebuli mniSvneloba. erTi da igive mniSvneloba SeiZleba gadmoices sityvaTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT. erTi da igive mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad SeiZleba gvqondes alternatiuli sityvebi. aq vlindeba enobrivi simboloebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli, SesaZle-bloba erTi enobrivi sistemidan meoreze Targmnisa.

warmomadgenlobiTi (presentational) simboloebi aradis-kursulni arian. xelovnebis nawarmoebis, vTqvaT, naxa-tis, Semadgeneli elementebi ar arian enis elementebis msgavsni. am elementebs ar aqvT fiqsirebuli mniSvne-loba. konteqstidan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia maTi axsna. maT ara aqvT leqsikoni, amdenad, Targmanic gamoricx-ulia.

mxatvrul simbolos ekisreba erTaderTi funqcia: gadmosces grZnobaTa logikuri proeqcia. mxatvrul simbolos ar aqvs mimarTebiTi (referential) funqcia. igi mxolod maformebeli (formulative) funqciiT xasiaTdeba. naxati axdens gamocdilebis pirdapir gadmocemas. Tavisi struqturiT naxati rogorc eqspresiuli forma grZnobaTa formis analogiaa. igi TavisTavis garda araferze ar miuTiTebs (17). mxatvruli simbolo ga-moxatavs mudmivs, usasrulos, idealurs. igi erTeuli individis grZnobebis gamomxatveli ki ar aris, aramed warmoaCens, zogadad, grZnobaTa morfologias Tanac, iseTi usazRvro variaciebiT, rogoric arc erT sxva saxis simbolos ar ZaluZs. mxatvruli simbolo lang-ers warmoudgenia dausrulebel, dauboloebel sim-bolod. es ise unda gavigoT, rom misi Sinaarsis aqtu-aluri funqcia mudmivqmnadia, misi gamomsaxvelobiTi forma SeiZleba igrZno, daiWiro, magram misi gansaz-Rvreba definicia SeuZlebelia. mxatvruli simbolos mniSvneloba aris sayovelTao, samudamod fiqsirebuli. mas SeuZlia mudmivad awarmoos grZnobaTa artikula-cia. amitom mudam iwvevs pirovnul, asociaciur da lo-gikur warmosaxvas. cnobierebaSi axdens simboluri

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formebis abstrahirebas da mudmivad ganarCevs maT im sagnebSi, romelTa simbolizaciasac axdens. es aris pi-roba simbolosa da obieqtis identificirebisa. SeiniS-neba tendencia oris erT srulad aradiferencirebul SenaeraTad gaerTianebisa.

naSromSi `goni~ s. langeri did adgils uTmobs mxatvruli mniSvnelobis sakiTxs. mxatvrul nawar-moebSi grZnobaTa gamoxatuleba ganuyofelia misi Si-naarsisagan. garegani, perceptualuri (aRqmadi) forma erTaderTi formaa, romliTac is warmogvidgeba. igi wi-naswari SeTanxmebiT ar miiReba, Sinaganadaa arsebiTi mxatvruli simbolosaTvis (18). mxatvruli mniSvneloba, `bunebrivi~ (natural) simbolos mniSvnelobisagan gansxva-vebiT, ar moiTxovs interpretacias; interpretacia amsxvrevs mxatvruli mniSvnelobis aRqmas. langerisaT-vis mniSvneloba Tvisebaa da ara funqcia. mxatvrul simboloSi formidan mniSvnelobaze gadasvla ar xdeba. isini aq Serwmuli arian, imanenturi arian erTmaneTis mimarT. mxatvruli simbolos mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnad langers Semoaqvs axali termini `import~, Tuki `bune-brivi~ simbolos mniSvneloba miiwvdomeba gaSualebu-lad, inteleqtualuri interpretaciis meoxebiT, “import” miiRweva gauSualeblad, intuiciis meSveobiT.

musikis detaluri Seswavla, s. langeris mosazrebiT, unda iqces gasaRebad xelovnebis sxva dargebis Ses-wavlisaTvis, radganac musikaa xelovnebis erTaderTi dargi, romelic wminda eqspresiuli formiT (eqspre-siuli langerTan Tanxvdeba esTetikur formas) warmog-vidgeba. wminda mxatvruli mniSvneloba musikaluri nawarmoebis gamWvirvale formidan srulad warmoCin-deba. am emociur Sinaarss, romelic musikalur nawar-moebs moaqvs, langeri adarebs enis konceptualur Si-naarss, radganac orive simbolurad gamoixateba. musika ar warmoadgens grZnobebis aRmZvrel mizezs. igi araa emociaTa ena. aq xdeba grZnobaTa logikuri asaxva.

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musika `logikuri suraTia~ grZnobaTa samyarosi, Sina-gani xedvis wyaroa. musikiT gadmoicema mudmivi, usas-rulo, idealuri, ara erTeuli individis grZnobaTa samyaro, aramed grZnoba TavisTavad, grZnoba rogorc aseTi, Tanac motivaciis imgvarad mdidari, uTvalavi variaciebiT, rac arc erT sxva enas ar ZaluZs. xelov-nebis Sinaarsi mudam realuria, misi warmodgenis saxe ki SesaZloa fiqcia iyos. magram Tu Sinaarss war-moadgens grZnobebis, impulsebis, vnebaTa cxovreba, ma-Sin simboloebi, romlebic gaxsnian maT, ar iqnebian arc bgerebi, arc moqmedebani, arc asociaciuri niSnebi. aq Sinaarsis gadmocema simbolur formaTa daxmarebiT moxdeba. musikiT gadmocemuli dramatuli moqmedeba, movlena Tu vneba vlindeba imgvari logikuri formiT, romelic Tanxvdeba subieqturi gamocdilebis gansaz-Rvrul dinamikur formebs. Sinagani procesebi: emoci-uri Tu inteleqtualuri, gviCveneben im tipebs, romel-Tac SegviZlia musikaluri movlenebis aRmniSvneli sax-elebi vuwodoT.

musika ar aris ena, radganac mas ara aqvs arc sity-vari, arc leqsikoni, tonebs ar aqvT fiqsirebuli ko-notacia, arc leqsikuri mniSvneloba, ufro metic, tons aqvs uamravi aspeqti, romliTac igi Sedis musikaluri gamomsaxvelobiTobis cnebaSi, magram ara harmoniaSi. umartivesi musikaluri struqturac ki eqspresiuli Rirebulebebis uamrav faqtors moicavs. musikalur na-warmoebSi sruliad SeuZlebelia calkeuli intervale-bis eqspresiuli Rirebulebebis determinireba.

musikaSi ar iZebneba enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva saSualebebic, vTqvaT, sintaqsuri wesebi rTuli kono-taciis Sesaqmnelad, calkeuli elementebi fiqsirebuli konotaciiT. musikas, Tu ar CavTvliT onomatopoeturi Temebis mcire raodenobas, ar aqvs zustad gansazRvru-li mniSvneloba. samagierod, musika axdens im formebis artikulacias, romelTac ena ver iyenebs. radgan `ork-estrul enas~ ar aqvs sityvebi. igi verasodes ver Se-

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gvxvdeba verbaluri eniT da rasac eniT gamouTqmels uwodebs avtori. radgan adamianur grZnobaTa forma mu-sikalur formebs ufro Seesatyviseba, vidre enobrivs, musikas ZaluZs grZnobaTa bunebis gaxsna iseT detaleb-Si da imgvari xarisxiT, raic enisaTvis yovlad miu-wvdomelia. musikaSi araCveulebrivi sizustiT irekleba grZnobaTa morfologia.

musikaSi iZebneba WeSmariti simbolizmis yvela ni-Sani, garda erTisa: dadgenili konotaciisa. musika mis umaRles, wminda simbolur gamovlenaSi warmoadgens dausrulebel, dauboloebel, mudmivqmnad simbolos. misi sicocxlisunarianoba artikulaciaSia, xolo Si-naarsis aqtualuri funqcia mudmivqmnadobaSia. musi-kaluri nawarmoebi SeiZleba igrZno, daiWiro, magram misi gansazRvra, misi definicia, dadgena SeuZlebelia. simbolos mniSvneloba sayovelTaod da samudamod fiqsirebuli araa, igi mudam nagulisxmevia. musikis realuri Zala im faqtSia, rom mas ZaluZs grZnobaTa samyaros WeSmariti suraTi mogvces. misi gamomxatveli formebi Sinaarsis imgvari ambivalentobiT gamoirCeva, rac sityvebs ar axasiaTebs. musikis saSualebiT Seu-Zlebelia grZnobaTa mudmivi artikulacia. pasuxi, ro-melsac moiTxovs musikaluri nawarmoebi, mudam pirov-nuli, asociaciuri da logikuria. is codna, romelic musikas moaqvs, emociur da organul gamocdilebas vi-talur impulsebs, balansirebas da konfliqtebs, mok-led, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, grZnobaTa arsebobis wesebs moicavs. musikaSi xSirad xdeba simbolosa da obieqtis identificireba. cnobierebaSi simbolur for-maTa abstrahirebis gamo mudmivad xdeba maTi Sereva im sagnebSi, romelTa simbolizaciasac isini axdenen. ori-ves aqvs midrekileba gaerTiandes sruliad aradiferen-cirebul SenaerTad.

mxatvruli nawarmoebi langers warmoudgenia ganviTare-bul metaforad, radgan metaforis msgavsad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi ar moiTxovs Targmans, ideaTa Sedarebas, igi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sakuTari formiT vlindeba,

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mniSvneloba masSi uSualod aRiqmeba. xelovnebis nawar-moebs langeri ganviTarebul metaforas uwodebs. (19).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom s. langeris cdam, daeZlia kasireriseuli simbolur formaTa sistemis naklovanebebi, marcxi ganicada. sim-boloTa miseuli klasifikaciis nakli igive Cans. rasac kasirerTan vxvdebiT. kerZod, ver moxerxda verc xelov-nebis analizuri saqmianobis sferoSi Seyvana, ada-mianuri gamocdilebis xelovnebaSi speqtraluri gaxsna, verc mxatvruli simbolos amomwuravi analizis mocema. Tumca langerma, kasirerisagan gansxvavebiT, SesZlo sworad daenaxa simbolos struqturuli agebuleba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom langeri faqtobrivad izi-arebs kantis mosazrebas simbolosa da sqemis gansxvave-bis Sesaxeb, rom simbolo SinaarsiT ki ar hgavs gamosa-sax `ideas~, aramed refleqsiis formiT. langerTan sim-bolo struqturulad hgavs imas, rasac igi gamoTqvams. mxatvruli simbolo Tavisi `logikuri~ struqturiT emsgavseba grZnoba-emociebis nakads. Tumca, aqve unda vTqvaT, rom kantTan SedarebiT langeri ukeT xedavs simbolos gansakuTrebul maxasiaTeblebs. kerZod, rom simbolos Sinaarsi gonebis idea ki ar aris, aramed SeiZleba grZanoba-emociac iyos. langeris Teoriis upiratesobad unda CaiTvalos is faqtic, rom masTan naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli simboloSi RirebulebaTa ganxorcielebis momenti, arc kantTan, arc SelingTan, arc hegelTan es garemoeba ar fiqsirdeba. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan germanul klasikaSi Rirebulebis cneba bolomde gacnobierebuli ar iyo, yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, Rirebulebis cnebis Sinaarsi arsebiTad mxo-lod gnoseologiur ganaserSi warmoCindeba.

$10. mirCa eliades miTo-religiuri simbolizmi

Tanamedrove filosofiur da religiaTmcodneobiT literaturaSi erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mirCe eliades miTo-religiuri simbolizmis koncepcias.

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Mm. eliades TeoriiT mixedviT, simbolo Cveni cnobiere-bis sagania, da ara analogia, metafora, an warmodgena. simbolo “cnobierebis sagania” da swored amis gamo igi moiazreba, rogorc sagani “Tavis TavSi”. praqtikulad amiT wyvets simbolo sakuTar istoriul substrats.

m. eliadesaTvis samyaro “simboloebiT laparakobs” da samyaros axsna mxolod simboloTa meoxebiTaa SesaZlebeli (Sdr.: paul tillixis mosazrebas 24)

mirCa eliades koncepciis sayrdeni kasireris sim-bolur formaTa filosofiaa. kerZod e. kasireris de-finicia, rom adamiani aris animal symbolicus, da rom mTe-li misi moRvaweoba gulisxmobs simbolizms. radgan adamianis arsobrivi maxasiaTebeli simbolizaciis una-ria, yvelaferi, rasac is awarmoebs, simboluria. eli-ades kvlevis centrSi dgas miTo-religiuri simbolo. igi Tvlis, rom yoveli religiuri faqti auciloblo-biT simboluri xasiaTis matarebelia.

yoveli religiuri aqti an kultis sagani meta-empiriuli miznis mqoneni arian. yoveli aqti, im wuTi-dan rogorc ki religiuri mniSvnelobiT daitvirTeba, iqceva simbolod, miTo-religiur simbolod, radganac zebunebrivi Rirebulebebis, an formebis Canacvleba daekisreba.

m. eliades mizania, Seagrovos da gaaanalizos yvela socio-lingvisturi konteqsti, am meTodiT igi cdi-lobs dawuros simbolos Tauri mniSvneloba. iniciaci-is urTulesi fenomenis gaanalizebis saSualebiT mkvlevari ilustrirebas axdens, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaixsnas eqsistencionaluri situaciis, romelic sxva-dasxva ritualebis socialur konteqstebsa Tu miTebSi, TiTqosda gansxvavebul miznebs emsaxureba, magram sabo-lood erTia. miTo-simbolos Tauri mniSvnelobis gax-sna eliades praqtikulad SeuZleblad miaCnia, mizania im procesis gaxsna, romliTac miTo-religiuri simbo-luri struqturis codna gamdidrdeba.

simbolos ZaluZs gaxsnas arsebulis (realobis) modaloba an samyaros mdgomareoba, romelic uSualo

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cdis doneze ar cxaddeba. es ar aris racionaluri Se-mecnebis saqme, aramed aqtiuri cnobierebis gansjamdeli saqmianobaa.

simbolos aqvs unari, gaxsnas samyaros Sinagani aR-nagi. eliade am mosazrebis ilustrirebas axdens kos-mosuri xis umTavresi mniSvnelobis gaxsnis gziT. xe xsnis samyaros, rogorc cocxal erTianobas, romelic periodulad aRorZinebas ganicdis. amis gamo mudmivad mdidari, amouwuravi da nayofieri samyaro “laparakobs” kosmosuri xis “piriT” da misi “sityva” pirdapiri gage-biT esmiT. samyaro Seimecneba, rogorc sicocxle, yofi-erebis xati. (20). miTo-religiuri simboloebi, romle-bic sicocxlis modelebs exebian, xsnian sicocxlis ufro Rrma, saidumlo-sakralur fens. miTo-religiuri simbolos SuqSi “amoxsnili’ adamianuri cxovreba dafa-rul mxares warmoaCens: igi modis saidanRac Zalian Soreuli mxridan. igi “RvTaebrivia” im azriT, rom ze-bunebrivi ZalebiTaa Seqmnili.

kulturis arqaul doneze miTo-religiuri simbolo-ebi aRniSnaven ontologias, sistemamdel ontologias. mniSvneloba, romelic maT moaqvT cnebebad araa for-mulirebuli da maTi cnebad Targmna xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia (21) miTo-simbolos arsebiTi maxasiaTebe-li mravalmniSvneladobaa. mas aqvs unari gadmosces erTdroulad ramdenime mniSvneloba, uSualo cdis doneze am mniSvnelobaTa Soris kavSiri ver fiqsirdeba. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia mTvaris simbolizmi. igi xsnis bunebriv erTianobas mTvaris ritmebsa da bune-briv movlenebs, vTqvaT wylis moZraoba, mcenareTa gan-viTareba, sikvdili da aRdgoma, adamianis bediswera da a.S., Soris. mTvaris simbolizmi xsnis “mistikur“ wes-rigis Sesabamisobas kosmosuri realobis sxvadasxva donesa da adamianis arsebobis modalobebs Soris.

miTosur-religiuri simbolos saSualebiT adamiani xsnis rogorc samyaros erTianobas, ise sakuTari bedis ganuyoflobas samyaros mTelidan. simboloTa gansxvave-

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buli mniSvnelobebi qmnian “sistemas”, integrirdebian sxvadasxva registrSi: kosmologiurSi, anTropologi-urSi, sulierSi. mTvaris ritmi xsnis Sesabamis stru-qturebs., simbolos aqvs sasruli realobis dapirispi-rebul aspeqtTa gamoxatvis unari. masSi dapirispire-buli da antagonisturi sawyisebis paradoqsuli Tana-arsebobaa ganxorcielebuli. (Sdr: n. kuzelis Tval-sazriss, romelic Tvlida, rom RvTaebrivi bunebis gan-martebaTa Soris yvelaze axlos mdgomia ganmarteba co-incidentia oppositorum ). simboloebi, romlebic xsnian coinci-dentia oppositorum-s, eqsistencionaluri daZabulobis rezultatia (22) magaliTad, erT sibrtyeze moqceuli xTonuri da sibnelis simbolo gvelisa da mzis da si-naTlis simbolo arwivisa gamosaxaven sayovelTao er-Tianobis da kosmiurobis saidumlos.

miTo-religiuri simbolo eqsistencionaluri Rire-bulebis gamomxatvelia. swored es eqsistencionaluri ganzomileba ganasxvavebs simbolos cnebisgan. isini uSualod exebian adamianuri arsebobas. m. eliades az-riT, miTo-religiuri simbolo ara oden xsnis realo-bis struqturas, anu yofierebis ganzomilebas, aramed imavdroulad aniWebs adamianur arsebobas mniSvnelo-bas. miTo-religiuri simbolo Targmnis adamianur situ-acias kosmologiur terminebSi da piruku, ufro zus-tad igi gvixsnis adamianuri arsebobisa da kosmosis aRnagis erTianobas.(23)

adamiani Tavs izolirebulad ar grZnobs kosmosSi, igi Riaa samyarosaTvis, romelic simbolos meoxebiT iqceva “niSnad”. simbolos kosmologiuri mniSvnelobebi subieqturi situaciidan amorTvis saSualebaa. sim-bolos meoxebiT erTeuli subieqtis xedva iRviZebs da sulier aqtad gardaiqmneba. adamiani, romelsac esmis simbolo, gaxsnilia obieqturi samyaros mimarT da pi-raduli situaciebis gadaWras warmatebiT axerxebs.

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Tavi III mxatvruli saxis Taviseburebani da

mxatvruli simbolo

$11. mxatvruli saxis gnoseologiuri aspeqti mxatvruli saxis bunebis gaxsna jer kidev Zvel

berZnul filosofias ainteresebda. platonisa da aris-toteles moZRvrebebSi mxatvruli saxis kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.

xelovnebas platoni empiriuli sinamdvilis, grZno-bad-individualuri sagnebis mibaZvad miiCnevda da aqedan cdilobda misi bunebis axsnas. platonis filosofiis mixedviT, yoveli individualuri sagani gansxvavdeba Sesatyvisi ideisagan. igi mis mibaZvas, dabnelebul damaxinjebul aslas warmoadgens. xelovnebis mier Seqm-nili saxe ki orjer metad gansxvavdeba ideisagan, vinai-dan igi aris ara namdvili ideis moCveneba, misi dab-nelebuli asli, aramed im sagnis moCveneba, romelic Ta-vad aris ideis moCveneba. xelovnebis iaraRi fantaziaa, gansxvavebiT filosofiisagan, da, amdenad, igi araTu uaxlovdeba individualuri sagnis zogad cnebas, ideas, aramed Sordeba mas. xelovnebaSi sagnis cneba, an idea ufro dabnelebulia, vidre TviT im saganSi, romelsac xelovneba baZavs. platonis moZRvrebaSi mxatvruli saxe moCvnebis moCvenebad warmogvidgeba.

saganTa WeSmaritebis dadgena, maTi ideuri wvdoma mxolod filosofias ZaluZs zogadi cnebebis meSveo-biT; mxatvruli saxe ki amis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, radganac igi WeSmaritad arsebuli ideis moCvenebis bnel asls warmoadgens. sergi danelia marTebulad aR-niSnavs, rom platonTan filosofia aris cnebaTa meS-veobiT TavisTavad arsebul ideaTa Semecneba, xelov-neba ki cnebaTa dabnelebaa, vinaidan is aris grZnobi-seuli, anu individualuri sagnebis mibaZva. (1).

aristotelem uaryo platonis moZRvreba ideis Ses-axeb. arsitoteles mixedviT, zogadi arsebobs ara Tavis

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TavSi, aramed kerZoSi, xolo kerZo aris ara Tavisi Ta-viT, aramed zogadis meSveobiT. amdenad, yoveli kerZo aris realoba, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs zogad ideas, anu formas, igi formisa da materiis naerTia. xelovneba, aristoteles azriTac, empiriuli sinamdvi-lis mibaZvaa, magram igi ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed enaTesaveba filosofias, radgan erTic da meorec cod-nisaken miswrafebaa. orive amodis individualuri sagne-bidan, romlebic grZnobad aRqmaSi gveZleva. Tu filo-sofia aanalizebs am individualur sagnebs da Sedegad iRebs sagnebis cnebas, xelovneba baZavs individualur sagnebs da Sedegad iRebs saganTa suraTs, mxatvrul saxes, anu xats. igi, cnebis msgavsad, zogadia. mravalTa sinTezia, avlens realur sagnebs uSualod, da ara war-mosaxvis saSualebiT, rogorc es platons hgonia.

amdenad, mxatvruli saxe WeSmaritebis wvdomis ise-Tive Tanasworuflebiani saSualebaa, rogorc cneba. ufro metic, xelovnebaSi xorcieldeba iseTi codna, romelic, magaliTad, istorias ar gaaCnia da arc Sei-Zleba gaaCndes. sergi danelias marTebuli SeniSvniT, aristoteles TeoriaSi xelovnebas kaci ahyavs msof-lio kanonzomierebis Wvretamde da, radgan msoflio kanonzomiereba Seadgens filosofiuri Semecnebis mi-zans, amdenad, xelovneba enaTesaveba filosofias da sruliad ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.

amdenad, berZnul xelovnebis filosofiaSi aSkarad aris gamokveTili ori xazi – platonisa da aristo-teles xazi. Tuki platoni uaryofs xelovnebis Se-mecnebiT SesaZleblobas, filosofiaze dabla ayenebs mas, mxatvrul saxes miiCnevs WeSmariti sinamdvilis gayalbebad, gabundovanebad, amis sapirispirod, aristo-teles mizania, aCvenos, rom xelovneba Tavisi bunebiT filosofiuria, rom igi iseve miiswrafis codnisaken, WeSmaritebis wvdomisaken, rogorc filosofia. filoso-fia amas cnebis meSveobiT aRwevs, xelovnebaSi ki am amocanis Sesruleba mxatvrul saxeebs ekisrebaT, ro-

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melTac Tavisi forma, Tavisi arseba, Tavisi mizani da Rirebuleba aqvT. maTi saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli codna arafriT ar Camouvardeba filosofiaSi cnebebiT ganxorcielebul codnas.

filosofiisa da xelovnebis aseTi daaxloebis miuxe-davad, aristotele mkveTrad ganasxvavebs maT. sergi da-nelias azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sityva `tipi~ aris-toteles TxzulebaSi ar gvxvdeba, mxatvruli tipis cneba aris aristoteles poetikis ZiriTadi cneba (1). xelovneba, baZavs ra individualur sagnebs, qmnis erT saxes an erT warmodgenas, romelSic warmodgenilia mravali sagani. amdenad, tipi (waikiTxe: mxatvruli saxe) aris zogadi, mravlis sinTezi. aristoteles mixedviT, tipi ganiWvriteba, mas xelovani uSualod xedavs; igi intuiciis obieqtia, mTliani warmodgenaa. poeti uSu-alod Wvrets tips, mas amisaTvis ar sWirdeba arc analizi, arc msjeloba. ama Tu im konkretul saganSi poeti uSualod xedavs tips, radganac tipi yovel kon-kretul saganSi ukve mocemulia, saWiroa misi mxolod danaxva.

aristoteles koncefciiT, gansxvaveba tipsa da cne-bas Soris aris ara raodenobrivi an xarisxobrivi, ara-med Tvisebrivi, anu gvareuli. umarTebuloa imis mtki-ceba, rom xelovnebaSi naklebi an ufro dabali xaris-xis codnaa mocemulia, vidre mecnierebaSi. es orive forma Tanabrad saWiroa kacobriobisaTvis.

platon-aristoteles xazTa ganviTareba–gardaqmnam germanul klasikur filosofiaSi miiRo srulyofili da dasrulebuli saxe, erTi mxriv, hegelisa da, meore mxriv, Selingis TeoriebSi.

hegelTan sinamdvile aris absoluturi sulis ganvi-Tareba, filosofiuri sistema ki am ganviTarebis su-raTi. absoluturi idea, romelic sinamdvilis safuZ-velSia, viTardeba logikuri kategoriebis formiT. am safexurze absoluturi idea Camoyalibda rogorc lo-gikuri kategoriebis sistema. ganviTarebis meore safex-

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urze igi gansxvisdeba bunebaSi, saidanac kvlav ubrun-deba Tavis Tavs da gonis safexurze adis. gonis mier WeSmariti TviTSemecneba misi ganviTarebis mesame safe-xurze (absoluturi gonis safexurze) xdeba. esaa abso-lutis mTlianobis aRdgena, rac sami ZiriTadi formiT mimdinareobs: xelovnebiT, religiiT da filosofiiT. es is saSualebebia, romlebiTac absuluturi goni imecnebs sakuTar Tavs. amrigad, hegelTan xelovneba gvevlineba Semecnebis formad (RmerTis TviTSemecnebis formad), oRond absolutis TviTSemecnebis yvelaze da-bal formad. WeSmariteba xom hegelisaTvis absolutis, subieqturisa da obieqturis mTlianobis aRdgenaa, xo-lo es aRdgena xorcieldeba grZnobadi saxis, war-modgenisa da cnebis formebSi. amisGan Tavisi Sinaarsis – absoluturi ideis – savsebiT adekvaturi gamoTqma mxolod cnebas SeuZlia, romliTac filosofia operi-rebs. rac Seexeba mxatvrul saxes, aq idea grZnobadi Wvretis formaSia mocemuli (xelovneba hegelisaTvis ideisa da grZnobadi formis erTianobaa) da igi WeS-maritebis wvdomis dabal safexurad warmogvidgeba. he-geli ityvis: xelovneba ukve aRar pasuxobso gonis umaRles moTxovnilebas, radgan xelovnebis saxeebs ar ZaluZT absolutis sruli Sinaarsis adekvaturi ga-movlena (3). xelovnebam arsebiTad amowura Tavisi Sesa-Zlebloba. is, risi Tqmac xelewifeba filosofias, ar SeuZlia xelovnebas. xelovneba Tavisi arsebiTi dani-Snulebis mxriv, hegelisaTvis ukve warsulia.

sruliad sawinaaRmdgo poziciaze dgas Selingi. misT-vis xelovneba aris filosofiis organoni. Selingis mixedviT, yoveli arsebulis safuZvelSi devs absoluti, rogorc wminda indiferencia realurisa da idealuris, subieqturisa da obieqturis, rogorc me-sa da ara-me-s identoba. WeSmariti codna niSnavs subieqtisa da obi-eqtis damTxvevas, yoveli arsebuli miiswrafis amgvari igiveobisaken, risi sruli ganxorcielebac xelovnebaSi xdeba (mxatvrul saxeSi). Selings miaCnia, rom esTeti-

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kuri unari Teoriul unarze maRla mdgomia. mxatvrul saxeSi moxsnilia gansxvaveba realursa da idealurs Soris. masSi aracnobierisa da cnobieris (bunebisa da Tavisuflebis) sinTezia mocemuli, zustad ise, rogo-ric absolutSia nagusxmevi. mxatvruli saxe sasrulo formiT gamoxatavs usasrulos. `Tuki esTetikuri Wvre-ta sxva araferia, Tu ara obieqtivirebuli inteleqtu-aluri, maSin cxadi xdeba, rom xelovnebaSi Cven gvaqvs rogorc filosofiis dokumenti, ise misi erTaderTi da namdvili organoni. xelovneba filosofoss warmoud-geba, rogorc umaRlesi ram, TiTqos mis mzeras iseT rames uCvenebdes, rac istoriisa da bunebisTvis mxo-lod Tavis gancalkevebulobaSia cnobili, rac maT nia-dag usxlteba xelidan rogorc cxovrebasa da sinamdvi-leSi, ise azrovnebaSi. filosofosis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili Sexeduleba bunebaze xelovnebisTvisac bune-brivia da pirveladi~. (4)

mxatvrul saxeSi gacilebiT metia mocemuli, vidre cnebaSi, romelic gvivlens idealuri samyaros suraTs mxolod garkveul, SezRudul pirobebSi. mxolod xe-lovnebas aqvs RvTaebrivi unari, obieqturad sayovel-Taod aqcios is, rasac filosofia mxolod subieq-turis formiT gadmogvcems.

amrigad, Tuki hegelisaTvis mxatvruli saxe WeS-maritebis Semecnebis dabali safexuria, SelingTan, piriqiT, igi saSualebas aZlevs adamians miswvdes umaR-less, Seimecnos absoluti. mxatvruli saxe `sulis TviTganWvretaa~. masSi ganxorcielebulia subieqtursa da obieqturs Soris Tavdapirveli harmonia. mxatvruli saxe, romelic Seqmnilia bunebis karnaxiT, mudam moicavs ufro mets, vidre xelovani apirebda, rom eTqva. amas Selingi `saswauls~ uwodebs. `erTxelac rom Seqmniliyo igi (mxatvruli saxe – a. z.) unda daverwmunebineT, rom umaRlesi yofiereba absoluturad realuria~. (5).

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Selingi xazs usvams mxatvruli saxis mravalmniSvne-lobas, radganac masSi sasrulis saxiT usasruloa gad-mocemuli.

xelovneba, Selingis mtkicebiT, mecnierebis pirvel-saxes warmoadgens. `mecniereba mxolod misdevs mas, rac xelovnebisaTvis misawvdomi gaxda~. (6). mxatvrul saxeSi ganxorcielebulia WeSmaritad arsebuli, igi mis yofi-erebaSia warmodgenili. igi ideis sruli gamoxatulebaa.

amdenad, mxatvrul saxeSi ganxorcielebuli Semec-neba gacilebiT maRla dgas mecnierul cnebaSi moce-mul Semecnebaze.

`universumebi agebulia RmerTSi, rogorc maradiuli mSveniereba. rogorc xelovnebis absoluturi qmnileba. aseve yvela sagani TavisTavad an RmerTSi udavod mSvenieria da aseve udavod WeSmariti. amitom, xelovne-bis formebi, ramdenadac isini mSvenieri sagnebis for-mebi arian, aseTivea RmerTSic da TavisTavadac~. (7)

rogorc hegelis, ise Selingis TvalsazrisSi mxat-vruli saxis mravali arsebiTi momentia gaxsnili. mxat-vruli saxe marTlac Taviseburi wvdomaa sinamdvilisa, `WeSmaritebisa~ da amdenad, igi hgavs sinamdvilis Se-mecnebis produqts, radgan, cnebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxatvruli saxis amocana is ki ar aris (yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, mxolod an upiratesad is ki ar aris), rom dagvanaxos sagani ise, rogorc is aris TavisTavad (amis Cveneba cnebis saqmea), aramed am sagnis esTetikuri Ri-rebulebis Cvenebaa. SeiZleba Selingi marTalic iyos imaSi, rom sagnebi TavisTavad, anu RmerTSi, usaTuod mSvenierni unda iyvnen, magram jer kidev dasabuTeba sWirdeba im azrs (romelsac Selingi emyareba), rom si-namdvilis mxatvruli xedva, esTetikuri Wvreta aris RmerTis mier absolutur mxatvrul nawarmoebad mara-diul silamazeze agebuli universaluri Wvreta. sxva Tu araferi, Tanamedrove xelovnebaze amis Tqma ga-Wirdeba, Tumca veravin uaryofs, rom es xelovnebac mxatvruli saxeebiT Wvrets sinamdviles.

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garda amisa, hegelica da Selingic WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis igiveobis daSvebidan amodian. am igiveobas ki dasabuTeba sWirdeba. marTebulic rom iyos azri WeSmaritebisa da mSvenierebis igiveobaze, aq mainc saqme gveqneboda gansxvavebulTa igiveobasTan, dialeqtikur igiveobasTan da ara tavtologiasTan. es Tundac iqidan aris naTeli, rom winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arc maTi wvdomis formebs – Teoriul Semecnebasa da mxatvrul xedvas Soris iqneboda raime gansxvaveba. am ukanasknels ki arc hegeli uaryofs, arc Selingi. es ganxvaveba iqi-danac Cans naTlad, rom Teoriul Semecnebas yovelTvis zogadTan aqvs saqme, mSvenieris arseboba ki, rogorc ganumeorebeli esTetikuri Rirebulebis materebelisa, erTeul saganSi Zevs, Semecnebis saSualebiT misi dadgena SeuZlebelia, radganac sagnobrivi codna mis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. amdenad. mxatvruli saxis Semecne-bis saxeobad miCnevas sabediswero Secdomamde mihyavs hegelic, Selingica da maTi mimdevrebic.

esTetikis istoriaSi mxatvruli saxis gagebis sxva cdebic gvxvdeba, magram isini originalobiT ar ga-moirCevian da ZiriTadad heglis an Selingis Tvalsaz-risze daiyvanebian.

esTetikaSi mxatvruli saxis problemis gadawyvetas-Tan yvelaze axlos mivida germaneli filosofosi ni-kolai hartmani. n. hartmanis mixedviT, xelovnebis nawarmoebi ori ZiriTadi planisagan Sedgeba – gark-veuli saxis gaformebuli grZnobadi realuri sagnis (hartmani mas mxatvruli saxis `wina plans~ uwodebs) da masSi gamovlenili irealur-warmosaxviTi Sinaarsisagan (`ukana plani~).

n. hartmani eTanxmeba hegels imaSi, rom mxatvruli saxe aris idealuri Sinaarsis, irealuri grZnobad-kon-kretulis gamovlena; hegelma, – ambobs hartmani, - swo-rad dainaxa esTetikuri sagnis ormagi buneba, magram vidre es irealuri realurSi gamovlindeba, man unda gaiaros safexurebi. amdenad, mxatvruli saxis Sinaarsis

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amowurvac mxolod `ideiT~ hartmans marTebulad ar miaCnia. aq Semodis araideismieric, individualuri, erTe-uli, tipuri, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi is, rac grZno-badad ar mogvecema, magram rasac ar aqvs wminda ideis-mieri xasiaTi da arc uSualod grZnobadia. grZnobadad mocemulsa da aRqmisaTvis ucnob ideurobas Soris unda iyo kidev fena, romelic hegelTan gamorCenilia.

maS, esTetikur sagans hartmanTan ormagi yofiereba axasiaTebs – realuri da irealuri. sagnis realuri, grZnobadi plani aRiqmeba pirveladi grZnobadi Wvre-tiT; meoradi, Sinagani Wvreta ki mimarTulia imaze, rac mxolod subieqtisTvis arsebobs da rac vlindeba wina, grZnobad planSi. es ori safexuri Wvretisa mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan da mTlianobaSi uzrunvelyofs mxatvruli saxis wvdomas.

mxatvruli nawarmoebi sulieri Rirebulebis gansa-kuTrebuli formaa `obieqtivirebuli suliao~, - ambobs hartmani (8). sxva sityvebiT, igi sulieri Sinaarsis gasagnobrivebaa, obieqtivizaciaa. obieqtivizacia xelov-nebaSi hartmanTan kompleqsuri yofierebiT xasiaTdeba. igi mxolod nawilobrivad realuri. realuria mxolod mxatvruli saxis wina plani, garkveulad gaformebuli masala, sulieri da idealuri Sinaarsi ki irealuria. es ukanaskneli gamovlinebadobiT xasiaTdeba. wina pla-ni mudam naTeli saxea, ukana plani arsebobs mxolod aRmqmeli cocxali sulisaTvis da mis cnobierebaSi. igi warmodgenili Sinaarsis saxiT arsebobs. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi meore, irealuri gamovlenadi Sre mudam konkretulia da savsea SinaarsiT, amave dros igi mWidro kavSirSia wina, grZnobad planTan, romlis meS-veobiTac vlindeba mWvretelisaTvis.

cnebisa da mxatvruli saxis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze hartmani askvnis, rom cneba mudmiv cvale-badobaSia, misdevs ra mudmivad cvlad Semecnebis proc-ess. amdenad SemecnebaSi cnebis aRmniSvnel terminsa da azriseul Sinaarss Soris kavSiri ar aris myari, mxat-

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vruli saxe ki sruliad sxvagvari stabilobiT xasiaT-deba. amis safuZveli imaSia, rom aq wina da ukana planebs Soris kavSiri myari da mudmivia, imis gamo, rom es kavSiri wmindad Sinagania, arc konverciulia da arc garedanaa raimeTi ganpirobebuli, gamiznulia uSu-alod WvretisTvis.

mxatvrul saxeSi realuri saxis formiT sulieri Sinaarsis yoveli detalia mocemuli. amitom yoveli detalis aRdgena SesaZlebelia Tavad am saxis SigniT da amisaTvis ar aris saWiro farTo gare kavSirebis rekonstruqcia, rogorc amas cneba moiTxovs. cnebaTa kavSiridan amorTuli cneba kargavs Tavis Sinaarss, icvleba, rogorc es Zveli berZnebis cnebebs mouvida; maTi Sinaarsis dadgena mxolod garkveuli konteqste-bis, sxva cnebaTa kavSirebis meoxebiT xerxdeba. amdenad, cneba Tavidan bolomde damokidebulia gareSe kavSirze, mxatvruli saxe ki – araferze, garda sakuTari Tavisa. formis sisavse sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mWvretelma ixilos sulieri (Geist) Sinaarsi. sulieri Sinaarsi ixsneba sagnis Wvretis procesSi da ara gaSualebuli Semecnebisas. TavisTavad aRebuli cneba araa sakuTar Tavze damokidebuli Caketili mTlianoba, gansxvavebiT mxatvruli saxisagan, romlis Sinaarsis xedvisaTvis mWvreteli ar saWiroebs araviTar gareSe kavSirebs. wina planis sisavse sakmarisia ukana planis gamovlenisaTvis.

mxatvruli saxis aseTi TviTkmari xasiaTis gamo, misi Wvretisas Cven vxedavT masSi gamoxatul sagans ara sxva sagnebTan da movlenebTan kavSirSi, ara Teoriul-Seme-cnebiTi kategoriebis qselSi, kerZod mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvSi CarTulad, aramed saqme gvaqvs TviTon masTan da mis imanentur RirebulebebTan. mxatvruli saxis wina planSi vlindeba masSi warmodgenili idealur-sulieri Sinaarsis Rirebulebebi. esTetikuri Rirebulebebis saidumloeba, hartmanis azriT, Zevs mxatvruli saxis wi-na planis unarSi gamoavlinos, gamoamJRavnos, TvalsaCi-no gaxados irealuri ukana planis esTetikuri Rirebu-

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lebebi. esTetikuri Rirebuleba gamWvirvalea sxva Ri-rebulebebisaTvis. mxatvruli saxis meSveobiT Cven ar SevimecnebT masSi gamosaxul sagans (e.i. ki ar davad-genT mis adgils sxva saganTa sistemaSi), aramed vWvretT mis Rirebulebas. sagnis Wvreta aq misi Rire-bulebis wvdomas erwymis.

swored es aris gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli hartmanis koncefciaSi: marTalia, mxatvruli saxe hgavs cnebas, moicavs Semecnebis moments, magram es momenti aq eqvem-debareba Rirebulebis wvdomis amocanas.

zemoTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, rom mxatvruli saxis gnoseologiur aspeqtze dayvana mis namdvil bunebas ver agvixsnis. gnoseologisturi Teoriebis ZiriTadi nakli is aris, rom isini mecnierebis (filosofiis) da xelovnebis Sinaarss aigiveben. marTalia, mxatvruli saxe yofierebis arsebis specifikuri gamosaxva da ga-momJRavnebaa. magram masSi mxolod codnis mopovebis procesi ar SeiZleba vigulisxmoT. mxatvruli saxis buneba unda gaixsnas misi SefasebiT-aqsiologiuri mo-mentis win wamoweviT.

$12. mxatvruli saxis RirebulebiTi aspeqti

cxadia, rom Semecnebis farglebSi mxatvruli saxis rTuli bunebis gaxsna ver moxerxdeba, rom gnoseolo-giuri aspeqti ver amowuravs mxatvruli saxis mTel Si-naarss. saWiroa veZeboT raRac sxva sfero, sadac igi srulad gamovlindeba.

aq, albaT upriani iqneba, mivmarToT i. kants, romel-mac Ziebis swori gezi dasaxa. man gamijna esTetikuri da SemecnebiTi. cnobilia, rom cnebebis saSualebiT ap-rioruli Semecnebis unars igi wminda gonebas uwodeb-da. i. kantis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo, ekvlia misi Sesa-Zleblobani da sazRvrebi, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praq-tikuli TvalsazrisiT. misma pirvelma kritikam mogvca

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codnis saganTa SesaZleblobebis pirobebi, meorem ki adamianis rogorc Tavisufali arsebis, moqmedebis ap-rioruli kanoni. magram sul male kanti mixvda, rom Tu Teoriuli da praqtikuli Semecneba mkacrad gayofili darCeba, adamianis rogorc mTelis gageba SeuZlebeli iqneba. da ai, igi qmnis mesame kritikas, romlis mizania, daakavSiros Teoriuli da zneobrivi sferoebi, gaam-Tlianos Semecnebis Teoriuli subieqti da zneobrivi, praqtikuli subieqti. es SemaerTebeli xidi unda gas-dos esTetikurma, romlis damoukideblobis sakiTxi uaryofiTad iyo gadawyvetili kantamdeli azrovnebis istoriaSi (gavixsenoT platon-aristoteles Teoriebi, sadac esTetikurs daqvemdebarebuli funqcia aqvs, mTeli momdevno esTetikuri Teoriebi am poziciis saxecvlilebebia.)

i. kantis Tavdapirveli amocana iyo esTetikurisaTvis avtonomiurobis mopoveba. amisaTvis saWiroa adamianis gonis unars – siamovneba--usiamovnebis unars – moenaxos aprioruli principi. cdaSi mocemuls gansazRvravs Te-oriuli unari, adamianis Tavisufal moqmedebas – praq-tikuli. am sferoebSi msjelobas ganmsazRvreli xasi-aTi aqvs. arsebobs kidev msjelobis sxva unari – mare-gulirebeli unari, romelic axali saxis aprioris wyaro unda iyos. Tu sagnis an warmodgenis arseboba ki ar gvainteresebs, aramed sagnis mier gamowveuli grZno-bebi da Cveni siamovneba-usiamovnebis unari apriorulo-bis pretenziiT mainc gamodis, maSin aq esTetikuri msjelobis unaris kritikasTan gveqneba saqmeo, - ambobs kanti (9).

siamovneba–usiamovnebis grZnobas kanti uwodebs er-TaderT wminda subieqtur `e.w. SegrZnebas~, romelic verasodes verafers gvetyvis obieqtis Sesaxeb, e.i. ar gamodgeba Semecnebad; magram SegrZnebasTan mudam kavSirSia esTetikuri msjeloba, romelic subieqturi da ara empiriuli mizanSewonilobiT xasiaTdeba. rogor xdeba, kantis mixedviT, gamTlianeba? Teoriuli unari

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aprioruli kanonebiT mxolod movlenebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas axorcielebs, magram imavdroulad mi-uTiTebs grZnobad subieqtze, romelic am sferoSi ar Seimecneba da, amdenad, savsebiT ganusazRvreli xdeba. msjelobis unari, esTetikuri sfero, Tavisi aprioruli kanonebiT miznobriv gansazRvrulobas amyarebs am ganusazRvrelad darCenil SinaarsSi, Tumca am sagnebis arsebobisaTvis gansazRvruloba saWiro ar aris, magram SemaerTebeli xidia, gardamavali safexuria aprioruli kanonebisaken. `es is gonebiTmisawvdomia, razec yurad-Rebas mimarTavs gemovneba. swored gonebiTmisawvdoms uwonaswordeba Cveni uRrmesi SemecnebiTi unarebic ki, umisod rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCndeboda maT bunebasa da moTxovnilebebs Soris, rac gemovnebas aqvs. am unarSi xedavs msjelobis unari TavisTavs, rogorc aradamorCilebuls cdis damonebis heteronomiisadmi. igi TviTon daadgens kanons da Sinagani SesaZleblo-bis ZaliT xedavs, rom igi ekuTvnis zegrZnobads, ro-melSic Teoriuli unari praqtikul unarTan erTian-deba.~ (10).

amgvarad, kantis amocana gadawyvetilia. man daamtki-ca esTetikuris avtonomiuroba da amiT swori gezi dasaxa momavali kvlevisaTvis. magram sad vlindeba es esTetikuri? aq kanti sokrate–platonis poziciebidan Sors ar midis. igi Taviseburi saxiT aRadgens maT tradicias mSvenierisa da sikeTis Sesaxeb. `mSvenieri aris simbolo zneobrivad keTilisa~, - acxadebs kanti (11). mxolod amitom mogvwons igi, veTanxmebiT mis pre-tenzias sayovelTao mniSvnelobaze. mSvenierebis mo-qmedeba imav dros amaRlebacaa da zneobrivi ganwmen-dac. maS, kantma moamzada esTetikuris, RirebulebiTi interpretacia, magram imis gamo, rom misi aqsiologi-uri koncefcia mis Semecnebis Teorias, gansakuTrebiT ki formalistur eTikas emyareboda, romlebic CvenTvis ar aris mTlad misaRebi, misi esTetikac mraval ko-reqtivs moiTxovs.

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lotces cnobili gansazRvrebiT, Rirebuleba aris is, rac ar arsebobs, magram mniSvnelobs, rogorc idealuri, jerarsuli mizani. igi realuri miznebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ar SeuZlia uSaulo zemoqmedeba moaxdinos bunebaze. Rirebulebebis erTaderT ganmaxor-cieleblad adamiani gvevlineba. Rirebulebis idealuri jerarsoba swored imis mimaniSnebelia, rom igi mxo-lod adamianisaTvis mniSvnelobs, mis mizans warmoad-gens. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Rirebuleba unda veZioT mxolod iq, sadac movlenebi saSualebisa da miznis kavSirSi erTvebian. saSualeba-Rirebulebad CaiTvleba is, rasac adamiani gamoiyenebs Tavisi arsebobis Senar-Cunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. amdenad, is mTlianad subieqtur gansazRvrulobazea damokidebuli. yoveli saSualeba Rirebulia imdenad, ramdenadac igi raRac miznis miRwevis saSualebaa da amitom igi (saSualeba-Rirebuleba) damokidebulia mizan-Rirebulebaze. swored es ukanasknelia WeSmariti Rirebuleba, mas sxvagvarad TavisTavadi Rirebulebac SeiZleba vu-wodoT, radganac RirebulebiT Zalas Tavad atarebs.

esTetikuri Rirebuleba epistemur da eTikur Rire-bulebebTan erTad umaRles RirebulebaTa klass gane-kuTvneba. esTetikuri sagnis specifiuri bunebis gamo misi Rirebuleba, misi jerarsoba uSualo emociur gan-cdaSi gveZleva, magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos esTetikur saganSi misi empiriuli arseboba da misgan gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba calcalke wminda saxiT mog-vepovebodes da sagnis mTlianobas maTi jami qmnides. `esTetikuri sagani ubralod grZnobadi ki ar aris, aramed Rirebulebis rangSi ayvanili grZnobadia. Tavis mxriv, misi jerarsuli RirebulebiTi idealobac aRar aris abstraqtuli zegrZnobadi samyaros wevri – igi konkretul grZnobad realobaSia ganivTebuli.” (12)

esaa axali sinamdvile, e.w. `esTetikuri sinamdvile~, sadac realurisa da idealuris mTlianoba axal Tvise-briobas qmnis, sadac jerasruli Rirebulebebia real-

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izebuli. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mxat-vruli saxe Cvens winaSe axali rakursiT warmosdgeba: masSi vlindeba ara is, Tu ras warmoadgens sagani Ta-visTavad da sxva sagnebTan mimarTebaSi, aramed is, Tu ra Rirebulebisaa igi. mxatvruli saxe esTetikuri Ri-rebulebebis wvdoma da gamomJRavnebaa.

Zerwavs ra mxatvrul saxes, xelovani mas garkveul biologiur, fsiqologiur da socialur niSnebs aniWebs. magram yovelive es sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos, TuUra saxis Rirebulebaa masSi ganxorcielebuli.

T. dostoevski Tavad miSkinis mxatvruli saxis aR-werisas ar iSurebs saRebavebs misi fsiqologiuri portretis dasaxatad, mwerali gvaxedebs misi biogra-fiis wvrilmanebSi, sxvadasxva personaJTan da situaci-asTan mimarTebaSi gvaxvedrebs mas. yovelive es sabo-loo jamSi erT mizans emsaxureba – gagvixsnas gark-veuli saxis Rirebulebani, romelTac Tavadis mxat-vruli saxe atarebs, kerZod, religiuri siwmindis, zne-obrivi sikeTis da umaRlesi qristianuli Rirebule-bani. uiliam Seqspiris mxatvrul saxeTa galereaSi Ri-rebulebaTa mTeli ierarqiaa aqtualizebuli, rogorc zeaRmavali, ise daRmavali mimarTebiT (riCardi, romeo da julieta, ledi makbeti, laerti, ofelia, iago...); ri-Card baxis igavSi `Toliaze, romelsac jonaTan liv-ingstoni hqvia~ jonaTanis mxatvrul saxeSi gaxsnilia erT-erTi dadebiTi Rirebuleba – adamianis maradiuli swrafva srulyofisaken, umaRlesi codnisaken. gansac-vifrebeli siZlieriT moqmedeben mkiTxvelze vaJas mxatvruli saxeebi. gansakuTrebiT amaRlebul, poetur ganwyobaze gvayenebs mcire zomis moTxrobebi: `ia~, `quCi~, `xmeli wifeli~, `mTis wyaro~, `klde mtirali~. am poetur xilvebSi bunebis mSvenierebaa ganxorciele-buli (buneba vaJasTan sicocxlea) magram am perspeqti-vaSi Cndeba uaryofiTi Rirebulebis matarebeli mxat-vruli saxe adamiani – monadirisa, adamianisa, romelic bunebis (sicocxlis) mSvenierebis gamanadgurebel - Sem-

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musvrelad, da amdenad borotebis simbolod warmog-vidgeba. `ra Seubralebelia kaci?! rasac ki dainaxavs, unda Tavis sasargeblod moixmaros. albaT ver afasebs Cvens silamazes! Cven win kacma gamoiara, miadga erT mSveniers totebgadarTxul wifels, dauSina culi da waaqcia... rodesac xe waiqca, gadaiyreina zevidam foT-lebi da wiTlad gamobWvinda, cremlebi dasxmoda CaR-mavebuls gulSi~ (`ia~).

Pgenialuri pablo pikaso Tavis tilos `gernikas~ ~Canto jonto”-s (samgloviaro simReras) uwodebs. tanjviT saxedabrecili, daklaknili, mtirali xalxi, agoniaSi mtokavi cxeni, SiSisagan gacofebuli xari, romelsac Tvalebis nacvlad cremlebi aqvs tanjuli kacobriobis sayovelTao simbolod warmogvidgens genialuri mxat-vari. `gernikaSi~ omiTa da ngreviT gamowveuli umdablesi Rirebuleba – boroteba – araCveulebrivi siZlieriTaa gadmocemuli.

$13. mxatvruli saxis semiotikuri aspeqti

adamianuri cxovreba gamoTqvams sakuTar Tavs ara marto adamianis qcevaSi da SemoqmedebaSi (moRvaweo-baSi), aramed am Semoqmedebis produqtebSic, e.w. kul-turis sagnebSi.

adamianuri cxovrebis gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa ena. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac adamiani une-burad ki ar gvaZlevs cnobas sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb garkveuli qceviTa Tu SenaqmniT, aramed mas surs mizan-mimarTulad gamoxatos sakuTari azrebi, grZnobebi, ganwyobebi (13). xelovanis nawarmoebic enis sruliad specifikur, Tavisebur saxes warmoadgens. igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Taviseburi formiT gamoxa-tavs, gamoTqvams raRacas sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. amitom nawarmoebis gageba niSnavs imis garkvevas, Tu ras la-parakobs, ras gveubneba igi.

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xelovneba ara marto sinamdvilis asaxva da Sefase-baa, aramed adamianTa urTierTobis, komunikaciis saSu-alebacaa: azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoTqma-gamosaxvis, eqspresiis Taviseburi formaa. igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc Taviseburi ena, romlis meSveobiTac ada-mianebi erTmaneTs uziareben TavianT azrebsa da grZno-bebs, codnasa da Rirebulebebs. xelovnebaSi es azrebi, grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi mxatvrul saxeTa da maT sistemaTa meSveobiT aris gamoTqmuli. xelovnebis ga-momsaxveli saSualebani garkveul mniSvnelobaTa mata-reblad, niSnebad gvevlinebian. amitom SeiZleba xelov-neba ganvixiloT, rogorc Tavisebur niSanTa sistema.

Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi semiotikuri kvlevis meTodebi farTodaa danergili. problemebis semiotikur WrilSi danaxvisa da gadaWris tendenciebma myarad daimkvidra erT-erTi wamyvani adgili rogorc esTetikur, ise xelovnebaTmcodneobiT mecnierebebSic .

ras gulisxmobs zogadad semiotikuri midgoma xe-lovnebisadmi? amis Sesaxeb semiotikis erT-erTi Tval-saCino warmomadgeneli Carlz ogdeni fiqrobs, rom xelovnebaze mecnieruli msjelobis saukeTeso saSu-alebaa im terminebisa da metaforebis gamoyeneba, ro-melsac enis kvlevisas viyenebT.

Tanamedrove semiotikis umravles warmomadgenelTaT-vis xelovneba erTi romelime aspeqtiT ki ar aris eno-brivi sistema, aramed igi mTeli Tavisi arsebiT war-moadgens enas, niSnobriv sistemas. swored amis gamoa, maTi azriT, xelovneba niSanTa Teoriis kvlevis obieqti.

semiotikaSi xelovnebis (da mxatvruli saxis) Ziri-Tadad orgvari interpretacia gvxvdeba: kognitivisturi da emotivisturi. kognitivistebi (pirsi, morisi, kap-lani) niSnis kvlevisas mis designatur, SemecnebiT mxares warmosweven wina planze. kognitivistebis Ziri-Tadi debulebaa - niSnobrivi procesi arsebobs imdenad,

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ramdenadac arsebobs mimarTeba niSansa da aRniSnul obieqtebs Soris.

Carlz pirsis filosofiis amosavalia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi niSania. yoveli mxatvruli saxe warmoadgens niSans, romelic xelova-nis ideebs gvamcnobs. xelovnebis universaluri niSani, pirsis azriT, gamosaxulebaa, xatia (icon). igi SesaZloa iyos rogorc grZnobad-aRqmadi saxe (image), aseve azro-brivi, idealuric (mental icon). xati axdens aRsaniSni obieqtis formis reprezentacias. radganadac pirsisaT-vis ideebis komunikacia mxolod xatebis logikurad urTierTSeTanxmebul gamoyenebazea dafuZnebuli da yoveli movlenis arsi maTematikur formaze daiyvaneba, cxadia, xelovnebis safuZvelSic maTematikuri forma unda iyos, romelic logikur formaSi vlindeba. xe-lovnebis nawarmoebi pirsisaTvis logikuri sistemaa. masSi Tavidanvea mocemuli wanamZRvrebi da daskvnebis gamoyvanis wesebi. oRond es logikuri sistema gamov-lenili da gamosaxulia mxatvruli saxeebiT, xatebiT, romelTa specifikas pirsi xedavs maT eqspresiulobaSi. niSan-xatis ( filosofosi xmarobs termins “icon”) gan-masxvavebeli isaa, rom `misi uSaulo Wvretisas SeiZ-leba warmoCindes, gaixsnas misi obieqtisaTvis damax-asiaTebeli sxva WeSmaritebebic, romelnic manamde ar Candnen, dafarulni iyvnen” (14).

amdenad pirsisaTvis xati (waikiTxe: mxatvruli saxe) axali WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis saSualebaa, Semecnebis iaraRia. xatovani niSani, pirsis mixedviT, SeiZleba ga-mosaxavdes ara marto WeSmaritebas, aramed moralur Rirebulebebsac, mag., simarTles, magram moraluri Ri-rebulebis mimarTac xati misi Semecnebis, gagebis saSu-aleba iqneba da ara misi uSualo gamovlena-ganxor-cieleba. xats SeiZleba hqondes moraluri Rirebulebe-bis Semecnebis, gagebis Rirebuleba – da ara sakuTriv moraluri Rirebuleba. xatis eqspresiulobac, pirsis

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azriT, Rirebulia ara TavisTavad, aramed imdenad, ram-denadac es eqspresiuloba, rogorc ukve iTqva, saSu-alebaa dafarul WeSmaritebaTa wvdomisa, Semecnebisa. amaSia pirsis Tvalsazrisis kognitivizmi.

kognitivizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxvas pou-loben cnobili amerikeli esTetikosis Carlz morisis naSromebSi. morisisaTvis mTeli adamianuri civili-zacia, goneba da a.S. ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli ni-SanTa xmarebasTan. da radganac xelovneba adamianuri saqmianobis erT-erTi saxea, misi Seswavla unda moxdes gamonaTqvamTa niSnobrivi gamosaxulebebis formebis Seswavlis gziT.

morisi asxvavebs samgvar niSans: designatoruls, pre-skriptuls da SefasebiTs. niSnis pirveli saxis fun-qciaa aRsaniSni obieqtis reprezentacia, Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mis Sesaxeb garkveuli codnis fiqsireba niSnis mxmarebeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi, meorisa – subieqtis mimarTva garkveuli moqmedebisaken. mesamisa – aRsaniSnis Rirebulebis gamoTqma. amisda Sesabamisad, morisi gamoyofs niSanTa xmarebis sam pirvelad formas: mecnieruls, teqnologiursa da esTetikurs. mecnieruli gamonaTqvami saSualebas aZlevs adamians, zustad gaerk-ves uSualo cdaSi mocemul movlenebSi. niSanTa teqnologiur gamonaTqvamSi igulisxmeba gegmis dasaxva moqmedebisaTvis, Tumca situaciaSi garkvevisa da mo-qmedebis moTxovnilebebic arsebobs. `rogorc garkve-uli moTxovnilebebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli Rire-bulebebis mqone arsebebi, isini dainteresebuli aran imiT, rom asaxon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia. gadmoce-mis esTetikuri forma am moTxovnas Seesabameba~. (15).

gamonaTqvamTa esTetikuri formis qveS morisi gulis-xmobs gansakuTrebul, specializebul enas xelovnebis nawarmoebisa, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba Rirebulebebis rogorc uSualo, ise gaSualebuli Semecneba da ga-mosaxva. mxatvruli saxe, morisis azriT, SefasebiTi, Rirebulebis gamomTqmeli niSania. misi funqcia mdgo-

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mareobs imaSi, rom mas gadaaqvs Sefaseba cdaSi erTxel ukve mocemuli obieqtidan sruliad ucnob obieqtebze. xelovnebaSi Warbobs mniSvnelobis SefasebiTi modusi, marTalia, aq sxva tipis modusebic monawileoben, magram maTi wili metad umniSvneloa.

morisi, marTalia, ganasxvavebs designatur da Se-fasebiT niSnebs, agreTve niSaTa xmarebis mecnierulsa da esTetikur formebs, magram imasac ambobs, rom xelovnebaSi wamyvani adgili mniSvnelobis SefasebiT moduss ukavia.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: imis gamo, rom C. moriss mxatvruli saxis funqcia misi Rire-bulebis Semecnebaze da ucnob obieqtze nacnobi obi-eqtis Sefasebis gadatanaze dahyavs, misi Tvalsazrisi kognitivizmis farglebs ver scdeba.

Zneli dasanaxi araa, rom kognitivistebi arsebiTad ugulebelyofen emociaTa rols mxatvruli saxis Seqm-naSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, emotivistebi uyuradRebod toveben niSnis (mxatvruli saxis) designatur mxares da amiT meore ukiduresobaSi vardebian. emotivizmis Ziri-Tadi doqtrina mocemulia riCardsisa da ogdenis ga-mokvlevaSi `mniSvnelobis mniSvneloba~. naSromSi, ro-melic semantikur filosofiaSi aucilebel Sesavlad iqca, xelovneba danaxulia `emociuri~ enis umaRles formad. riCardsi cdilobs, zustad gansazRvros emo-ciaTa roli niSnobrivi situaciebis SeqmnaSi da ganasx-vavebs erTmaneTisagan sityvaTa mecnierul da emociur gamoyenebas.

mecnieruls mkvlevari uwodebs im SemTxvevas, rode-sac adgili aqvs referencias (roca niSani an niSanTa erToblioba obieqtzea mimarTuli, obieqtis `warmo-madgenelia Tuki gamonaTqvami mxolod im emociebsa da ganwyobebs gadmogvcems, romelic niSans uSualod ax-lavs Tan, misi gamoyeneba emociuria. riCardsis mixed-viT, enis emociur gamoyenebas aqvs sami ZiriTadi fun-qcia:L 1. gamoxatos damokidebuleba (grZnoba) msme-

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nelisadmi; 2. gamoxatos damokidebuleba (grZnoba) obi-eqtisadmi; 3. gamoiwvios msmenelSi zustad mimarTuli efeqti. emociuri gamoyenebis realizacia xdeba sity-vaTa mniSvnelobis meSveobiT. xelovneba warmoadgens im sferos, sadac ena gamoiyeneba mxolod emociebisa da ganwyobilebis gamosawvevad. esaa misi daniSnuleba. ri-CardsisTvis poezia (xelovneba) emociuri enis umaRlesi formaa. Cven srulad viziarebT am mosazrebas. marT-lac, poezia xelovnebis gansakuTrebuli saxea. emoci-uri funqcia xelovnebaSi ZiriTadi da wamyvania. rac Seexeba referencias, marTalia, riCardsi mTlianad ar gamoricxavs mis arsebobas poeziaSi, magram mas damx-mare rols aniWebs. poeziaSi sagnobrivi `sazrisi~ da-Crdilulia. mxatvruli saxis amocanas sruliadac ar Seadgens axali informaciis Semotana, mxatvruli na-warmoebis yoveli elementi emsaxureba emociuri funq-ciis gaZlierebas, swored es evaleba xelovnebas.

statiaSi `mecniereba da poezia~ riCardsi mtkicebisa da e.w. fsevdomtkicebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze mi-jnavs erTmaneTisagan mecnierebasa da xelovnebas. mec-niereba misgan (mtkicebisagan) moiTxovs logikur ga-marTulobas, WeSmaritebasa da erTmniSvnelovanebas. emociebi mecnierebaSi ara arsebiT rols asruleben, xolo poeziaSi Tuki logikis elementebi saerTod ar-sebobs, maT msaxuris roli akisriaT. WeSmariteba, ro-melic poeziaSi gamoiTqmeba, sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa, vidre mecnieruli WeSmariteba. ai, ras wers mkvlevari: `amgvari WeSmariteba imdenad sapirispiroa mecnieruli WeSmaritebisa, rom ubralod dasanania aq msgavsi sityvis gamoyeneba, magram amJamad Znelia Tavi davaRwioT am borotebas~. (16).

mtkicebas, romelic poeziaSi gvxvdeba, riCardsi fsevdomtkicebas uwodebs. `fsevdomtkiceba – es aris forma sityvieri gamosaxulebisa, romelic gamarTle-bulia mxolod da mxolod Tavisi zemoqmedebiT Cveni

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impulsebisa da urTierTobebis ganTavisuflebasa Tu organizaciaze~. (17)

is, rac mecnieruli poziciebidan mcdaria, SesaZloa, xelovnebaSi (poeziaSi) WeSmariti aRmoCndes. aqve ri-Cardsi gvafrTxilebs, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba xelovnebis (poeziis) miCneva mecnierebis `ko-relatad~, mecnierebasa da xelovnebas gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebi aqvT. is, rom xelovneba (poezia) gansxvavebuli specifikiT xasiaTdeba, riCardsis mixed-viT, niSanTa gamoyenebis TaviseburebaSi povebs axsnas.

rogorc vxedavT, semiotikis gamoyenebam esTetikis problemebis gadasawyvetad, yovel SemTxvevaSi zemod-naxsenebi avtorebis SromebSi, maincdamainc sagrZnobi Sedegebi ver mogvca. kerZod, xelovnebisa da mxatvruli saxis specifikis gasagebad semiotikosebma arsebiTad axlis Tqma ver moaxerxes. dava kognitivistebsa da emotivistebs Soris faqtobrivad aris gagrZeleba dav-isa xelovnebis inteleqtualursa da emocionalistur koncefciebs Soris, davisa, romelsac mravali saukunis istoria aqvs.

amiT imis Tqma ar gvinda, rom xelovnebis semioti-kuri ganxilva sruliad unayofoa. rogorc zemoT aRi-niSna, xelovnebas marTlac aqvs komunikaciis da eq-spresiis funqciebi da niSanTa Teorias, semiotikas xe-lovnebis am mxareze, aspeqtze Tavisi saTqmeli uTuod aqvs. semiotikuri midgoma xelovnebisadmi, rogorc Cans, maSin xdeba faqtobrivad unayofo, roca igi esTetikis yvela problemis gadaWris pretenziiT gamodis, rode-sac xelovneba mTlianad da savsebiT gaigivebulia enasTan, niSnobriv sistemasTan. savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs e.i. basini: `xelovnebis, rogorc esTetikis mecnierebis obieqtis problemebi... ar SeiZleba mTlia-nad gadaiWras maTematikis, semiotikis, sistemaTa Te-oriis da a.S. meTodebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom es me-Todebi metad vrcel sferoSi gamoiyeneba.~ (18)

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xelovnebis rogorc esTetikis obieqtis problemebis-admi semiotikuri meTodebis miyeneba nayofieri mxolod maSin iqneba, Tu mkacrad Semoifargleba am miyenebis sfero, Tu am meTodebiT Cven SevecdebiT im mxaris, im aspeqtis aRweras da daxasiaTebas, romelic mas enasTan aaxlovebs, romelic enis msgavsia da ar SevecdebiT am meTodebiT gnoseologiuri, aqsiologiuri, ontologi-uri da sxva msgavsi problemebis gadaWras.

$14. mxatvruli saxis eqsistencialuri aspeqti mxatvruli saxis kidev erTi mxaris warmoCineba au-

cileblobiT moiTxovs xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis mi-marTebis gaSuqebas. am aspeqtiT mxatvruli saxis speci-fikis dasadgenad unda SevexoT kidev erT sakiTxs. ker-Zod, mxatvruli simarTlis problemas.

zemoT aRiniSna, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sesaty-visoba sinamdvilesTan igive araa, rac mecnieruli ga-mokvlevisa. mxatvruli saxis Sesabamisoba saganTan gansxvavdeba masTan cnebis Sesabamisobisagan. Tu mec-nierul cnebaSi emociuri elementis arseboba gamori-cxulia, mxatvrul saxeSi, garda azriseulisa, emoci-uri elementicaa. ufro metic, am ukanasknelis gareSe mxatvruli saxis arseboba warmoudgenelia.

mxatvrul nawarmoebs sruliadac ar evaleba imis Tqma, rac realobaSi xdeboda an xdeba. is, rac mec-nierebaSi sruliad ugulebeliyofa, kerZod, gamonagoni, fantazia, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mTavar rols asru-lebs. fantazia imdenad mniSvnelobs esTetikur praqti-kaSi, rom zogi mkvlevari mas erTaderT saSualebad miiCnevs nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi. vTqvaT, zigmund froidisaTvis xelovnebaSi ganxorcielebulia fan-taziidan realobaSi gamosasvleli gza migel de unamu-nosaTvis xelovneba sizmaria cxadSi, zmanebaa.

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mxatvruli saxe arc arsebobs realurad. mas Sesa-Zloa hyavdes realurad arsebuli prototipi, magram mxatvrul saxed gardaqmnis procesSi igi sruliad scildeba realurad arsebuls, axal sicocxles iZens. mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliadac araa aucilebeli imis codna, Tu vis xatavs xelovani. gana galaktionis `me-ris~ ciklis leqsebs Sematebs raime prototipis codna? gana visac amgvari informacia ar aqvs, ver Caswvdeba, sruliad ver aRiqvams meris mxatvrul saxes?

anda gavixsenoT gabriel markesis romani `patriarqis Semodgoma~. aq avtori realurad arsebuli sinamdvilis faqtebis groteskul ganzogadebas metad saintereso saSualebiT aRwevs. romanis `urZav droSi~ kontinentis sxvadasxva epoqis gansxvavebuli sagnebia Tavmoyrili. qveynis landSaftic, sadac mimdinareobs moqmedeba, er-Ti romelime realurad arsebuli qveynisa ar aris, ro-manSi asaxuli faqtebi ki umravles SemTxvevaSi daSo-rebulia erTmaneTs drosa da sivrceSi. gavixsenoT, ro-gor dainaxavs fanjaraSi gadmomdgari generali kolum-bis karavelas. Tavad generlis istoriac erTi realu-rad arsebuli pirovnebis istoria rodia (Tumca mas prototipic hyavda). igi saxea diqtatorisa, romelic sruliadac araa aucilebeli samxreTamerikeli iyos.

maS, mxatvruli nawarmoebis simarTlisaTvis aravi-Tari mniSvneloba ara aqvs faqtebis, movlenebis, pirov-nebis realurad arsebobas. ufro metic, realurad arsebuli prototipi umravles gmirs hyavs, magram mkiTxvels igi arc ainteresebs da arc axsovs. amgvarad, fantazias, warmosaxvas, gamonagons mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi wamyvani roli eniWebaT, maT SeiZleba mxat-vruli simarTlis maxasiaTeblebi vuwodoT.

dadginda, rom xelovnebaSi gamoTqmuli sinamdvile da realobaSi arsebuli sinamdvile, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, esTetikuri sinamdvile da realuri sinamdvile, mkveTard gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. is, rom es ori

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sfero mkveTrad unda gaimijnos, kargad dainaxes eqsis-tencialistebma.

maTTvis yofierebis WeSmariteba swored xelovnebaSi ixsneba. iaspersi ityvis, rom is, rac miuwvdomelia filosofiur–metafizikuri azrovnebisaTvis, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi povebs Tavis gagebaso. xelovnebis meoxe-biT mxatvari akeTebs ufro mets, vidre amis gakeTeba SeuZlia filosofoss. miuxedavad imisa, rom filoso-fiasa da xelovnebas sabolood erTi mizani, erTi ide-ali amoZravebT, kerZod, individis arsebobis eqsisten-cialuri WeSmaritebis wvdoma da yofierebis transcen-denturi WeSmaritebis gaxsna. xelovnebaSi es ufro srulad miiRweva, radgan igi axorcielebs sinamdvili-sadmi iseTive proceduras, rasac adgili aqvs sasaz-Rvro situaciaSi; axdens cnobierebis ganTavisuflebas racionalizmis uRlisagan, cvlis mis (cnobierebis) orientacias. Tuki filosofia SezRudulia mis me-TodSi arsebuli racionalur-azrobrivi saSualebebis gamo, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba sZlevs maT, radganac Ta-visi warmoSobiT eqsistenciis ganaTebas warmoadgens.

xelovnebas, mecnierebasTan erTad, saqme aqvs samya-ros saidumloebasTan. igi (xelovneba) aRmoaCens maT, magram mecnierebis msgavsad ar cdilobs maT `amoxsnas~. xelovneba ki ar qmnis samyaros, aramed xsnis mas. am gaxsnasTan erTad, pirvelad aqcevs mas Wvretad da amasTan erTad yoveli arsebulic Wvretadi xdeba. haide-gersTvis xelovneba `yofierebis xelmisawvdomobis~ gzaa, romelic xsnis yofierebis dafaruli arsis WeS-maritebas. mecniereba (goneba), romelic sagnobriv rea-lobazea mimaruli, `brmad~ rCeba maTi dafaruli pir-velarsisadmi, yofierebis sazrisisadmi, am ukanasknelis gamJRavneba da qmnadoba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsia. `qmnilebaSi qmniliseburadaa qmnili WeSmaritebis xdo-mileba. amitom xelovnebis arseba windawinve ganisaz-Rvra viTarca WeSmaritebis dadgineba – qmnilebaSi~ (19).

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migel de unamunosaTvis WeSmariti yofiereba swored xelovnebaSi xorcieldeba: `samyaro, sadac cxovroben Cemi pedro antonio da xosefa ignasia, don avito karaskeli da marina, augusto heresi, euxenia domingo da rosario, alexandro gobesi - `aranaklebi, vidre ad-amiani~ da misi vTqvaT, qvisli, disSvilebi. mTeli es samyaro CemTvis gacilebiT ufro realuria, vidre sam-yaro kanovasisa da segastes alfons mecametisa, primo de riverasi, galgosisa, heredasi da yvela danarCenisa, visac vicnobdi da axlac vicnob, visac vxvdebodi da axlac vxvdebi~. (20).

xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis mimarTebis sakiTxi metad sainteresod dainaxa zurab kakabaZem. misi kon-cefcia SeiZleba mokled ase CamovayaliboT: xelovne-bisa da sinamdvilis mimarTeba upirveles yovlisa ima-Sia, rom xelovneba ar emTxveva sinamdviles arc erT monakveTSi. xelovneba TiTqos mis gverdiT Tanaarse-bobs erTgvari irealuri, warmosaxviTi samyaros saxiT. xelovneba meore samyaroa, sicocxlis `suraTovani~ (xatovani) samyaro. xelovnebis nawarmoebiT Cven aRvi-qvamT imas, rac mxolod warmosaxviTia, irealuria. aR-qmis procesSi ugulebelyofilia realuri sagani da realuri samyaro. am mimarTebiT sainteresoa mecnieris dava nikolai hartmanTan, romlisTvisac xelovnebis nawarmoebi arsebiTad warmoadgens realur sagans, ro-melic Tavisi grZnobadaRqmiTi formis gamoisobiT ga-mosaxavs garkveul irealur-warmosaxviT Sinaarss. ga-vixsenoT, rom hartmanisaTvis esTetikuri sagani Sedgeba Sreebisagan (planebisagan): materialur–realuri wina plani sivrciTi formiT da irealuri ukana plani, ro-melic konkretulad vlindeba, magram Tan axlavs realobis iluzia. es orive plani gansxvavebul yofi-erebas inarCunebs Wvretisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom mWvretelisaTvis maT Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.

Teatris istoriaSi metad gaxmaurebuli stanislavs-kis da brextis sistemebi iseve gansxvavdeba erTmaneTi-

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sagan, rogorc hartmanisa da kakabaZis poziciebi. Tu dramatuli Teatri cdilobs daimorCilos mayureblis emociebi ise, rom igi mTeli Tavisi arsebiT CaerTos scenaze gaTamaSebul moqmedebaSi, epikuri Teatris amo-canaa Seqmnas distancia mayurebelsa da scenas Soris. dramatul TeatrSi adgili eqneba Tanagancdebs, vnebaTa Relvas, mayurebeli kargavs Teatralur qmedebasa da Sinagan realur sinamdviles Soris arsebuli gansxvave-bis SegrZnebas (igi Tavs speqtaklis mayureblad aRar grZnobs). igi ubralo mWvreteli ki aRaraa, aramed piri, romelic aqtiurad monawileobs realurad arsebul am-bebSi. k. stanislavskis sistemiT, TeatrSi mayurebeli aqtiorTan da avtorTan erTad cxovrobs, anu scenas Sehyurebs, ainteresebs, ra xdeba iq, Sehxaris, aRfrTova-nebulia iq momxdari ambiT da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi sce-naze xdeba esTetikur formaSi namdvili cxovrebis gan-sxeuleba. xalxs unda sjerodes artistisa da misi qmnilebani cocxal adamianebad miaCndes. sanam mayure-bels sjera scenaze momxdari ambisa, Teatri namdvili cxovrebaao, – ambobda k. stanislavski. (21)

b. brextis TeatrisaTvis ki principulad aucilebeli momentia `gaucxoebis efeqti~ - asaxul moqmedebaTa obieqtivirebis garkveuli forma, igi moxmobilia saimi-sod, raTa moxsnas mayureblis aRqmis avtomatizmis erTgvari `jado~. `gaucxoebis efeqts~ safuZvlad uZevs winaswarganzraxuli uaryofa saganTa da movlenaTa ga-regnuli mocemulobisa, gacnobierebuli uaryofa imisa, rom xelovnebam (aq, konkretulad Teatrma) Seqmnas rea-lobis iluzia. man unda Caunergos mayurebels azri, rom samyaro gardaqmnas, gadakeTebas eqvemdebareba, ami-tomac man mayurebels unda agrZnobinos da gaagebinos is, rom scena realoba ki araa, aramed TamaSia, zmanebaa. Teatris amgvar gardaqmnas erTi umTavresi mizani aqvs: socialurad gaaaqtiuros mayurebeli. aucilebelia, ga-keTdes yovelive SesaZlebeli, raTa ar davuSvaT `ilu-zia~. am mizniT fardam ar unda damalos mayureblisa-

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gan scena. brehtis TeatrSi msaxiobi inarCunebs saxes, mayurebelma ar unda daiviwyos igi. `moaxdino gark-veuli movlenis an xasiaTis gaucxoveba – es niSnavs upirveles yovlisa CamoaSoro am movlenas Tu xasiaTs yovelive, rac TavisTavad igulisxmeba, nacnobia, cxa-dia, da, piriqiT, aRZra mis mimarT gakvireba da cnobis-moyvareoba~. (22).

b. brextis mixedviT, distanciis Seqmna mayurebelsa da scenas Soris saWiroa imisaTvis, rom mayurebelma SeZlos garedan daakvirdes scenaze gaTamaSebul mo-qmedebas sruliad auRelveblad, yovelgvari emociebis gareSe, ar dakargos kontroli sakuTar grZnobebze da amiT ar moeqces scenuri moqmedebis iluziis qveS, radganac es ar miscems mayurebels saSualebas ufro Rrmad da Sors dainaxos, vidre sceniuri personaJebi warmoadgenen. es daexmareba mayurebels gamoimuSaos sa-kuTari pozicia – aqtiuri gadawyvetilebisa da sulie-ri upiratesobis pozicia.

zurab kakabaZem yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom xelovnebaSi xdeba sinamdvilis arsebis `asaxva~ da `mi-baZva~. magram ara ubralod `asaxva~ da `mibaZva~, aramed axali samyaros arsebis gaxsna da danaxva. adamianuri yofiereba mudmivad mimdinare qmnadobis procesia. is-toria, anu epoqaTa cvlileba warmoadgens yofierebis garkveuli gagebis da Sesatyvisi cxovrebis wesis, Sesa-bamisi idealebis mudmiv cvlas. amdenad, adamianuri si-namdvile arasodes araa mxolod iseTi, rogoradac igi faqtobrivad gamoiyureba. igi mudam naklovania da ami-tom moiTxovs Secvlas, icvleba kidec axali idealebis Sesabamisad. xelovneba ki, mowoedebulia, gaxsnas amgvari cvlilebebis horizonti.

xelovneba rogorc yofierebis axali horizontebis wesi, jerarsuli sinamdvilis pirvelaRmomCenad gvev-lineba. igi arc masebis survilebsa da moTxovnilebebs emorCileba da arc `zemodan~ brZanebebs. igi Tavad `Txzavs~, anu saxavs gzas axali idealebisaken. swored

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amdenadaa xelovneba ara marto asaxva da mibaZva si-namdvilisa, aramed axali sinamdvilis Seqmnisa da da-fuZnebis saSualeba. igi mudam gviCvenebs Zveli samyaros arasrul yofierebas da saxavs axal, jerarsul si-namdviles.

$15. mxatvruli saxis struqtura

mxatvruli saxe warmogvidgeba mravalplanian, mra-

valaspeqtian mTlianobad, misi bunebis gaxsna SesaZle-beli gaxdeba, Tu yvela am aspeqts gaviTvaliswinebT da erT mTlianobaSi ganvazogadebT.

upirveles yovlisa, mxatvruli saxe, cxadia, xasiaT-deba garkveuli ontiuri garkveulobiT. aq Semdegi max-asiaTeblebi SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. garegani, materi-aluri, grZnobad-aRqmadi, fizikuri garsi, sxeuli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxatvrul saxes axasiaTebs sag-nobrivi yofiereba - saxis yofiereba mis materialur safuZvelzea mimagrebuli, Tumca misi ganxorcieleba mxolod aRqmaSi xdeba. vTqvaT, sanam bgeraTa Tanwyo-baSi melodia ar aRiqmeba, igi Tavis sagnobriv Tvisebas ver gamoavlens. hegeli ityvis: `saxe Cveni mzeris winaSe ayenebs mis konkretul sinamdviles~. (23)

maS, mxatvrul saxeSi sinamdvilis ganzogadeba moce-mulia grZnobadi aRqmisaTvis misawvdom cocxal konk-retulobasa da mTlianobaSi.

mxatvruli saxe garkveuli idealuri, sulieri Si-naarsiTac xasiaTdeba. rodesac mxatvruli saxis gneo-seologiur aspeqtze vlaparakobT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom igi Sedgeba ara marto azriseuli, obieqturi ele-mentisagan, rogorc mecnieruli cneba, aramed upirve-les yovlisa subieqturisagan. igi RirebulebiTi cno-bierebis formaa. mas ar SeuZlia arseboba subieqturi, piraduli elementis gareSe.

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xelovnebis sferoSi didi rols asrulebs fantazia. mxatvruli Semoqmedebis produqtis Sinaarsi, gansxvave-biT mecnierulisagan, warmoudgenelia fantaziis ga-reSe. xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi – naxati, romani, skulptura, leqsi, poema, simfonia realobis ubralod `fotografirebad~, mis asarkvad ar unda warmovidgi-noT. Semoqmedi warmosaxvis Zalis meSveobiT axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, STabeWdilebis, dakvirve-bis, saxeebis Tavisebur `gadadnobas~. l. tolstoi erT-gan ambobs, literatura mecnierebaze ufro zusti da obieqturiao, ragan igi ar iTmenso WeSmaritebidan od-nav gadaxrasac ki. xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi subieqtur elements udidesi adgili ukavia, magram es subieqturi sawyisi avtoris obieqturobis umaRles gamoxatulebad iqceva did SemoqmedTan. qmnis ra xasiaTs, scenas, siu-Jetur situacias, avtori isev da isev ubrundeba saku-Tari sulis saidumloebebs. magram amave dros yovel nabijs uTanxmebs sinamdvileze konkretul dakvirvebebs, raTa, balzakis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gardaqmnas cxov-rebis sinamdvile xelovnebis sinamdviled. xelovnebaSi asaxuli samyaro Semoqmedis msoflaRqmis, msoflmxed-velobis prizmidan danaxuli, mxatvris `mikroskopSi~ danaxuli sinamdvilea. albaT amitomaa, rom konstantine gamsaxurdias mxatvruli saxeebi `vazis yvavilobaSi~, `mTvaris motacebaSi~, mis novelebSi mkveTrad gansxvav-deba mixeil javaxiSvilis mxatvruli saxeebisagan. Tum-ca es ori mwerali erTsa da imave epoqas asaxavs. gam-saxurdias `mxatvruli samyaro~ javaxiSvilis `mxatv-rul samyaroSi~ arasodes agvereva. swored samyaros Tavisebur xedvaSi vlindeba fantaziis, SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis roli xelovnebaSi.

cxadia, mecnieruli kvlevis procesSiac mecnieri ganicdis ama Tu im saxis grZnobebs, magram Teoriuli cnobierebis produqtTa struqturaSi mecnieris grZno-bebi ar Sedis. mecniereba am planSi `civia~, `suldaRe-bulia~. mecnieruli codnis qsovilSi, formulebSi, ka-

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nonebSi, Teoriul abstraqciebSi emociebs adgili ara aqvs. sxva saqmea xelovnebis sfero. emociuri mimarTeba aq aucilebeli, organuli komponentia. am gansxvavebas ase dainaxavs da Seafasebs anatol fransi. `codna ar zrunavs mowoneba–ar mowonebaze. is daundobelia, ar migitevebs, ar ganugeSebs. es poeziis saqmea. ai, ami-tomaa, rom poezia ufro saWiroa, vidre codna.~ (24)

mxatvruli saxis bunebas ver amovwuravT mxolod gnoseologiuri aspeqtis gacnobierebiT. gavixsenoT, rom esTetikuri sagani ubralod grZnobadi ki araa, aramed Rirebulebis rangSi ayvanili grZnobadia. swored es unda iyos is axali rakursi, romelic mxat-vruli saxis kidev erT mxares, kerZod, RirebulebiT aspeqts dagvanaxebs.

mxatvrul saxeSi SeiZleba gamovyoT garkveuli bio-logiuri, socialuri, fsiqologiuri niSnebi. magram yovelive es emorCileba erT mizans – warmoaCinos masSi ganxorcielebuli Rirebuleba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxatvruli saxe asasaxi sagnis Rirebulebis ga-momJRavneba-wvdomaa – masSi vlindeba ara is, Tu ras warmoadgens sagani TavisTavad an sxva sagnebTan mimar-TebaSi, aramed is, Tu ra Rirebulebisaa igi.

mxatvrul saxeSi asaxuli sinamdvile gansakuTrebu-li, specifikuri xasiaTis matarebelia, unda gvaxsov-des, rom jerarsuli sinamdvilis pirvel aRmomCenad gvevlineba xelovani – es imas niSnavs, rom mxatvrul saxeSi xdeba ara marto asaxva, ubralo asarkva si-namdvilisa, aramed imis Cveneba, Tu rogori unda iyos, jer ars, rom iyos igi.

adamianuri cxovrebis gamoTqmis sxvadasxva saSuale-ba arsebobs. erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa ena, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani mizandasaxulad ga-moxatavs sakuTar azrebs, grZnobebs, ideebs. xelovnebis nawarmoebic enis sruliad garkveuli, Taviseburi, spe-cifikuri saxea. igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli formiT gamoxatavs raRacas sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. xe-

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lovnebaSi es azrebi Tu grZnobebi, codna da Sefaseba RirebulebebiT savse realuri sinamdvilis mxatvruli saxiTaa gadmocemuli. amdenad, mxatvruli saxe Tavise-buri niSania, xatia.

semantikur ganaserSi danaxuli mxatvruli saxe war-mogvidgeba niSnad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxatv-ruli saxe mocemuli kulturis farglebSi komunika-ciis saSualebad gvevlineba.

gamoiyo kidev erTi maxsiaTebeli: mxatvrul saxes aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis saSualebebi.

yovelive zemoTqmuli SeiZleba Semdegnairad Seva-jamoT: mxatvruli saxe aris obieqturi sinamdvilis subieqturi xati, romelic ontiuri garkveulobiT xasi-aTdeba. igi specifikuri enis mqone, grZnobad–zegrZno-badi, subieqtur-obieqturi, inteleqtualur-emociuri, Semec-nebiTi da RirebulebiTi elementebis matarebelia.

Tu movaxdenT mis anatomirebas vertikalur da hori-zontalur sibrteebad, maSin mxatvruli saxe horizon-talur sibrtyeSi warmogvidgeba RirebulebiTi sinam-dvilis inteleqtualur–emociur asaxvad, vertikalur sibrtyeSi ki mxatvruli saxe gvevlineba grZnobadi ma-salisa da idealuri Sinaarsis, zogadisa da konkretu-lis erTianobad.

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Tavi IV ena da mxatvruli simbolo

$16. sametyvelo enis simboluroba

sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis mogvixdeba ernst kasirerisa da suzan langeris mosazrebaTa gaanalizeba. pirvelma samtomiani `simbolur formaTa filosofiis~ calke tomi dauTmo enis simboluri bunebis gamokvlevas, meo-rem ki Tavis ZiriTad naSromSi `filosofia axal Su-qze” ena specialuri kvlevis sagnad aqcia.

kasireri ZiriTadad eyrdnoba humboldtis Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, ena ar aris gansxvavebuli, uZravi odenoba, aramed uwyveti procesia, adamianuri gonis iseTi funqciaa, romlis Ziric azrTa gamosaxatavad danawevrebul bgeraTa gamoyenebis unarSia saZiebeli. arsebiTia ara enis `warmonaqmni~, aramed enis `energia~ (1). amitomac enobrivi procesis WeSmariti gamomxat-velia ara warmoqmnili calkeuli sityvebi, aramed wi-nadadeba. Tu ena moqmedebaa, mis buneba mxolod TviT enis procesSi gamomJRavndeba da ara enis warmonaqmnTa, mza enobriv formaTa kvleva-ZiebaSi.

enobrivi cnobierebis gaRviZeba goniTi revoluciis tolfasia. am droidan iwyeba adamianis piradi cxovre-bis mTliani gardaqmna. aq xdeba gadasvla wminda emo-ciuri poziciidan samyaros mimarT Teoriul poziciaze. enas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sulieri da gonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.

gonebrivi simwifis matebasTan erTad, ena gadaiqceva samyarosTan SemaerTebel xidad. yoveli winsvla enis ganviTarebaSi niSnavs samyaros Sesaxeb Cveni codnis gamdidrebas. `metyvelebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar momdinareobs martooden saxelTa Seswavlisa da gamo-yenebis survilidan, aramed masSi ukufenilia si-namdvilis aRmoCenisa da misi sagnobrivi warmodgene-bisaken dauokebeli swrafva~ (2). ena ar gamoxatavs

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`yofierebis WeSmaritebas, aramed misi funqciaa, sagnis gansakuTrebuli asqpetiT danaxva da masze SeCereba.

kasirerTan ena Tavisi WeSmariti bunebiT metafo-rulia. igi Tavs afarebs narTaul formebs, radgan ar SeuZlia calsaxad, mkafiod gamoTqvas raime, swored enis am mravalferovnebas umadlis, kasireris mosazre-biT, miTosi Tavis warmoSobas.

mas Semdeg, rac gacudda yoveli imedi bunebis monu-sxvisa da damorCilebisa magiur sityvaTa SemweobiT, adamians TandaTan axleburad warmoudga enisa da si-namdvilis urTierTmimarTeba. sityvis magiurma funqciam gza dauTmo sityvis semantikur funqcias, e.i. sityva obieqtur mniSvnelobaTa matareblad da simbolod gadaiqca. sityvis arsebiTi niSani logikuri da araf-izikuri bunebisaa. sityvis logikuri funqciis Semecne-biT mas ukve araTu maRali, aramed TviT umaRlesi Rir-sebac ki eniWeba. kasireri wers: `universumis principi logosia da radgan enaSi sul ufro metad ikveTeba mniSvnelobis zogadi da sayovelTao funqcia, amitom goni, logosi, warmogvidgeba rogorc yofierebis, ise Semecnebis principad~. (3).

samyaros pirveli obieqturi suraTi martivad ki araa `mocemuli~, aramed mis Zireul da arsebiT Tvisebebs adamianis cxovreba da saqmianoba, uwinares yovlisa ki adamianis ena gansazRvravs.

langeris mosazrebiT, adamianuri aqtiobis oTxi Zi-riTadi saxeobis – ena, rituali, miTi, musika – Ses-wavla dagvexmareba simbolizmis centraluri proble-mebis gadaWraSi, rac Seexeba yvela sxva saxeobas, maTi ganxilva SeiZleba analogiis gziT moxdes.

langeris mosazrebiT, enaSi gvaqvs Tavisufali, das-rulebuli gamoyeneba simbolizmisa, ena konceptualuri azrovnebis artikularuli Canaweria. enis gareSe ar gveqneboda komunikacia. yvela modgmis adamians, ganvi-Tarebis yvelaze primitiul doneze myofTac ki aqvT sruli da danawevrebuli ena.

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uamravi cda lingvistebisa, gadaeWraT enis warmoSo-bis sakiTxi, marcxiT mTavrdeba. amis mizezi albaT imaSi unda veZioT, rom es problema ver gadaiWreba mxolod lingvistikis meSveobiT. es aris kerZo SemTxve-va ufro farTo problemisa, simboluri qcevis genezi-sisa. ena, langeris mosazrebiT, upirvelesad warmoad-gens realobis simbolurad xedvis tendenciis vokalur aqtualizacias. igi simbolizmis umaRlesi formaa. sim-boloTa Seqmnis tendenciis uZvelesi forma ar unda yofiliyo SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisa, isini uTuod war-moadgendnen martiv Gestaltant-s, romelsac pirvelyofili adamiani nebismier mniSvnelobas aZlevda. esTetikuri mimzidveloba, idumali SiSi albaT pirveli gamovlena iyo tvinis funqciisa, romelic TandaTanobiT adamianSi iqca realobis simbolurad xedvis tendenciad da romlisganac warmoiSva cnebiTi azrovnebis unari, ra-sac metyvelebis rRveva mohyva.

grZnobaTa asaxva, gadatana gareSe obieqtze simbo-lizmis pirveli gamovlenaa. es procesi adreul etapze mimdinareobs. `me~-s cneba, romelic aqtualuri mexsie-rebis da sawyisis maniSnebladaa miCneuli, albaT swo-red Cveni grZnobebis simbolizaciis proceszea damoki-debuli.

axali sityva mzadaa iqces Gestalt-ad. artikulirebuli bgera mzadaa iqces simbolod, rogorc ki amis saWi-roeba gaCndeba.

ena SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo mxolod im saxeobis cxovelebSi, romelTac umaRles doneze eqnebodaT gan-viTarebuli simboluri azrovnebis dabali formebi – sizmari, rituali, saxioba, e.i. iq, sadac simbolizaciis procesi, Tundac primitiuli saxisa, aqtiurad vlinde-boda da arapraqtikul xasiaTs atarebda.

pirveladi xmareba enisa unda veZioT obieqtebis sax-eldebis, fiqsaciis da formulirebis moTxovnilebaSi. komunikacia ki mxolod meoradi gamovlenaa, langeris mosazrebiT. esaa praqtikuli gamoyeneba imisa, rac ukve

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Camoyalibda ufro Rrma fsiqologiur doneze. sityvaTa pirveli simboluri Rirebuleba konotaciuri iyo. mxolod maSin, rodesac sityva SeiZens denotacias, sim-bolo gamoTqmis instinqturi fazidan gadainacvlebs moazrebulad xmarebis fazaSi. denotirebuli sityva ki imwamsve daunaTesavdeba cnebas.

enis sasicocxlo principad langeri miiCnevs meta-foras. yoveli gamonaTqvami Seicavs or elements: kon-teqsts (verbalurs an praqtikuls) da siaxles (novelty). siaxle aris is, rasac molaparake cdilobs xazi gauss. aq igi iyenebs sityvas, romelic ukve arsebulia, an ax-ladSeqmnilia. iq, sadac zusti sityva ar mogvepoveba si-axlis aRsaniSnavad, molaparake logikuri analogiiT xmarobs sxva denotaciis mqone sityvas, konteqsti ki mi-gvaniSnebs, rom es sityva aq niSnavs raRac sxvas simbo-lurad. es sityva ixmareba metaforulad imis gamosa-xatavad, ris simbolizaciasac axdens misi mniSvneloba.

WeSmarit metaforaSi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis xati gvevlineba figuratuli mniSvnelobis simbolod. sag-nad, romelsac sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCnia. aris Sem-Txveva, rodesac metafora Zalian xSirad ixmareba. xSi-ri figuratuli xmareba mis arss zogads xdis. yvela zogadi sityva, langeris azriT, ase warmoiSva. radga-nac gamonaTqvamis konteqsti mis arss gvagebinebs, misi gadmocema mudam unda moxdes pirdapiri da aragadata-niTi saxiT. mxolod asasaxi predikacia SesaZloa iyos metaforuli. metafora Cveni abstraqtuli xedvis yve-laze naTeli sabuTia, igi sabuTia imisa, rom Cveni go-neba operirebs warmomadgenlobiTi simboloebiT. yove-li axali idea an gamocdileba metaforul gancdas iw-vevs; rogorc ki igi Cveuli gaxdeba, es gancda ~Wkneba~, `uferuldeba~ da zogadad iqceva. metafora is Zalaa, romelic Zireulad racionalurs inteleqtualurad aqcevs. inteleqtualuri sityvaTmaragi izrdeba koncep-tualuri azrovnebisa da civilizaciis zrdasTan er-Tad. teqnikuri progresi axali terminologiiT am-

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didrebs enis rezervs. ufro da ufro zustdeba mni-Svnelobani. metyveleba imdenad praqtikuli, prozauli xdeba, rom Cven gveCveneba, TiTqos ena utilitaruli moTxovnilebebis gamo warmoiSva, metafora ki mogviane-biT Seiqmna specialurad iseTi kulturuli produqti-saTvis, rogoricaa poezia.

kasirerisa da langeris moazrebaTa sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom ena TviTon ki ar aris simbolo da simboloTa erToblioba, aramed masSi aris simboloe-bic da arasimboluric, Cveulebrivi pirobiTi niSnebic. ena da misi elementebi (sityva da winadadeba) simbolu-rad SeiZleba CavTvaloT mxolod im azriT, rom isini enis gareSe realobaTa (idealobaTa) warmodgenis saSu-alebebia. maTi aRmniSvneli gamomTqmeli met-naklebad pirobiTi niSnebia. magram swored am met-naklebi piro-biTobis gamo arc ena da arc misi elementebi ar Sei-Zleba mTlianad da upirobod CaiTvalos simbolod. sityvaTa da SesatyvisTa umravlesobas aqvs ubralod pirobiTi, konverciuli niSnis xasiaTi. verc sityva `vaSls~ CavTvliT realuri vaSlis simbolod da verc sityva `siyvaruls~ siyvarulis simbolod, magram enaSi aris iseTi sityvebi da Sesatyvisebi, romelTac aSkarad simboluri xasiaTi aqvT. Tu sityva `sikvdili~ emoci-urad faqtobrivad neitraluria, sityvebi `CaZaRleba~, `gardacvaleba~, aseTi aRaraa. maTSi, faqtobrivi vi-Tarebis garda, am faqtis Rirebulebacaa gamosaxuli da, raki Cven RirebulebiTi Sinaarsis gamoTqma-gamo-saxva simbolos pirobiT niSnad CavTvaleT, maT usaTu-od simboluri xasiaTi aqvT.

$ 17. simboloTa saxeebi

politikur da iuridiul simboloebs ormagi buneba

aqvT. isini nawilobriv pirobiTni, konvenciurni arian, nawilobriv ki WeSmariti simboluri TvisebebiT xasiaT-debian., isini pirobiTnic arian da xatovnad simbolure-

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bic. magaliTad, iuridiuli simboloa Tvalaxveuli Te-mida sasworiTa da maxviliT, romelic samarTlian marTlmsajulebas aRniSnavs.

am tipis simboloebi pirobiTi niSnebidan simboloebze gardamaval safexurad unda miviCnioT. aseve gardamaval formebad gvevlinebian ritualuri simboloebic.

oriode sityva Tavad ritualis cnebis Sesaxeb. ritu-ali moxmobilia garkveuli eTikur-zneobrivi mdgoma-reobis dasafuZneblad. primitul sazogadoebebSi ritu-als erTi centraluri adgili ekava, mas adamiansa da bunebas Soris urTierTobis mowesrigeba evaleboda. primitiuli religiuri rituali mimeturi xasiaTis ata-rebda. masSi ganaxorcielebs poulobda adamianis ro-gorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri emociebi, SiSebi da idealebi, sakuTari siZlierisa da neba-survilis, sik-vdilisa da gamarjvebis pirvelyofili konceptebi, ro-melTac aqtiuri da gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi eniWe-boda pirvelyofili cnobierebis mier. savaraudoa, rom swored zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs ritualisT-vis niSandoblivi zeaweuli, sazeimo, sadResaswaulo ganwyoba. Aam Tvisebam miTosuri ritualidan religiur ritualSic gadmoinacvla.

ritualis uprimitiulesi formaSi prevalirebs nac-nobi, martivi qcevebi: igi umTavresad kvebis, ganbanisa da msgavsi aqtebiT gamoxatavs Tavs. Semdegi safexurze es qcevebi umaRlesi simboluri mniSvnelobiT it-virTeba, magram vidre es moxdeba, vidre qcevis es for-mebi meoradi mniSvnelobiT aivseba, xdeba maTi mniSvne-lobebis dazusteba `gacnobiereba-gaSinaureba~, xSiri ganmeoreba. TandaTanobiT fuZndeba abstrahirebuli `swori formebi~ da, maT gaCenasTan erTad Tavs iCens meoradi mniSvnelobac. iseTi praqtikul-yofiTi qceva, rogoricaa, magaliTad, axali xilis Wama, bevr xalxSi gansakuTrebuli wesiT mimdinareobs. yalibdeba mTeli rituali: WuWyis gadarecxvis martiv, praqtikul qcevas eniWeba miTo-religiuri Rirebuleba, igi ivseba am meo-

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radi mniSvnelobiT da ukavSirdeba ganwmendis aqts. ritualuri simboloebis magaliTebad unda CaiTvalos, iseTi praqtikul-yofiTi qmedebebi, rogoricaa datireba, misalmeba; rogorc ki garkveuli simbolur-miTo-reli-giuri RirebulebiT aivsebian maT mieniWebaT ritualu-ri aqtis saxe. aseve, xelTaTmanis srola, garkveul wre-ebSi orTabrZolaSi gawvevis simbolod aRiqmeba, da es qmedeba lamis sazeimo ritualis saxes atarebs. mok-led gvsurs SevCerdeT daficebis ritualze. radganac sainteresod miviCnevT ficis fenomens. fici, Tavisi ar-siT primitiulma cnobierebam daukavSira rwmenas, sin-dissa da qcevebs Soris Tavmdebiad, Suamavalad, msa-julad, praqtikulad RvTaebrivi funqciis aRmsrule-belad CaTvala. uaxloesi adamianis daificebisas ada-miani, aRTqmas debs RvTisadmi, romlis darRvevis Sem-TxvevaSi is TviTon sTavazobs RmerTs sakuTari Tavi-saTvis umZimes sasjels. ficis gatexa araTu maxlobel-Ta mimarT, aramed TviT mtrisadmic zogierT xalxSi dauSveblad iTvleboda. ficis dadebis aqti, sityvis argatexvis wesi ritualis zeaweul regitrSi tarde-boda pirvelyofil TemebSi, es rituali dResac Senar-Cunebulia msoflios zogierT regionSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi. ritualuri simbolos magaliTia dasaCuqrebis aqti; sainteresoa dasaCuqrebis iseTi forma rogoricaa Sewirva e.w. `saCuqari qvemodan zemoT~. ritualis es saxe arsobrivia adamianisaTvis da igi gvxvdeba rogorc miTosuri cnobierebis matarebel TemebSi, bunebriv religiebSi, ise warmarTul (magali-Tad, cnobilia, rom Zveli berZnebi gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaSi Sesawirs uZRvnidnen janmrTelobis RmerTs), da monoTeistur religiebSic (micvalebulis sulis sa-oxad gaRebuli sakurTxi, religiuri Sewirvis rituali, romelic sruldeba liturgiis msvlelobisas da sxva).

eTikur simboloTa sauflo SeiZleba ukve WeSmarit simboloTa sferod CaiTvalos. magram aqve unda aRiniS-nos, rom eTikur simboloTa gamomsaxveli simboluri

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niSnebi ar arsebobs. maRalzneobrivi eTikuri saqcieli, eTikuri qcevis nimuSebi (cotne dadianis gmiroba, eqv-Time TayaiSvilis cxovreba) ufro zustad, Cveni war-modgenebi aseT qcevebze, zneobrivi gmirobis simboloe-bad ganicdeba.

religiuri simboloebi istoriulad ufro gvian Camoyalibda, vidre ritualuri Tu enobrivi sim-boloebi. isini TiTqos WeSmariti simboloebi arian, ma-gram saqme mTlad ase ar unda iyos. morwmuneTaTvis es marto simboloebi, maT ukan mdgar idealur viTarebaTa gamomTqmeli niSnebi ki ar aris, aramed namdvili realobacaa.

simbolos yofierebis saidumlos danaxvis tradicia swored antikurobaSia fasvgadgmuli. Zveli berZnuli tradiciiT, rodesac megobrebi didixniT scildebodnen erTmaneTs, raime nivTs Suaze iyofdnen, TiToeuls Ta-visi nawili mihqonda, didi xnis ganSorebis Semdeg es adamianebi an maTi STamomavlebi erT dros Suaze gayo-fil nawilebs aerTianebdnen da ase scnobdnen erT-maneTs. aseTive datvirTva hqonda qristianul simbolos. garegani gamoxatuleba warmoadgenda dafaruli azris mxolod nawils, romelic mxolod morwmunesaTvis iyo misawvdomi. qristianTa devnis periodSi simboloTa mdumareba xelovnebis idumalebas gansakuTrebul elf-ers sZens. pirveli qristianebi am niSnebiT scnobdnen erTmaneTs.

simbolo, wminda mamebis azriT, saWiroa imisaTvis, rom mravalsaxed daibeWdos WeSmariteba. is mxolod mas gaexsneba, vinac cxovrebis upirveles amocanad WeS-maritebis Zieba dasaxa.

qristianobaSi simbolo mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli bibliur gamocxadebasTan, wmida werilis teqstTan, RvTis sityvasTan. teqstidan igi vizualur gamoxatu-lebaSi gvxvdeba da gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens freskul mxatvrobaSi. romis katakombebSi qristianuli simbolikis yvelaze gavrcelebulsa da adreul gamoxa-

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tulebebs vxvdebiT, magaliTad, Tevzis xateba. berZnuli sityva Tevzi aris frazis `ieso qriste Ze RvTisa~ abreviatura. xolo misi vizualuri gamoxatva niSnavs qristianul rwmenas, aRmsareblobas. zurgze puriTa da RviniT savse kalaTiT gamosaxuli Tevzi evqaristiuli simboloa, romelic qristes ganasaxierebs. is aZlevs adamianebs arsebobis purs, xsnas, axal cxovrebas aziarebs. mtredi Zveli aRTqmiseuli simboloa. `daba-debis~ wignSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor auwya noes swored mtredma warRvnis dasasruli. zeTisxilis rtoTi ga-moxatuli mtredi mSvidobis simbolos ganasaxierebs. axal aRTqmaSi am mniSvnelobas emateba mtredis mor-Cilebis, sispetakisa da ndobis simbolod aRqma. ior-daneSi naTlisRebisas `suli RmrTisa~ mtredis saxiT gadmovida `da wama iovane da Tqva, rameTu vixile suli RmrTisai, viTarca tredi, gardamomavali zeciT, da daadga mas zeda.~ (ioane, 1.32).

vazis rto evqaristiuli saxe da RvTivgamorCeulo-bis simboloa. yurZeni wminda werilSi aRTqmuli miwis simbolos warmoadgens. venaxi moiazreba, rogorc ekle-sia, morwmune adamianTa erToba. ieso ambobs: `me var ve-naxi WeSmariti, da mamai Cemi moqmedi ars.~ (ioane, 15.1). `me var venaxi WeSmariti, da Tquen rtoni, romeli daadgines CemTana da me mis Tana, aman moiRos nayofi mravali~ (ioane 15.5.). SroSani umankoebisa da siwmindis simboloa. es simboloc Zveli aRTqmidanaa. `qebaTa qeba solomonisa~-Si naTqvamia, rom solomonis taZari Sem-kuli iyo SroSanebiT. axal aRTqmaSi gabriel mTava-rangelozi SroSaniT mieaxla RvTismSobels. cisartye-la mSvidobisa da Serigebis simboloa, aseve Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT: `vdeb cisartyelas RrubelSi niSnad aRTqmisa Cemsa da queyanas Soris~, - mimarTavs ufali noes. (dabadeba 9,13). mayvlis buCqi Zveli aRTqmis sim-boloa. cecxlwakidebuli mayvalovanidan, romelic ar iwvoda, moesma uflis xma moses, tyveobidan daxsnas dahpirda ufali mas da realurad asrulda kidec dana-

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pirebi. axal aRTqmaSi am xatebam SeiZina axali mniSvne-loba: cecxlwakidebuli, magram `Seuwueli~ mayvlovani simboloa marad qalwuli mariamisa, romelSic ubiwod Caisaxa da iSva macxovari, kacobriobis damxsneli ty-veobidan. marili, mariliani miwa unayofobis simboloa. meore mxriv, masSi igulisxmeba wminda zneobrivi cxov-reba. marili sulis zneobriobis xarisxis simboloa. `keTil ars cxovreba, xolo ukueTu marili umarilo iqmnes, raiTaRa Seanelos igi?~ (mark. 9.50). `Tqven xarT marili queyanisai~ (maTe 5.13) mouwodebs mociqulebs ieso daicvan RvTis sityva sakuTari cxovrebis zneob-rivi wesiT. aseTivea kravi. winaswarmetyvelni kravs me-sias uwodeben, romelic ganwmendda ebrael xalxs. es simbolo gamosyidvis da morCilebis mniSvnelobas iZens.

religiuri simbolo WeSmariti simbolos yvela Tvi-sebis matarebelia. religiuri simbolo uRrmesi Sinaga-ni moculobis mqonea, mravalwaxnagovani da mravalgan-zomilebiania, gansakuTrebuli simkvrivisa da koncen-traciis mqone. religiuri simbolos gaxsna da mTliani amoxsna damokidebulia rwmenis doneze, sulieri ganvi-Tarebis xarisxze. igi exsneba mxolod religiuri msoflmxedvelobis matarebels. rwmenis subieqts re-ligiuri simbolos amoxsna rebusis an Saradis msgav-sad SeuZlebelia. religiuri simbolo rTuli, mkacrad gansazRvruli ierarqiis mqonea. ai. misi Semecnebis ZiriTadi etapebi: teqstidan gamoyofa – Secnoba – Tana-gancda – meditacia – TanaCarTva – Tanacxovreba – aT-viseba – simbolos saSualebiT urTierTobis damyareba simbolizebulTan.

religiuri simbolos mniSvneloba anagogiuri xasi-aTis matarebelia – adamianis goneba mas umdablesidan umaRlesisaken, cnobilidan ucnobisaken, uxilavidan xilulisaken mihyavs.

religiuri msoflmxedvelobis velSi moxvedrili simbolo mis ukan mdgari idealuri viTarebis gamom-Tqmeli niSani araa, esaa namdvili realoba. am niSniT

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motanili Sinaarsis ueWvelobasa da RirebulebaSi re-ligiuri cnobierebis matarebels eWvi ar epareba.

mxatvruloba, romelic religiuri simbolos ganuy-ofeli niSania, mxolod formaluri xasiaTi aqvs. mas damxmare funqcia eniWeba. rogorc ki mxatvruli saxe win wamoiwevs, religiuri simbolo kargavs Tavis specifikur funqcias da daniSnulebas. TvalsaCinoe-bisaTvis moviyvanT xatis magaliTs. religiuri msofl-mxedvelobis velze xati simbolo da msgavseba, gansa-kuTrebuli saxis msgavsebaa. xati Tavis TavSi aTavsebs simbolosa da sinamdvilis Tvisebebs. xatze gamoxatuli wmindani absoluturad konkretuli cocxali xatebaa; xatze gamosaxuli saxe wmidanisa misi sulieri myofo-bis simbolo, aq da amwuTSi mlocvelTan Tanamyofobis niSnia. religiuri cnobierebis matareblisaTvis is co-cxalia, Sesabamisad mas xelewifeba Tanadgoma, sixa-rulisa da mwuxarebis gamoxatva da a.S. xatmwerlobaSi ostatis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, mxatvruli fan-tazia, yvela is komponenti rac mis mxatvrul indi-vidualobas qmnis praqtikulad minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili. xatmweri liturgikuli Semoqmedia, misi amo-cana ar aris sakuTar emociebis gamovlena, mxatvruli saSualebebiT Jonglireba. mxatvruli qsovili, romel-sac igi qmnis, gansakuTrebuli saSualebiTaa Seqmnili, gansakuTrebuli eniTaa dawerili, misi Semqmneli xatmweri garda profesiuli mxatvruli momzadebisa, religiur planSi Rrmad ganswavluli pirovneba unda iyos; xSir SemTxvevaSi saeklesio piric. renesansuli epoqis xatmwerlobaSi wina planze gamodis xelovani–pirovneba, Tavisi adamianuri myofobiT, individualuri grZnobismieri samyaros mravalferovnebiT, aRorZinebis epoqis xatmwerlisaTvis umal sakuTari adamianuri pi-rovnulobis warmoCenaa upirvelesi amocana. xati am velze kargavs religiuri simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTe-bel yvela komponents da saero portretad gardaiqmneba.

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saeklesio arqiteqturaSi cnobilia taZrebis sxvada-sxva forma. yvela maTgans Tavisi simboluri mniSvne-loba aqvs. vTqvaT, mogrZo forma taZrisa simboluri niSania imisa, rom qveyana zRvaa, eklesia – morwmune eri, romelic taZarSi ikribeba, xomaldi, romelzedac SeiZleba gadacuro da miaRwio navTsayudels – zeciur sasufevels. taZris jvarisebri forma simboluri ni-Sania imisa, rom qristianuli eklesiis safuZveli qristes jvaria, romelis meoxebiTac qristianebs xsna mieniWaT. varskvlavis forma taZrisa simbolurad beT-lemis varskvlavs gamosaxavs. igi maradiuli cxovre-bisaken unaTebs gzas morwmunes. sferos forma mianiS-nebs qristes eklesiis maradiul arsebas, iseve, rogorc sferos ara aqvs dasasruli, qristianuli eklesiac ma-rad iarsebebs.

taZris gumbaTebis ricxvsac simboluri mniSvneloba eniWeba. erT gumbaTiani taZari simboloa ieso qristesi, sami – wminda samebisa, xuTi – ieso qristesa da oTxi maxareblisa, Svidi – saidumlosi da msoflio saekle-sio krebisa. taZrebi dasavleTIdan aRmosavleTisaken dgas da es niSnavs, rom Cveni mzera mieqceva sinaTlis wyaros. taZris sivcre samoTxis simboloa. taZris freskebze gamosaxulni arian samoTxis mkvidrni. ami-tomac religiuri cnobierebis matarebeli xedavs ara maT mxatvrul saxes, aramed samoTxis mkvidrT. vTqvaT, mtredi freskaze suliwmidis mofenis simboloa. xate-bis win anTebuli sanTlebi da kandeli simboloa RvTisadmi Sewiruli msxverplisa da morwmunis sulis mxurvale locviT wvas gamoxatavs. pirjvris wera sim-boloa, gamoxatulebaa, adamianis gonebis, gulis da Zalis sakurTxeblad moxmobili. pirjvris weris aqtSi sami TiTis erTmaneTTan miwyoba simboluri niSania wminda samebis sampirovnebisa. jvris TayvaniscemaSi qristianobisaTvis jvris ideis mistikuri aRqmaa gacxa-debuli. kosmosur aspeqtSi jvari warmoadgens sayrdens yoveli agebulebisa da soflis agebulebisaken mimaval

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gzas. Tu Zvel aRTqmaSi igi gariyvisa da warwymedis simbolod gvevlineba, RmerTisgan uaryofili kacobri-obis saxed, qristianebisaTvis igi mTeli kacobriobis saxeliT Sewiruli universaluri msxverplis simboloa, sulis qristesTan mimavali gzis, Tavganwiruli siyva-rulis axali mcnebis simboloa. jvris oTxi bolo qveynis oTxi kuTxisa da weliwadis oTxi drois sim-boloa da, amrigad, jvari simboloa msxverplisa, ro-melic droisa da sivrcis sazRvrebs moicavs. qris-tianobisaTvis jvari mTeli saxarebis xatweruli saxea.

cnobilia, rom taZari RvTis saxlia, radgan ufali uxilavad sufevs masSi. igi eZRvneba an qristes da RvTismSoblis cxovrebis sxvadasxva movlenas, an zeci-ur Zalebsa da saTayvanebel wmidanebs. sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qristianul saqarTveloSi `taZari, samlo-cvelo xatis qveS dasasvenebeli iseTi adgilebia, ro-melTagan maTi mfarvelobis qveS Sevrdomilis, TviT borotmoqmedisa da damnaSavisac ki, arc ZaliT gamoyva-na SeiZleboda, arc gacema, arc dasja, e.i. xelSeuxe-blad iyo miCneuli~ (4).

amgvari wesis dros xatze gamobuli kacis gamoyvana ZaliT aravis SeeZlo, arc saeklesio sazogadoebas. es iyo religiurad ganmtkicebuli da saxelmwifoebrivi kanonebiT xelSeuxebeli wesi.

religiuri simboloebi iZebneba Sua saukuneebis li-teraturasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebis mTeli kultura religiur simbo-likas efuZneba. wmida mamaTa cxovrebaSi arsebuli bev-ri kanonikuri elementi swored Sua saukuneebis simbo-likiT SeiZleba aixsnas.

religiuri simbolizmiTaa savse “martvilobani.” mod-eli “cxovrebaTa” qargisa adamianis yvela cxovrebi-seuli moqmedebis simbolur mniSvnelobaze miniSnebiT igeba. wmidanis cxovrebas mudam orgvari sazrisiT it-virTeba – TavisTavadi da sxva adamianisaTvis zneobrivi magaliTebis saxis mimcemi; simbolosaTvis maxasiaTe-

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beli sazrisis ormagoba safuZvelad edeba zneobrivi qcevis normas. simbolurma formam ise ostaturad unda dafaros WeSmariteba, rom am dafarviT saCino hyos da idumalebiT gaamJRavnos igi. gamJRavneba unda moxdes Semkuli saxiT, radgan RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba sim-boloTia Semkuli. simboluri saxe literaturul Ze-glSi saWiroa mkiTxvelis sulieri Zalebis dasarazma-vad, misi gonebis misamarTad yofierebis umaRles WeS-maritebaTa Semecnebisaken. hagiografebi Tavs arideben individualuris, personuli vnebebis, wmidanis grZno-bad-emociuri samyaros gaxsnas. nebismieri qmedeba, ro-melic aRiwereba, simboluri mniSvnelobiTaa datvir-Tuli. wmidanis bavSvobis, misi aRzrdis, udabnoSi eS-makTan brZolis, sikvdilisa da sikvdilis Semdgomi saswaulebis scenebi Rrma simboluri sazrisiT aris gamsWvaluli.

bizantiur freskebze, mozaikebsa Tu xatebze gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ferTa simbolikas. ase, magaliTad, oqrosferi `RvTaebrivi Suqis~ simbolo iyo, alisferi – mefuri Zalauflebisa, TeTri – siwmindis, araamqveyniurobisa, Savi feri sikvdilis, qvesknelis simbolod gvevlineba, mwvane – axalgazrdobis da ay-vavebis simboloa.

zogadad religiuri simbolos niSnebi ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

1. religiuri simbolo dinamikuria, msgavseba simbolosa da simbolizebuls Soris ara marto struqturuli, aramed dinamikuri xasiaTis matare-belia.

2. religiuri simbolo ierarqiulia, igi gnosti-kuri wvdomis safexurebs gamosaxavs.

3. religiuri simbolo perspeqtiulia, warsuli movlena awmyoSi SeiZleba gaixsnas da momavlis simbolo iyos.

4. igi ganzogadebulia da amave dros ganzogade-bis xasiaTis matarebelia.

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aq mokled unda SevexoT e.w. filosofiur simbo-loebs. zogi mkvlevari calke gamohyofs am tipis sim-boloebs. maTTvis isini ukiduresi ganzogadebiT ga-moirCevian. `cneba aris sinamdvilis asaxva, Tumca si-namdvilis asaxva yovelTvis rodia misi cneba. cneba iseTi asaxvaa sinamdvilisa, romelic imavdroulad aris misi analizi, misi yvelaze zogadi mxareebis formu-lireba ara arsebiTisagan arsebiTis gamoyofis safuZ-velze. ukve amgvari winaswari saxiT yovelgvari filo-sofiuri cneba simbolos sazrisiseuli Canasaxia, ram-denadac TavisTavSi Seicavs usazRvros, sinamdvileSi orientaciisa da masSi gamefebuli urTierTmimarTebis gegmis aqtiur princips. “ filosofiuri kategoriebis urTierTSepirispirebiT CvenTvis sacnauri xdeba, rom TiToeuli kategoria yvela sxva kategoriasTan mimar-TebaSi agreTve simboloa~. (5).

cxadia, filosofosic SeiZleba sargeblobdes sim-boloebiT (rogorc maTematikuri Tu logikuri, ise mxatvruli Tu religiuri) magram filosofiur azrov-nebaSi maT daqvemdebarebuli xasiaTi unda hqondeT. wminda filosofiuri simboloebi ki faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, filosofosTa mier naxmari simboloebi ze-moT ganxilul simboloebze daiyvaneba. saintereso vi-TarebasTan gvaqvs saqme iracionalist filosofosebis SemTxvevaSi. maT diskursSi zogadad xdeba ara filo-sofiuri cnebebis Secvla filosofiuri simboloebiT, aramed cnebiTi maragis gamdidreba-Sevseba religiuri da mxatvruli simboloebiT.

$18. mxatvruli simbolos struqtura simboloTa klasifikacia unda moxdes cnobierebis

formebis mixedviT (ufro farTod, adamianuri aqtivo-bis formebis mixedviT). aqtivobis, anu cnobierebis ama Tu im formaSi moqceva uciloblad Tavisebur gavlenas

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moaxdens simbolozec. wina paragrafSi simbolos sxva-dasxva formaTa CvenebiT es kargad gamoCnda. xelovne-baSi, mxatvruli qmnilebis qsovilSi moxvedrili sim-boloc unda Seeguos esTetikuri cnobierebis stru-qturas, mis bunebas. esTetikuri cnobierebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli ki, rogorc cnobilia, saxeebiT azrovne-baa, goniT–ideuri SinaarsiT savse grZnobadi xatebiT azrovneba. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom cnobierebis Si-naarsis gamomsaxvel-aRmniSvnel formaTagan simbolo yvelaze axlos mxatvrul saxesTan dgas. yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, amis Tqma SegviZlia simbolos yvelaze ganvi-Tarebul, yvelaze wminda formaze – mxatvrul sim-boloze. mxatvruli saxe da simbolo metad axlos dga-nan erTmaneTTan, imdenad axlos, rom maTi garCeva zog SemTxvevaSi Zneldeba. es ar unda gavigoT ise, rom xe-lovnebaSi moqceuli da mxatvrul simbolod mov-lenili simbolo Tavis simbolur bunebas dakargavs da mxatvrul saxed iqceva. rogorc mxatvruli simbolo, ise mxatvruli saxe garkveuli specifikiT xasiaTdebian. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom simboloc da mxatvruli saxec horizontaluri da vertikaluri struqturiT identuri unda iyvnen.

mxatvruli saxe axali mxatvruli sinamdvilis mode-lurad mbadi struqturaa. amdenad, mxatvruli saxe SezRudulia sakuTari imanenturi SinaarsiT, romelic mxolod garegnul WvretaSi ixsneba. simbolo garegnu-li Wvretis farglebs scdeba. garegnuli saxe mxolod pirobaa misi grZnobad-xatovani formisa. mxatvrul saxeSi sinamdvilis mxolod erTi momentia mocemuli – is, rac uSualod ixsneba mis grZnobad formaSi; mxat-vrul saxeSi pirvel planze gamodis avtonomiuri, Ta-visTavdadi WvretiTi Rirebuleba. l. gudiaSvilis `freska~ savsebiT avtonomiuri, TavisTavadi Rirebule-bebis mqone mxatvruli saxea; misi Wvreta, misiT tkboba SeuZlia yvelas, igi ar moiTxovs specialur mxatvrul ganswavlulobas, ar moiTxovs arc interpretirebas,

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arc gansjas. ideuri saxovaneba an saxovani ideuroba erTian da ganuyofel mTels qmnian mxatvrul saxeSi.

simboloSi xorcieldeba gasvla mxatvruli sinamdvi-lidan, sxva sityvebiT, ideurobisa da saxovnobis saz-Rvrebidan. Tu mxatvrul saxeSi wina planze wminda mxa-tvruli funciebis ganxorcieleba wamoiwevs, simboloSi RirebulebaTa samyarosTan misi mimarTebaa ganxorcie-lebuli.

gamosaxuli idea da sagnis saxe urTierTgamWolicaa da igi saxeSi ganWvretilis meSveobiT ufro Rrma fenis Wvretaa, sxva, ufro siRrmiseuli sazrisis gamovlenacaa.

simbolo moqmedi bunebis mqonea, ganxorcielebisa da gamomJRavnebis uamravi perspeqtiva aqvs. iseve, rogorc mxatvruli saxe, simboloc garkveuli ontiuri Tavise-burebiT xasiaTdeba: igi warmodgenilia materialuri, grZnobad-aRqmadi formiT, romelsac garkveuli idealu-ri Sinaarsi axlavs Tan. grZnobadi masalaa, romelsac iyenebs mxatvruli simbolo principulad aragrZnobadi goniTi Sinaarsis gadmosacemad, sxvadasxvagvaria: sityva, bgera, feri, Jesti.

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, iqneba es poezia, saxviTi xe-lovneba Tu kinoxelovneba, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-ba eniWeba ferTa simbolikas.

Tavis droze goeTem didi yuradReba miaqcia feris problematikas da saintereso kvlevac miuZRvna mas. Cven aq calke kvlevis sagnad ver vaqcevT am problemas, masze SevCerdebiT imdenad, ramdenadac igi, mxatvruli simbolos bunebis gaxsnaSi dagvexmareba.

goeTes Teoria yuradsaRebia feris fenomenis fsiqo-fiziologiuri interpretaciis gamo. nacvlad tra-diciuli `fizikuri~ kvlevisa, sadac pirvel planze idga movlenaTa abstraqciuli sqema, goeTe gvTavazobs Tavad movlenisa da am movlenis aRmqmelis - adamianis gamowvlilviT analizs. goeTe exeba adamianis sulier ganwyobaze ferTa zemoqmedebis sakiTxebs, sainteresod ajamebs Catarebul eqsperimentebs da gvaZlevs sruliad

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axlebur interpretacias, ferTa simbolikas. ferebi, goeTes mixedviT, adamianebSi garkveul emociur ganwyo-bas iwveven. fers iseve saWiroebs Tvali, rogorc si-naTles. feri gansakuTrebulad moqmedebs adamianis sulier ganwyobaze. yviTeli (uaxloesi feria sinaT-lisa) gamoirCeva `naTeli bunebiT~, `mxiarulebiT~, rbi-li mimzidvelobiT da `siTboTi~. magram yviTliT miRe-buli mxiaruleba da keTilSobiluri STabeWdileba mo-mentalurad qreba, Tu mas raRac doziT gaereva civi feri, vTqvaT gogirdisferi, romelsac mwvane gada-hkravs, is usiamovno SegrZnebas iwvevs (6).

sul sxva SegrZnebebs iwvevs yviTlisa da wiTlis narevi. moyviTalo wiTelSi aqtiuri mxare maqsimalur xarisxSia ayvanili da arc gasakviria, rom energiuli, janmrTeli da mrisxane adamianebi gansakuTrebul sixa-ruls ganicdian aseTi feris garemocvaSi.

lurji, mowiTalo lurji da molurjo wiTeli qmnian mousvenar da sevdian ganwyobas. lurji yviTelis sawinaaRmdego TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. masSi SeTavsebu-lia ori sawinaaRmdego gancda: aRgzneba da simSvide.

mowiTalo lurji wiTeli elferis gaZlierebiT ki-dev ufro metad iwvevs mousvenrobis gancdas.

wiTeli seriozulobis, Rirsebisa da saTnoebis STa-beWdilebis Semqmnelia. am feris zemoqmedeba iseve er-TaderTia, rogorc misi buneba. am feris maRali Rir-sebis gamo araerTxel gviwodebia misTvis mewamuli, Tumca mewamuli ufro lurjisaken ixreba. (7).

mwvane pirveladi ferebis, yviTlisa da lurjis Se-reviT miiReba. es feri savsebiT gvamSvidebs da sruli kmayofilebis momgvrelia TvalisaTvis. goeTe agrZe-lebs fermwerTa tradiciebs da ferebs or did jgufad hyofs: `dadebiTad~ da `uaryofiTad~. Tu `dadebiTi~, anu Tbili ferebi iwveven mxneobas, gvaaqtiureben, gvafxizleben, `uaryofiTi” – civi ferebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebelia mousvenari, sevdiani, sicarielis ganwyoba. (gavixsenoT vrubelisa da rerixis tiloebi. vrubelis

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`demonSi~ Warbobs iasamnisferi da lurji tonebi, ro-melTa saSualebiTac mxatvari sevdisa da daukmayo-filebeli Ziebis simbolos qmnis. rerixi aseve xSirad mimarTavs civ, daxSul ferebs da elferebs. civi, in-tensiuri gamiT igi did feradovan sivrceebsa da planebs qmnis). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom goneba mud-mivad awarmoebs varjiSs ferebis sistematuri cvli-leba-gadaxalisebiT. amdenad, ar arsebobs erTi aRiare-buli feri universaluri TvisebebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva ers gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba aqvs ferebisadmi. goeTe midis im daskvnamde, rom tansacmlis feris mixedviT SeiZleba adamianis xasiaTi gamovicnoT. `ase SeiZleba davinaxoT calkeuli ferebis urTierTmi-marTeba da maTi mimarTeba saxis ferTan, asakTan, mdgo-mareobasTan~. (8)

cnobilia, rom goeTe feris problemis kvlevas fer-mwerTa moTxovnebidan gamomdinare Seudga da daubrun-da mas ferebsa da maT Sexamebaze Sexedulebebis, gam-didrebuli mwyobri sistemiT. gzadagza man ikvlia fer-Ta fizika, ferTa fiziologia da ferTa fsiqologia. goeTes mier xelovnebis praqtikaSi Semotanili ino-vacia, kerZod miseuli ferTa wre, rogorc rigi ganzo-gadebebis masinTezirebeli sqema, Seerwya ferze saerTo codnas da dRemde cocxlobs.

koloritis problematikis ganxilvisas goeTe arCevs harmoniis samnair gamovlenas:

1) didebuli efeqti miiReba Tbili (aqtiuri) ferebis simravliT; am harmonias SeiZleba daematos mcire doziT iisferi, lurji, mwvane.

2) saamo efeqti miiReba lurjiT, iisferiT da mewamuliT, civi ferebisken erTgvari gradaciiT. SesaZlebelia agreTve mcire raodenoba yviTlisa da mowiTalo–wiTlisa. mwvane ki unda SemovitanoT didi raodenobiT.

3) brwyinvale da sasiamovno harmonia Seiqmneba mxolod maSin, roca yvela mezobeli feri erT-

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maneTTan wonasworobaSi movlen. marTalia, ferTa aseTi gamoyeneba `dausrulebel modifikaciebs~ iTxovs, romelebic SeiZleba mxolod erT `genias~ ergos, Tu rasakvirvelia is ganimsWvala am Ziri-Tadi debulebiT.

koloritis problematikaze msjelobis dasasruls, goeTe gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom mxatvrebs aSinebT koloritis Teoriul aspeqtSi ganxilva, radgan ferTa Teoriuli analizi miaCniaT `uniadagod~, `usafuZvlod~, `meryevad~ da rom misi survilia, Seusustos es SiSi mxatvrebs da ZiriTadi debulebebis praqtikaSi (cxov-rebaSi) warmatebiT gamoyenebis survili aRuZras. (10).

antonionis filmi `obervaldis saidumloeba~ mTli-anad ferTa simbolikazea agebuli. yoveli feri gmiris Sinagani mdgomareobis maniSnebelia. ufro metic, feris cvla winaswar gvamcnobs sakvanZo momentebis moaxloe-bas. moqmedi gmiris portrets swored feri gansaz-Rvravs.

xelovnebis istoriaSi ferTa simbolikis amgvari ga-moyeneba ar aris ucxo. cnobilia, rom igi uZvelesi ia-ponuri Teatris `kabukis~ erT-erT principad cxaddeba. aq yoveli kostiumis modelisa da feris meSveobiT may-urebelma personaJis xasiaTi unda gamoicnos. am miznis gansaxorcielblad kabukis TeatrSi mkacri normativia dawesebuli. vTqvaT, gansakuTrebuli wiTeli Cacmuloba simboloa maRali wris warmomadgenlobisa; Ria, mxia-ruli ferebi – msaxurebisa. modeli da feri xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs. ruxi feri adamianis sxeulSi dabude-buli Tagvis sulis simboloa da vinaidan zogjer per-sonaJis xasiaTis gamoaSkaraveba mayureblis Tvalwin xdeba, kabukis TeatrSi gansakuTrebulad aris ganvi-Tarebul-damuSavebuli kostiumis swrafi gamocvlis teqnika. gaTviTcnobierebuli mayurebeli saxis feriT da moxatulobiT xvdeba, rodis aris personaJi kargi da rodis - cudi.

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ferTa simbolur gamoyenebas didi adgili ukavia di-zainSi, kerZod grafikul dizainSi. es ukanaskneli em-yareba ferTmcodneobis mier dadgenil rekomendaciebs. ase magaliTad, cnobilia, rom mwvane ganmtvirTveli feria, SesaniSnavi fonia sxva ferTaTvis. yviTeli miC-neulia gonebis mastimulirebel ferad. cisferi siwmin-disa da simSvidis, haerovnebis simboloa. fers gadamwy-veti mniSvneloba aniWeba. sagnobrivi samyaros Seqmna-proeqtirebisas. `feri zemoqmedebs ama Tu im informa-ciis maqsimalur aTvisebaze, aZlierebs argumentacias da sareklamo miwodebas, feris saSualebiT xorciel-deba sasurveli emociebis stimulireba.

mxatvrul simboloSi, msgavsad mxatvruli saxisa, ga-moiyofa gnoseologiuri aspeqti, magram es aspeti arc mxatvruli saxisaTvis da arc mxatvruli simbolosaT-vis araa ZiriTadi, ganmsazRvreli da wamyvani. Tuki ro-mantizmSi mxatvruli simbolo gansjiTi, gonebisaTvis miuwvdomlis wvdomis, idealuri Sinaarsis ara marto ilustraciis, aramed realobis Semecnebis, wvdomis, misi gageba-gaxsnis aqtebs, sxva sityvebiT, mxatvruli simbolos gneoseologiuri aspeqtis wina planze wa-mowevas hqonda adgili, Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi igi sul sxva kuTxiTaa warmoCenili da gaxsnili. sailus-traciod moviyvanT jon kitsis `odas berZnuli lar-nakisadmi~ da edgar alan pos `poeziis princips~.

berZnuli larnaki kitsTan simboloa mSvenierebisa. gansakuTrebuli ostatobiTaa gadmocemuli larnakze gamosaxuli mSvenieri qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis por-tretebi, natifi xlarTebi da xazebi, ucnaurad gada-jaWvuli erTmaneTSi, warmtaci ornamentebis mTliano-bas qmnian. romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganwyobiT larnakze daxatuli cxovreba upirispirdeba realurs: ucxo melodia, romelsac marmarilos momRerali as-rulebs, ufro daxvewili da mSvenieria, vidre sinam-dvileSi aJRerebuli musika, larnakze asaxuli siyva-

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ruli ki ufro amaRlebuli da wmindaa, vidre miwieri. bolo strofebSi mocemulia romantizmis kredo:

`Beauty is truth, truth beauty! That is all ye know on earth, and the need to know~.

`erTaderTi ram, raic xams icode, is aris, rom mSve-nierebaa erTaderTi da ucilobeli WeSmariteba~.

edgar alan po statiaSi `poeziis principi~ aRniSnavs, rom misi arsebiTi uzenaesi msajulia gemovneba, xolo gansjasa da sindisTan mas mxolod meorexarisxovani mi-marTeba aqvs. RmerTTan da WeSmaritebasTan mas ar aqvs araviTari kavSiri, mxolod SemTxveviTi... WeSmariteba gansjas akmayofilebs, mSveniereba – poetur grZnobas.

lev tolstoi ambobda, xelovnebis saSualebiT ada-mianebi erTmaneTs grZnobebs gadascemeno. xSirad amisda kvalad asrulebs Tavis misias mxatvruli simboloc. am-denad swori unda iyos mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, mxatvruli simbolo ki ar gveubneba raimes, aramed gark-veuli grZnobad-emociuri datvirTva moaqvs da aucile-blobiT moiTxovs grZnobad-emociur damokidebulebas.

es damokidebuleba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos. vTqvaT, wiTeli yayaCo jon kitsTan simboloa `wiTeli mundirebisa~ - inglisel jariskacTa forma Tavxedobis, usargeblobis da usamarTlobis simboloa. (ixileT mi-si leqsi `Cems Zmas, jorjs~ - Epistole to my Brother George) igive wiTeli yayaCo lado asaTianTan samSoblos Tavi-suflebisaTvis Tavganwirul mebrZolTa sulis simbo-lod gvevlineba.

`hei, Tqven aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTia, Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka

mominda. SavCoxiano vaJebo, Wriloba xom ar SegxsniaT?! es sisxlis aris, Tu marTla yayaCoebis cecxlia?~

. . . gzaSi yayaCos Sexvedra, sikeTed dagvebedeba, sul axalgazrda viqnebiT, guli ar dagviberdeba~.

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rac Seexeba mecnierebis simbolos, igi amgvar inter-pretirebas ver itans. vTqvaT qimiuri simbolo Fe yvela drois yvela qimikosisaTvis element rkinas niSnavs.

Teoriuli cnobierebis struqturaSi pirovnuli, grZnobad-emociuri elementi imdenad umniSvneloa, rom SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki arsebobs. maSin rodesac mxat-vruli simbolo, iseve, rogorc mxatvruli saxe, mec-nierebisagan Tavisufali, zepirovnuli SinaarsiTaa daRdasmuli, mas saqme aqvs pirovnebasTan rogorc mTelTan. mxatvruli simbolos cneba RirebulebiTi mi-marTebiT xasiaTdeba. mxatvruli simbolos ZiriTadi specifika swored imaSia, rom masSi garkveuli sagnis an movlenis Rirebulebis wvdomaa ganxorcielebuli. masSi vlindeba ara is, Tu ras warmoadgens sagani TavisTa-vad, aramed ra aris igi sxva sagnebTan mimarTebaSi, ra Rirebulebisaa igi. mxatvruli simbolo da mxatvruli saxe am aspeqtSic Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs.

vazi qarTveli kacisaTvis rwmenisa da samSoblos sim-boloa. amas Soreuli istoria aqvs. uZveles droSi vazi RvaTaebriv mcenared, `sicocxlis xed~ iTvleboda. mzis, umTavresi RmerTis, Zalas vazi yvelaze metad Seiwovso, swamdaT. es Zala ki miTosuri azrovnebisaTvis siyva-rulis Zala iyo. rodesac wmida nino saqarTveloSi qristianobis saqadageblad gamoemarTa, Tan vazis jvari wamoiRo. savaraudoa, rom man icoda vazis kultis Ses-axeb saqarTveloSi, rom qarTvelebi vazis Zalas scnob-dnen da amitom vazis jvars ufro irwmunebdnen.

uiliam folknerisaTvis ioknapatofas sagis ciklis romanebSi mxatvrul simboloTa araCveulebrivi siuxvea:

kompsonebis sagvareulo saaTi kventin kompsonisaTvis tradiciaTa erTgulebis, patiosnebis, keTildReobis simboloa. `papaCemiseuli iyo es saaTi da mamam rom momca, ase miTxra, aha, kventin, gaZlev yovelgvari ime-disa da survilis am luskumas. vai, rom am saaTis daxedvisas SesaZloa tanjva-wvalebiT moiwadino reduco

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absurdum zogadsakacobrio gamocdilebis gasakuTreba, magram, Seni winaprebiviT, kmayofili arc Sen darCebi. ~

saaTis wikwiki kventins warmouCens uwyvet, ZirisZiri-saken sul ufro da ufro galeul sims droisas. gmiris Tvalwinaa bavSvobisdroindeli harmoniuli samyaros namusrevi, kventini kargavs rwmenas, Zveli samyaro in-greva, misi wmindaTawminda da aw Selaxuli grZnobebi anadgurebs mas sulierad, mere fizikuradac. saaTis umowyalod damsxvreva simbolur aqtad ganixileba.

`magidasTan mivedi da isev da isev ciferblatCabru-nebuli saaTi aviRe, mcireoden davkar magidis Zgides, misi mina Cavamsxvrie da namusrevi saferfleSi xeliT gadmovwminde, isrebic davaglije da isinic Cavtene saferfleSi.~

romanis erT-erTi gmiris, Wkuasusti benjisaTvis naw-vimari xeebis suni usayvarlesi dis, kedis – misi er-TaderTi mfarvelis siyvarulis, erTgulebis da siwmin-dis simboloa. rodesac kedi kargavs yvela am Tvisebas, benji yvelaze pirveli grZnobs am cvlilebas – keds nawvimar xeTa suni aRar asdis.

Tavad benjic amqveyniuri usamarTlobis simboloa. misi saxiT mocemulia gansakuTrebuli pirobebi – erT-gvari gamosacdeli sxva personaJTaTvis. benji erTgvari sarkis rols asrulebs. masSi irekleba ojaxis wevrTa xasiaTebi, benjisTan damokidebulebiT nawilobriv cnaurdeba maTi adamianuri Tvisebebi, maTi cxovrebiseu-li sazrisi, Rirseba. TiTqosda, zogadsakacobrio prob-lemebi mis prizmaSia gardatexili da warmoCenili.

kviparosi adolf apias dekoraciebSi simboluri ni-Sania maradiulobisa. cnobilia, rom sandro axmeteli, romelic bevriT iyo davalebuli apias scenografiisa-gan, `berdo zmaniaSi~ iyenebs swored am mxatvrul sim-bolos imqveyniuri samyarosa da misi Zalebis maradiu-lobis gamosaxatavad. maT SehRaRadebda dramis gmiri, romelic ewameboda, SfoTavda, magram mainc uZluri

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rCeboda sawuTrosTan, maradiulobasTan da bediswer-asTan brZolaSi.

amgvarad, gamoikveTa mxatvruli simbolos kidev erTi aspeqti, kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli, rac arsobrivia mis-Tvis - mxatvruli simbolo garkveuli Rirebulebis momtania. mxatvrul simboloSi ganxorcielebulia ara oden sinamdvilis ukufena, aramed misi aRmoCena da Se-faseba. mxatvruli simbolos erTi umTavresi Tvisebaa ganazogados, erTad Seyaros sruliad gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTze dauyvaneli, TavisTavadi individualobebi. simbolo mbadi bunebisaa, am gagebiTaa SemoqmedebiTi. igi uSualod mocemulSi xedavs Sinagan sicocxles, moZraobas, ris gamoc masSi TviT uSualod mocemulic icvleba saimisod, raTa gamoxatos sinamdvile rogorc mTeli mis perspeqtivaSi.

oTar ioselianis filmebis simbolikaSi es metad kargad Cans. yvelaferi icvleba, miedineba, JamTasvla SeuCerebelia. drois swrafmavloba, romelsac Zireuli cvlilebebi mohyveba sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, Rire-bulebaTa sistemebSic, oTar ioselianis filmebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Temaa. filmSi `iyo SaSvi mgalobeli~, saaTis meqanizmis aJRereba amis mxatvrul simbolod gvevlineba, Tumca mTeli suraTis manZilze igrZnoba drois warmavloba. gmiris yoveldRiuri, aTasi wvril-mani sazrunaviT avsebuli yofa or arasrul dRes moicavs. nacnobebi, gauTavebeli Sexvedrebi, sxvebze zrunva, aTasi movaleobis Sesruleba, stumrebis miReba, amxanagebTan saavadmyofoSi wasvla... gmiri mudam cdi-lobs gverdSi myofs xeli gauwodos. igi yvelasaTvis saWiro kacia, magram cxovreba arc ise grZelia, dro gadis da TiTqos sxvebze gadagebuli axalgazrda ise daasrulebs sicocxles, rom verc erT saqmes bolomde ver mihyveba, misi gzac fuWad Cavlils emsgavseba. fi-nalSi vxedavT gadidebul saaTis meqanizms da TiTqos gafrTxilebad Cagvesmis misi wikwiki. adamiani erTxel modis amqveynad da moCvenebiT saqmeze ar unda daixarjos.

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filmSi `mTvaris favoritebi~ oTar ioseliani ar Ralatobs saTqmelis simbolur enaze gamoTqmis miseul stilistikas. personaJTa daxasiaTebisas reJisori ucileblad iyenebs iseT detalebs rogoricaa: fanjris cxauri, rkinis Jaluzi, meseri. yovel maTgans gark-veuli simboluri datvirTva ekisreba: esaa personaJis Sinagani ukontaqtobis, karCaketilobis, maTi `sulis~ cixis maniSnebeli. sadac unda imyofebodes filmis esa Tu is personaJi, meore, mesame Tu meaTe planze, mudam Cndeba am mxatvrul simboloTagan erT-erTi. es uTuod personaJis Sinagani mdgomareobis ganmartebaa.

mxatvrul simbolos, msgavsad mxatvruli saxisa, aqvs Tavisi ena, mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis Tavisi saSualebebi, semiotikur aspeqtSi danaxuli mxatvruli simbolo niS-nad, azrobrivi komunikaciis saSualebad warmogvidgeba. simboloSi erTiandeba gamosaxuleba da forma, imis gamo, rom aq gamosaxuleba da forma Sinaganad erTi da igivea.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom aris SemTxvevebi rodesac mxat-vrul nawarmoebSi mxatvruli saxe mxatvrul simbolod gadaiqceva. vTqvaT, yvelasaTvis cnobili promeTes mxatvruli saxe iqca simbolod, kulturis winsvlis, ganaTlebisa da niWis simbolod. yoveli mxatvruli saxe xom garkveulwilad simboluria. amdenad, Seicavs simbolod qcevis tendenciasac. cnobilia, rom semanti-kuri velis Teoriis mixedviT, sityva araa erTmniSvne-lovani. mas sazrisTa garkveuli rodenoba, e.w. `seman-tikuri veli~ Seesabameba. osip mandelStami xatovnad axasiaTebs semantikur vels: `cocxali sityva ki ar aR-niSnavs sagans, aramed Tavisuflad irCevs, TiTqos sacxovreblad, ama Tu im sagnobriv mniSvnelobas, niv-Tobas, sayvarel sxeuls. da sityva Tavisuflad daxe-tialobs, nivTis irgvliv, rogorc suli mitovebuli sxeulis irgvliv.~ (11) mxatvrul teqstSi amuSavdeba sityvis mTeli semantikuri veli. mxatvrul aRqmaSi, ro-melSic mxatvruli Sinaarsis plani aqtiurad muSaobs,

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erTveba semantikuri veli, periferiuli mniSvnelobidan dawyebuli, Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT damTavrebuli. WeSmariti simboloebis konstruireba xdeba, rogorc wesi, yvelaze Cveulebrivi, garegnulad `ubralo~ sity-vebisagan, romelTac semantikuri veli sakmaod didi aqvT, xolo mwvervali (yovel sityvas semantikur velSi aqvs mwvervali, romelic am sityvis uaxloes etimolo-giur mniSvnelobas Seesabameba) – Zalze maRali. da ai, rodesac mxatvruli saxis semantikuri velis mizidu-lobis centrSi moeqceva msoflmxedvelobrivi, socia-lur-eTikuri RirebulebiTi mimarTebebi, sxva sityvebiT, rodesac mxatvruli saxis semantikuri velis struqtu-ruli agebuleba miuaxlovdeba simbolosas, swored aq iCens Tavs misi simbolod qcevis tendenciac. aq, albaT, unda aRiniSnos, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis qsovilSi xSiria sxvadasxva tipis simboloTa gamoyeneba, vTqvaT, Tanamedrove romanistikaSi: gabriel g. markesis `mar-toobis asi weli~ mTlianad agebulia miTologiur sim-bolikaze, jon apdaikis, jeimz joisis, oTar WeliZisa Tu guram doCanaSvilis romanebSi mravlad SevxvdebiT am tipis simboloebs. rom ar vilaparakoT grigol ro-baqiZis Semoqmedebaze, romelic mTlianad miTosur sim-bolikazea damyarebuli.

Tanamedrove musikaSi, gansakuTrebiT jazis axal mi-marTulebaTa CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs e.w. Spirituals – sagaloblebs, romlebic religi-uri simboloebis saxeobad gvelinebian.

saxviT xelovnebaSi am mxriv sagulisxmod gveCveneba lado gudiaSvilis Semoqmedeba. mis tiloebze xSirad vxvdebiT miTologiur simboloebs. sakmarisia davasaxe-loT misi `viTom moitaces~, `pirispir~, `devebis saqor-wino gaseirneba~, gansakuTrebiT ki e.w. ofortebi.

indur miTologiaSi simbolikazea agebuli `xe sico-cxlisa~. kaci zis maRla xis totze da zemodan Camow-veTil Tafls gemos usinjavs. qvemoT martorqaa, ro-melic kacs STanTqmiT emuqreba, magram ver wvdeba

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maRla mjdoms. es xe – cxovrebis xea, Tafli ki – zevi-dan rom iRvenTeba, cxovrebis sitkboa. xis qvemoT ori Tagvi – Savi da TeTri – xes Zirs uTxris. Tagvebi dRis da Ramis simboloebia, isini sicocxlis xes Zirs uTx-rian da adamians sikvdils uaxloeben.

saintereso masalas gvaZlevs am mxriv modernistuli poezia. sailustraciod moviyvanT Tomas sternz eli-otis poemas `unayofo miwa~, sadac mxatvrul simbolo-ebTan erTad Tanaarseboben religiuri da miTologiuri simboloebi.

am nawarmoebSi wina planze specifikuri modernis-tuli xerxi – literaturul da miTologiur siuJetTa parodirebaa wamoweuli. Tumca es ukanaskneli, rogorc wesi, ironiuli Seferadebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. movlenis arsi aq isaa, rom eliots xatovanebis prin-cipi Tavisi poemis asociaciuri meTodis birTvze – literaturul reminiscenciaze gadaqvs, rac farTo saSualebas iZleva miTosis gamoyenebisaTvis. miTosi ab-sorbirebulia poemis mTel Sinagan, obieqtur struqtu-raSi. poemis pirvelive epizodi miTosur simboloTa momcvelia. aprilSi mkvdari miwidan iasamani izrdeba, gazafxulis am Tves sCvevia survilisa da mogonebis aRreva, is wvimiT aTrTolebs xolme gamxmar fesvebs. sastik, ulmobel aprils ara hgavs zamTari, romelic siTbosTanaa asocirebuli. gazafxulis sawinaaRmdegod, zamTars sicocxlis niSanwyali Seaqvs mkvdar miwaSi, faravs ra aremares `daviwyebis TovliT~.

`ulmobelia aprilis Tve, mkvdari miwidan amozrdis uceb iasamans da mogonebas survils Seurevs, mTvlemare fesvebs gamoacocxlebs gazafxulis uxvi wvimebiT. ar dauklia zamTars siTbo da daviwyebis TovliT dafara dedamiwa, man misca sazrdo naSTs sicocxlisas, SemorCenils gamxmar bolqvebSi...~

/Targmani m. zaaliSvilisa/

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T.s. elioti aq nayofierebis uZveles miTebs iyenebs. aprili ulmobeli Tvea imitom, rom fizikur aRorZine-bas xorcieli, biologiuri sawyisis zeoba ar mosdevs. miwa steriluri, mSrali da unayofoa, vinaidan nayofi-erebis sawinadari dakarguli sulieri sawyisis dabruneba da RmerTis aRdgomaa mxolod. sulier udab-noSi fizikuri arseboba ki ufro gaWianurebul kvdomas hgavs, vidre WeSmarit sicocxles. mSrali, berwi miwi-dan iasamnis aRmoceneba warmarTuli miTologiis iro-niul gadamRerebad gvevlineba, iasamani nayofierebis simboloa miTebSi.

`unayofo miwaSi~ gvxvdeba filomelasa da terevsis miTis miniSneba: ZvelisZveli buxris zemoT gamosaxulia barbarosi mefisagan esoden uxeSad Zaldatanebuli filomelas saxecvlileba da iqve bulbuli avsebs mTel udabnos ganwiruli xmiT... miTis Tanaxmad, zevsma filomela bulbulad aqcia.

filomela berZnul miTologiur tradiciaSi bul-buls niSnavs. am miTologiuri simbolikiT eliots surs migvaniSnos, rom Zaladobis motivi, iseve rogorc bulbulis galoba, Tanamedroveobis sulier unayofo-basa da dasavluri civilizaciis apokalifsur dasas-ruls gamoxatavs.

eliotis komentaris Tanaxmad, poemis yvela kaci erTi kacia, `xolo yvela qali – erTi qali. tiresia ki orive sqess aerTianebs~. moqmed pirTa asociaciuri identuroba maTi Semoqmedebis identurobas gulisxmobs. amitom sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT dawyvilebuli poemis yvela personaJi faqtobrivad warmoadgens erTaderT wyvils, romelic SeerTda unayofo siyvarulis, ster-iluri sqesis sevdiani ritualis Sesasruleblad. am ritualis simbolod ki `unayofo miwaSi~ gamoyvanilia orsqesovani arseba – brma winaswarmetyveli tiresia. poemis mTel mxatvrul sistemas gansazRvravs swored tiresias cnobierebis nakadi, romelSic uamravi aso-ciacia ireva.

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miTologiur simboloTa gamoyenebiT elioti qmnis Tanamedroveobis sulieri impotenciis amsaxvel erT-gvar `antimiTs~, (12) parodias warmarTuli miTologiis optimistur arsze (bolos da bolos miRweuli dawyev-lili miwis xsna, rogorc sawyisis aRorZineba, RmerTis aRdgoma, graalis mopoveba da sxva), romelic pesimis-turi JReradobiTaa aRsavse. sulieri sawyisis dabru-neba dekandenturi yofis udides gadauWrel problemad rCeba.

mxatvruli simbolo goniT-ideuri SinaarsiT savse grZnobadi xatia. igi garkveuli ontiuri statusiT xasiaTdeba. Tu horizontalur ganaserSi igi Rirebule-biT savse mxatvruli sinamdvilis modelad, mbad stru-qturad gvevlineba, vertikalur sibrtyeSi mxatvruli simbolo warmogvidgeba sagnis ideis da sagnis saxis erTianobad. TvalsaCino xatiT araTvalsaCino Sinaarsis gamoTqmis cdad.

simbolo kulturis mraval sferoSi asrulebs arse-biT rols, igi mniSvnelobis adamianuri samyaros nawi-lia, funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis matarebelia da swored esaa Rirebuli masSi. mxatvruli simbolo mra-vali aspeqtis erTianobad gvevlineba. gnoseologiuri Tu eqsistencialuri, aqsiologiuri Tu semiotikuri mxareebi aq erT mTlianobad ikvreba, magram aqve unda xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom mxatvruli simbolo am aspeqtebis, am mxareebis jamze ar daiyvaneba. igi ufro metia, vidre ubralod jami. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ima-sac, rom simbolo arsebiTad cnobierebis mier samyaros dasaufleblad agebuli xatia, SeiZleba sruli ufle-biT vTqvaT, rom mas faqtobrivad cnobierebis Si-naarsebi moaqvs da, amdenad, mxatvrul simboloSi cno-bierebis formaTa sinTezia ganxorcielebuli.

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boloTq m a

kacobriobis istoriis ganviTarebis garkveul etapeb-ze SeimCneva simboluri diskursis gaaqtiureba. Aam pe-riodSi simboloTa samyaros mimarT interesis zrda imdenad TvalnaTeli xdeba, rom igi modis saxes iRebs - modisa simbolizmze.

procesi am mimarTulebiT warmarTva im filoso-fosTa, lingvistTa, epistemologTa “damsaxurebaa,” ro-melnic dabejiTebiT amtkiceben, rom ar oden ena xasiaTdeba simboluri bunebiT, aramed adamianis goniTi moRvaweobis absoluturad yvela sfero, miTosis, xe-lovnebisa da mecnierebis CaTvliT. (ix.1-3) simbolos mkvlevari religiaTmcodneni, fsiqologebi, eTnologe-bi, enaTmecnierni, xelovnebis Teoretikosni da lit-eraturaTmcodneni simbolos sxvadasxva waxnags war-moaCenen. humanitarul mecnierebaTa mWidro urTierT-kavSiris gamo, maTi daskvnebi nayofierni arian zogadad simbolos bunebis gaxsnisaTvis. simbolos mkvlevari FfilosofosisaTvis mniSvnelovania am kvlevaTa Sede-gebi, radganac isini faqtiurad erTi Temis, adamianis arsisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis, gaxsnas emsaxureba. (ix.3-7)

im faqtorTa Soris, romelTac gaaRvives interesi simboloTa kvlevis mimarT aRsaniSnavia Semdegi faq-torebi:

a) aRmoCenebi siRrmiseul fsiqologiaSi, upirvele-sad is faqti, rom aracnobieris meqanizmis axsna xor-cieldeba im xatebis, saxeebis, siuJetebis meoxebiT, romelnic ara uSualod, aramed gaSualeblad war-moadgenen situaciebisa, Tu pirovnebaTa “niSnebs”.

b) Mmodernisa da siurrealizmis poeturi eqsperi-mentebi, romelTac sruliad axali arafiguratuli samyaro, sizmris sauflo warmoaCines. Aam samyaros mniSvnelobis gaxsna, maTi simboluri struqturis amoxsnis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli.

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g) mesame faqtori gaxldaT eTnologiuri kvlevebi. aq movitanT lusien levi-briulis sajildao qvad qceul hipoTezas “pirvelyofili mentalobis” stru-qturisa da funqciis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac “pirvelyofili mentaloba” logikamdelia, radganac masSi “mistikuri Tanaziaroba” myofobs. am hipoTezam sruliad axleburad warmoaCina simbolos buneba, ramac simboloTa da miTTa kvlevis axali Zalumi talRa warmoSva.

simbolo Tavisi arsiT niSanTa klass ganekuTvneba. simbolo gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri saxis niSania, romelSic grZnobad-TvalsaCino xatis meSveobiT ga-moTqmulia aragrZnobadi ideuri Sinaarsi.

Sinaarsi, romelic simbolos moaqvs, metad rTulia. misi amocnoba garkveul gawafulobas, Cvevas moiTxovs. zogadad, simbolos mniSvnelobis amosacnobad gark-veuli konteqstia saWiro. erTi da igive sagani sxvadasxva konteqstSi gansxvavebuli Sinaarsebis sim-bolizaciad SeiZleba warmogvidges.

simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: polise-manzitmi (magaliTad, Savi feri simboloa sikvdilis, dardis, sibnelis, gaunaTleblobis) da sinonimia (ma-galiTad, mSvidobis simboloa mtredic, palmis rtoc).

simbolos `materialuri sxeuli~ grZnobad-xatovani formiTaa gaformebuli. mas moaqvs TvalsaCino, konkre-tuli, xatovani Sinaarsi, romelic xSirad sqematuria, mudam moiTxovs interpretacias, Riaa interpretaci-isaTvis, mudam mosazrebadia.

simbolo xasiaTdeba mravaljeradi da rTulad gaSu-alebuli kavSiriT uSualod mocemul garegnul, araZiriTad TvalsaCino xatovan Sinaarssa da metad mniSvnelovan ZiriTad Sinaarss Soris (es ukanaskneli warmoadgens ZiriTadi ideis arss, simbolos Sinagan arsebas). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT simbolo aRniSnavs

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ufro Rrma da farTo, xSirad abstraqtul Sinaarss TvalsaCino xatis wyalobiT.

simbolos erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba isaa, rom igi amgebi, modelirebadi bunebisaa. es garemoeba vlin-deba imiT, rom simbolo Tavad agebs Tavis realobas, Tavis samyaros.

marTalia, simboloSi ukuifineba realoba, magram es realoba sinamdvilis asli, foto araa, simbolo erT-erTi gzaa, romelsac mivyavarT sinamdvileze, sagnebsa da adamianur cxovrebaze obieqturi Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebisaken. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simbolo ki ar warmoadgens ukve mza, mocemuli realobis asaxvas, mis imitacias, aramed igi am realobis potenciis, misi yoveli mxarisa da aspeqtis gaxsnaa. amgvarad, igi TiTqos garkveul winmswreb modelirebas axdens samyarosas.

simbolo aucilebeli da saWiroa goniTi moRvaweobis absoluturad yvela sferoSi (mecnierebaSi, xelovne-baSi, religiaSi, politikaSi), magram es ar niSnavs, rom adamianis goniTi moRvaweobis yvela sfero simboluria, rogorc e. kasireri da s. langeri fiqroben. goniTi moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi ixmareba simboloebic da ara simboluri formebic. simbolo, Cveni mosazrebiT, principulad aragrZnobadi goniTi Sinaarsis Tval-saCino xatiT gamosaxvis cdaa.

swored aq unda veZioT simbolosaTvis saWiro um-Tavresi piroba, radganac, vTqvaT, TavisTavad cneba (gansjiseuli Tu gonebiseuli) ar aris simbolo. sim-boloa mxolod is grZnobad-TvalsaCino xati, sadac principulad aragrZnobadi goniTi Sinaarsis gamosaxva iqneba nacadi.

simboloebi gansxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu ra goniTi Sinaarsis gamosaxva ekisrebaT. simboloTa kla-sifikaciis safuZvlad unda miviCnioT adamianis goniTi moRvaweoba kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi. saqme imaSia, rom adamianis goniTi moRvaweobis yovel sferoSi – iqneba es mecniereba, xelovneba Tu religia, arsebobs

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principulad aragrZnobadi goniTi Sinaarsi, romelic saWiroebs aRniSvnas da gamosaxvas. swored es funqcia ekisrebaT simboloebs. aqve unda iTqvas, rom es aRniS-vna sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa. vTqvaT, rodesac saqme maTe-matikur, qimiur da logikur simboloebTan gvaqvs, aR-niSvna pirobiT, konvenciur xasiaTs atarebs. maT sim-boloebi SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod imitom, rom isini aragrZnobadi Sinaarsis aRmniSvnel niSnebad gvevline-bian. mecnierebis simboloebs ara aqvT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, es ukanaskneli konteqstzea damokidebuli. yoveli mecnierisaTvis simbolos formis arCevani sa-erTo jamSi SeuzRudavia, TviTneburia. vTqvaT, suler-Tia Tu ra garegnuli niSniT aRiniSneba diferenciali an integrali, ra erqmeva qimiur elements wyalbads – H Tu Cu. mTavaria, rom mecnierebis simbolo mosaxerxe-beli mecnierul instrumenti iqnes, advilad dasamax-sovrebeli da martivad gamosaxati.

mecnierebis simbolo gamoricxavs sxvadasxvanair in-terpretaciebs. marTalia, maTematikur niSnebs Tavdapir-velad hqondaT simboluri mniSvneloba, magram dRes isini ganTavisufldnen.

mecnierebis simboloTa mier motanili Sinaarsi, kan-tis terminologiiT, gansjiseulia da ara gonebiseuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom calkeul mecnierebaTa simbolo-ebi pirobiTi niSnebia, maTi kavSirebi ki (maTematikuri, logikuri da qimiuri formulebi) erTgvari `modele-bia~ (kantis terminologiiT, `sqemebi~), romelTac gan-sjiseuli Sinaarsis struqturaTa `TvalsaCino~ gamosa-xva evalebaT.

simbolos cnebis kvleva aucileblobiT moiTxovs garkveuli saxis lokalizebas, aqcentirebas imaze, Tu diskursis romel velze funqcionirebs igi. marTebulia es aqcenti gadatanil iqnes mxatvruli qsovilze da masSi momqmed mxatvrul simboloze, radganac aq yve-laze daxvewili, “wminda“ formiTa aisaxeba simbolos Tauri buneba.

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sakuTriv simbolosTan saqme gvaqvs mxolod maSin, rodesac raime niSani gamosaxavs (aRniSnavs, miuTiTebs) ara gansjiseul, aramed gonebiseul, goniT, principu-lad araTvalsaCino da gansjis kategoriebSi `Caute-vel~ Sinaarss. amgvarad, WeSmarit simbolod unda CaiT-valos imgvari niSan-gamosaxuleba, romelic mecnierebis eniT gamouTqmeli Sinaarsis gamoTqmas cdilobs.

cnobierebis yovelgvari is Sinaarsi, romelic `eteva~ droisa da sivrcis formebSi da gansjis kategoriebSi, mecnierebisaTvis principulad misawvdomi Sinaarsia. igi kargad gamoisaxeba sqemebSi, modelebSi, formulebSi. sakuTriv simbolo ki moxmobilia imgvari Sinaarsis gadmosacemad, romelic ver eteva droisa da sivrcis formebsa da gansjiT kategoriebSi. es iseTi Sinaarse-bia, romelTa wvdomisaTvis gansja, mxolod `civi go-neba~ araa sakmarisi. esaa religiuri, zneobrivi Tu mxa-tvruli mimarTebebi, xolo is, ris dasanaxadac grZno-ba, emocia, rwmenaa aucilebeli, RirebulebiTi bune-bisaa. Rirebulebebs ki RirebulebiTi cnobiereba wvde-ba da ara gansjiseul-logikuri. WeSmariti simboloebi swored RirebulebiTi cnobierebis formebad gvevline-bian. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom WeSmariti simbolo Rire-bulebis gamomxatveli niSania, xatia.

am tipis simboloebs mecnierebis simboloebTan erT klasSi aerTianebs saerTo funqcia: gnoseologiuri, Se-mecnebiTi funqcia. gavixsenoT, rom am funqcias gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba romantizmSi, mogviane-biT simbolizmSi.

simbolo mecnierebisaTvis miuwvdomelis wvdomis saSualebad cxaddeba. Selingisa da misi mimdevrebisaT-vis gneoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT dgas xelovneba mec-nierebaze maRla. marTlac, simbolos aqvs unari masSi nagulisxmevi idealuri Sinaarsis ara marto ubralo ilustrirebisa, aramed igi aucileblobiT moiTxovs misi Semecnebis, wvdomis, misi gageba-gaxsnis aqtebs.

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magram saqme isaa, rom WeSmariti simbolosaTvis gnoseologiuri funqcia mxolod erT-erTi, araZiriTa-di, arawamyvani, ara ganmsazRvreli funqciaa. misi mTa-vari amocanaa Rirebulad gangvacdevinos simboloTi gamoxatuli idealuri Sinaarsi, dagvanaxos misi mim-zidveloba. Segvayvaros, rwmenisa da imedis sagnad gviq-cios igi. aqedan gamomdinare, advili dasanaxia, rom WeSmariti simboloebi mimarTulia ara marto da ara imdenad adamianis Semecnebis unarze, aramed mis nebe-lobasa da grZnoba-emociebis unarze. WeSmarit simbo-los saqme aqvs pirovnebasTan, rogorc mTlianTan, ro-gorc cocxali, praqtikuli, eTikuri, religiuri, Sem-mecnebeli da esTetikuri subieqtebis mTlianobasTan. sxva sityvebiT, simbolos saqme aqvs TviTon pirovne-basTan da ara mis calkeul unarebTan.

simbolo rogorc ganzogadebis principi, rogorc Sinaarseul-formalizebuli struqtura aucilebelia mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis. mis absolutizacias mivyavarT iqamde, rom mxatvruli azrovneba uaxlovdeba religiur msoflgancdas, Semoqmedebis sazrisis re-ligiur-dogmatur gagebas. orives sazriss kvintesenci-rebulad gamoxatavs Jak maritenis cnobili principi “uxilav saganTa aRmoCena xilul saganTa meoxebiT”.

mxatvruli simbolos maxasiaTeblebi SesaZlebelia amgvarad dajgufdes:

1. mxatvruli simbolo Taviseburi gansakuTrebuli saxis niSania.

2. mxatvruli simbolo niSania ara konkretuli sagne-bisa, aramed ideebisa.

3. mxatvruli simbolo ara marto aRniSnavs ama Tu im ideas, aramed moiTxovs misdami damokidebulebasac, gar-kveulad gangvawyobs.

4. mxatvruli simbolos SinaarsSi ideasTan erTad igulisxmeba am ideis Rirebulebac.

5. mxatvruli simbolos gagebas, wvdomas gonebasTan erTad grZnobac sWirdeba.

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6. mxatvruli simbolos aRnagi grZnobaTa primatiT igeba.

7. mxatvruli simbolo inteleqtualur-emociuri bunebisaa.

8. mxatvruli simbolo arsebiTad cnobierebis mier samyaros dasaufleblad agebuli xatia, SeiZleba sruli uflebiT iTqvas, rom mas faqtobrivad cnobiere-bis Sinaarsebi moaqvs.

9. mxatvrul simboloSi cnobierebis formaTa sinTe-zia ganxorcielebuli.

10. mxatvruli simbolo mravali aspeqtis erTianobaa. masSiAgnoseologiuri, eqsistencialuri, aqsiologiuri, semiotikuri fenebi erT mTlianobad ikvreba.

11. mxatvruli simbolo gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis jam-ze ar daiyvaneba. igi ufro metia, vidre ubralod jami.

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For the Nature of Art Symbol

Summary It is impossible not merely to solve philosophic, methodological, es-

thetic, literature studying or other widely important problems of cultural heritage but even to try to bring them up for discussion without establish-ing what the notion of a symbol is. A symbol is an all-embracing cate-gory of culture. In some epochs we observe a tendency of acute scientific interest towards the symbol studies. Sometimes such interests become somewhat a scientific habit.

There are several favorable factors that put symbolism in a privileged

position:

• Firstly they are the achievements of psychological, neo-neo-Freudistic and neo-Jungian scientists of today, mainly the fact that it is possible to keep a unconscious work under observation according to those icons, faces and scenarios that are estimated not to the im-mediate notion but are substitutive “signs” of the situations, the per-sons which they cannot percept-receive or do not want to;

• Modernist and surrealistic poetic experiments that have opened quite a new world for a creative perception; this is a non-figurative world, a world of dreams the meaning of which could be “deter-mined” by those who would be able to resolve their structures that are “symbolic” in their essence.

• The third factor that has drawn interest to the symbol studies, are ethnological researches. Here we shall mention the hypothesis by Lucien Levi-Brule about the structure and function of the “primitive mentality”. Lucien Levi-Brule considers that the “primitive mental-ity” was a pre-logical mentality, as there was observed “mystic-participation” in it. This hypothesis awakened wild interest of phi-losophers and aroused enthusiasm for symbols and myths researches. Actually this trend (fashion) was coming from those philosophers, etymologists, linguists that had set a goal to show the symbolic nature of not only the language but of all the forms of mental activity of a

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human being, beginning from mythical–ritual forms ending in art and science.

A symbol in its nature belongs to the class of signs. A symbol is a

unique specific kind of a sign in which a non-sentient idea content is ex-pressed by means of a sentient-visual icon.

The content brought by the symbol is very complicated. Its elucidation

needs a definite competence and skill. Generally elucidation of the mean-ing of a symbol needs a specified context. One and the same thing in dif-ferent contexts can appear as the symbolization of different contents.

Characteristic features of a symbol are: polysemantizm, (e.g. black

color symbolizes death, sorrow, darkness, lack of education) and syn-onymity (e.g. a pigeon, as well as a branch of a palm tree, both of them symbolize peace).

“Material-body” of a symbol is processed in a sentient-iconic form. It

brings visual, concrete, iconic content that is often schematic, always de-mands interpretation, is open to the interpretation and is always conceiv-able.

A symbol is always characterized with multiple and complicatedly av-

eraged connection between an immediately given exterior, not basic sen-tient iconic content and a very important basic content (the latter is the notion of the main idea, the inner being of the symbol). In other words a symbol denotes a deeper and wider, though often abstract content, by means of a visual icon.

One of the characteristic features of a symbol is the thing that it has a

structuring, modeling nature. This feature of a symbol is revealed in its ability to construct its own reality, its own world by itself.

It is true that reality is backwards displayed in a symbol but this real-

ity is not a copy, a photo of an actuality, a symbol is the only way that takes us to the point of formulation of the objective opinions about real-

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ity, objects and human lives. It may be said that a symbol is not a repre-sentation of already ready, given reality expression or its imitation but it is a disclosure of the potential of the reality, revealing all the sides and aspects of it. Thus it seems as if it gives rise to pre-modeling of the uni-verse.

A symbol is required and needed in absolutely all the spheres of men-

tal activities (science, art, religion, and politics) but this does not mean that all the spheres of mental activities of a human being are symbolic as E. Cassirer and S. Langer think. There are used symbols as well as non-symbolic forms in all the spheres of mental activity. A symbol, to our mind, is an attempt to express a principally non-sentient mental content by a visual icon.

Just this is where we must search for the main condition necessary for

the symbol because, let us say, the concept (reasonable or mental) in it-self is not a symbol at all. A symbol is only a sentient-visual icon where expression of a principally non-sentient mental content will be endeav-ored.

Symbols differ according to what kind of mental content they are en-

trusted to express. For the basis of the symbols classification we must consider a human being’s mental activity in different spheres of culture. The thing is that in all the spheres of human beings’ mental activities be it science, art or religion there is a principally non-sentient mental content that needs marking and signing. These are the very functions entrusted to symbols. Here we must mention that these markings are of different types. Let us say when we have to do with the symbols for mathematics, chemistry and logic we see that they are marked with conventional signs. They can be called symbols only because they are the signs of a non-sentient content while the signs for science have no independent mean-ings, the latter ones are dependent on the context. Each scientist is free and unlimited to choose a symbol form. Let us say that it is all the same what the external appearance of a differential or integral sign is; how hy-drogen will be marked –H or Cu. The main thing is that the symbol for

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the science is a convenient scientific instrument, easy to be remembered and easy to be drawn.

A scientific symbol excludes diversified interpretations. It is true that

mathematical signs had had symbolic meanings from the beginning but today they are released from it.

The content brought by scientific symbols, according to Kant’s termi-

nology, is reasonable and not mental. It may be said that the symbols of separate sciences are conventional signs while their connections (mathe-matical, logical and chemical formulas) are something like “models” (“schemes” according to Kant’s terminology) that are entrusted to “visu-ally” express the reasonable content structures.

Personally we have to do with the symbols only when a sign denotes

(points out, expresses) the content that is not reasonable, but cognitive, cogitative, principally non-visual and not “fitted-in” reasonable catego-ries. Thus a true symbol is the sign which tries to express the content that cannot be expressed by a scientific language.

Any content of consciousness, which is “fitted-in” the time and space

forms and reasonable categories, is principally an understandable content for the science. It is well expressed in schemes, models, and formulas. While a symbol itself is called up to express such a content which cannot be “fitted-in” the time and space forms and reasonable categories. These are the contents understanding of which with reason or “cool mind” will not be enough, such are religious, moral or artistic directions, but those that can be conceived only by feelings, emotion, and belief are essential, are considered to be of value nature. And the values are understood by the value consciousness and not by the reasonable-logical consciousness. True symbols are the very forms of value consciousness. It may be said that a true symbol is a sign, an icon that expresses values.

Symbols of such type are unified into one class by their common function

- gnoseological, a function of consciousness. Let us recollect that this func-tion is granted an especial meaning in romanticism, later in symbolism.

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A symbol for a science is being declared as the means of understand-ing of the inaccessible. For Shelling and his followers according to gnoseological concept art stands higher than the science. And truly, a symbol is able to not merely illustrate the ideal content implied in it but it undoubtedly demands acts of understanding, comprehension, notion and revelation of it.

But the thing is that the gnoseological function for the true symbol is

an only one of its functions and it is not considered to be a basic, leading, or an attributive function. Its main issue is to give us possibility to feel the ideal content expressed by the symbol adequately, to see its lure, to make us like it and turn it into a thing of belief and hope. With all the en-suing consequences it is easily seen that the true symbols are directed not only and not mainly to the capability of a man to understand but to a man’s willfulness and feeling-emotional ability. A true symbol has to do with a personality, as a whole, as a living, practical, ethical, religious, understandable and esthetic wholeness of subjects, in other words a sym-bol has to do with a person himself and not with his separate abilities.

A symbol, taken as a principle of generalization, as a content-

formalized structure, is obligatory for a creative work. Its absolutization brings us to the point that the artistic thinking approaches religious emo-tional experience, religious-dogmatic understanding of the sense of the creative work. Both senses are expressed concentrated by Jacque Mariten’s well-known principle “Disclosure of the Invisible Things by Means of the Visible Things”.

Characterizing features of art symbols can be grouped in the following

manner:

1. An art symbol is a peculiar special type of a sign; 2. An art symbol denotes and is the sign of not concrete things but

of ideas; 3. An art symbol not merely denotes these or those ideas, but de-

mands our attitude towards itself, impels us to feel it;

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4. In the content of an art symbol together with the idea the value of an idea is implied as well;

5. One needs not only mind but also sense to understand, to percept an art symbol;

6. The form of an art symbol is structured with the primacy of senses;

7. An art symbol has an intellectual-emotional nature; 8. An art symbol is an icon essentially constructed to overcome the

universe by consciousness; It may be said with full competence that ac-tually it brings notion contents;

9. In art symbols there is accomplished a synthesis of conscious-ness forms;

10. An art symbol is a unity of various aspects. Gnoseological, ex-istential, axiological, semiotic layers are gathered in one whole;

11. An art symbol is not reduced to the sum of aspects; its more than simply a sum;

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

Sesavali:

1. Werner R. Das Aesthetische Symbol, Zeitschift für Philosophie und Philosophische Kritic. 1997. p. 35.

2. Какабадзе З. М. Проблема человеческого бытья, Тб. Мецниереба, 1985, с. 309. 3. Cassirer E. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, v. I. Yale University press, 1964. p.

501. 4. Pierce Ch. S. Sellected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol. 1-6; Harvard, 1931-

1935. v. I. p. 540. 5. Morris Ch. Signification and Significance, a Study of the Relation of Sign and Value.

Cambridge, 1964. I Tavi:

$1.

1. Cassirer E. Op.Cit.v.II . 86-87. 2. hegeli g.f.v. esTetika, t. 1. Tb. xelovneba, 1979, gv. 256. 3. Langer S. Problem of Art. Ten Philosophical Lectures.On a New Definition of Sym-

bol. Richard Field ed. New-Haven 1957. p.18. 4. Выготский Л. С. Мышление и речь психологические исследования М.-Л. 1964 с. 10. 5. WavWavaZe n. z. esTetikis sakiTxebi. Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1958,

gv. 228. $2.

6. enisa da stilis antikuri Teoriebi. anTologia. sankt.-pet-gi. 2005. gv. 99.

7. ixileT gamokvlevebi: W.W. Kellogy and I.A. Kellogy “The Ape and the Child”. 1983.L., R. L. Garner “The Speech of Monkay” 1992. New-Haven., W. H. Furness, “Ob-servation on the Mentality of Chimpanzees and Orang – Utang”. 1996 Z.

8. Ciqobava arn. zogadi enaTmecniereba. t. II. Tsu. 1983. gv. 186. 9. ibid, p. 188-189. 10. Langer S. K. Philosophy in a New Key. A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite,

and Art. New-Haven.1969. 3nd ed.p.111. 11. Cassirer E. Op. Cit. v.I p. 156-157. 12. ibid. p.243. 13. kanti i. TxzulebaTa eqvstomeuli. t. VI. 1966. gv. 230-231. 14. hegeli g.f.v. Op.Cit.t.III, gv. 38-39. $3.

15. n. hartmani. esTetika. m. 1958. gv. 228. 16. E. Cassirer. The Logic of Humanities. Yale University Press.1966. p.55. 17. ibid. p.54.

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18. E. Cassirer. An Essay on a Man. Yale University Press.1964.p.81. 19. E. Cassirer. Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. v.I p.158. 20. ibid. p.164. 21. ibid. p. 58. 22. E. Cassirer. An Essay on a Man. p.157. 23. ibid. p.266. 24. ibid. p.127. 25. E. Cassirer. Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. v.I p.95. 26. ibid. p.74-87-107. 27. ibid. p. 105. $4.

28. Henry Dreyfuss. Symbol Sourcebook. N.Y. McGraw-Hill. 1984. 29. The Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford University Press. N.Y. 1987. p. 834. 30. The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 ed. 2007. vol. IX. p.458. 31. Henry Dreyfuss. Op.Cit. p. 23.

$5.

31.Roland Barthes. Elements of Semiology (1968), Hill and Wang: New York. p.98-99. 32.Roland Barthes. New Critical Essays (1990), University of California. Berkeley.p.178. Tavi II

$ 6.

1. kanti i. wminda gonebis kritika. Tb., 1979. gv. 134. 2. ibid. gv.134-135. 3. p.p. 106-107. $7.

4. f.v. Selingi. Txzulebani. xelovnebis filosofia. m. 2000. gv. 394. 5. ibid. gv. 106. 6. f.v. Selingi. Txzulebani. transcendentaluri idealizmis sis-

tema.m. 2000. gv. 299. 7. f.v. Selingi. Txzulebani. xelovnebis filosofia. gv.111. $ 8.

8. hegeli g.f.v. esTetika. t. I gv.357. 9. ibid. gv.363. 10. ibid. gv. 411. 11. ibid. gv. 372. 12. ibid gv. 420. 13. ibid. gv. 417. $9.

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14. Langer S. Op.Cit. p. 185. 15. ibid. pp.51-63. 16. ibid. p.126-132. 17. Langer S. Mind. Essays on Human Feeling. in 3 volumes. v. I Chicago.1982 p.100-

126. 18. Langer S. Problems of Art. Op.Cit. p. 26. 19. ibid. p.52. $10.

20. M.Eliade. The Two and the One. Harper & Row. N.Y.1962 p. 470. 21. ibid. p.471. 22. ibid. p. 437. 23.M.Eliade. Images and Symbols. Harper & Row. N.Y.1967. 24. Tillich P. Theology and Symbolism – Religious Symbolism. N.Y. 1955.p.109-112.

Tavi III

$11.

1. aristotele. poetika.Tb., 1979. gv.52. 2. ibid. gv.75. 3. hegeli g.f.v. Op.Cit. gv.123. 4. Selingi f.v. Op.Cit. gv. 323. 5. ibid. gv.378. 6. ibid. gv. 387. 7. ibid. gv. 388. 8. hartmani n. Op.Cit.gv.264. $12

9. kanti i. Op.Cit.gv.157-159. 10. ibid. gv. 375-376. 11. ibid. gv. 375. 12. WavWavaZe n. esTetikis sagnis bunebisaTvis. Tb., mecniereba. 1965.

gv. 183. $13 

13. kakabaZe z. xelovnebis fenomeni. Tb., 1980. gv. 35-40. 14. Pierce Ch.S. Op. Cit. p.279. 15. Morris Ch. Signification and Significance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964. p.343. 16. Richards A. Poetries and Sciences. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. p.108. 17. ibid. 128-129. 18. Басин Е Я Семантическая философия искусства М. 1979 ст. 15.

144

$14 

19. haidegeri m. dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa. Tb., 1992. 20. migel de Unamuno. nisli. Tb.,1973. gv. 50. 21. stanislavski k. fiqrebi Teatrze. Tb., 1983, gv. 23-24. 22. brehti b. patara organoni TeatrisaTvis. Tb., 1982, gv. 68.

$15 

23. hegeli g.f.v. Op.cit. 384. 24. fransi a. TxzulebaTa krebuli. t.II. m. 1958. gv.117. Tavi IV

$16 1. Cassirer E. Op. Cit. p. 209. 2. ibid. p.212. 3. ibid. p.181-182.  $17 

4. javaxiSvili i. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. t.I. Tb., 1984. gv.102. 5. losevi a. simbolos problema da realisturi xelovneba. m. 1976..

gv. 189 $18 6. Гете И. В. Избранные сочинения по эстествознанию М.-Л. 1957 стр. 314. 7. ibid. p 317-318. 8. ibid. p. 326-327. 9. ibid. p. 336-337. 10. ibid. p. 339. 11. Мандельштам О. Слово и культура в кн-ге Дракон поэтический альманах . 

Прага. стр. 13. 12. kobaxiZe T. Tomas sternz elioti: poezia da miTosi. Tb., 1991. gv.

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Sinaarsi:

Sesavali ..............................................................................................................................5

Tavi I. simbolo niSanTa sistemaSi ....................................................... 11

1. niSnis cnebis Sesaxeb................................................................................ 11

2. niSanTa da niSnobriv sistemaTa mravalgvaroba..................15

3. simbolur formaTa ganzomileba................................................. 28

4. grafikuli simbolo da semiotikuri komunikacia.................... 38

5. metaenis Ziebis saukune .......................................................................... 42

Tavi II. mxatvruli simbolos filosofiuri istoria......................45

6. transcendentaluri sqematizmi da simbolo kantis

esTetikaSi............................................................................................................................. 45

7. simbolos panesTetikuri Teoria SelingTan .................. 49

8. mxatvruli idealis simboluri forma hegelTan.......................52

9. s. langeris simbolur-semantikuri Teoria...................... 57

10. m. eliades miTo-religiuri simbolizmi.............................. 64

Tavi III. mxatvruli saxis Taviseburebani da mxatvruli

simbolo................................................................................................................................... 68

11. mxatvruli saxis gnoseologiuri aspeqti ............................ 68

12. mxatvruli saxis RirebulebiTi aspeqti................................ 77

13. mxatvruli saxis semiotikuri aspeqti...................................... 82

14. mxatvruli saxis eqsistencialuri aspeqti......................... 89

15. mxatvruli saxis struqtura............................................................ 95

Tavi IV. ena da mxatvruli simbolo................................................... 99

16. sametyvelo enis simboluroba ....................................................... 99

17. simboloTa saxeebi.................................................................................... 103

18. mxatvruli simbolos struqtura ..............................................113

boloTqma ...................................................................................................................... 129

reziume ............................................................................................................................ 136

literatura.................................................................................................................141

bibliografia ........................................................................................................... 147

151

C O N T E N T S

Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 Chapter I Symbol in the System of Signs.............................................. 11

1. Concept of Sign .......................................................................... 11 2. Multiplicity of Signs and Systems of Signs............................... 15 3. Dimension of Symbolic Forms................................................... 28 4. Graphical Symbol and Semiotic Communication ...................... 38 5. Century of Searching Meta-Language........................................ 42

Chapter II Philosophical History of Art Symbol .................................. 45

6. Transcendental Schematizm and Symbol in Aesthetics of Kant.................... 45 7. Pan Aesthetical Theory of Symbol by Shelling......................... 49 8. Symbolic Form of Ideal by Hegel .............................................. 52 9. Semantically – Symbolical Theory of S. Langer........................ 57 10. Mithological-Religeous Symbolism of M. Eliade..................... 64

Chapter III Specification of Image and Art Symbol.............................. 68

11. Gnoseological Aspect of Image.................................................. 68 12. Valuable Aspect of Image ......................................................... 77 13. Exsistensional Aspect of Image.................................................. 82 14. Semiotic Aspect of Image .......................................................... 89 15. The Structure of Art Symbol ...................................................... 95

Chapter IV Language and Art Symbol ................................................ 99

16. Symbolism of Language............................................................. 99 17. Types of Symbols ..................................................................... 103 18. Structure of Art Symbol ........................................................... 113

Conclusion............................................................................................. 129 Summary ............................................................................................... 136 List of Literature.................................................................................... 142 Bibliograpy............................................................................................ 147

152