My CategorizationMy Categorization

Free-Viewing Displays SIRDS Stereo Pairs Barrier-Strip Lenticular

Aided-Viewing Displays Anaglyph Polarized Field-Sequential

Free-Viewing Displays SIRDS Stereo Pairs Barrier-Strip Lenticular

Aided-Viewing Displays Anaglyph Polarized Field-Sequential

Tradeoffs ConsideredTradeoffs Considered How easy/cheap is it to construct? How easy is it to view?

How pronounced is the effect?

How many people can view the display with stereopsis at the same time?

How easy is it to make an animated version of the display?

How easy/cheap is it to construct? How easy is it to view?

How pronounced is the effect?

How many people can view the display with stereopsis at the same time?

How easy is it to make an animated version of the display?

Cost

Usability

Effectiveness

Multi-viewer

Animation

Displays for the naked eyeDisplays for the naked eye

Multi-viewer is easy because people come naturally equipped

Cost, usability, effectivness, and animation vary greatly

SIRDS Stereo Pairs Barrier-Strip Lenticular

Multi-viewer is easy because people come naturally equipped

Cost, usability, effectivness, and animation vary greatly

SIRDS Stereo Pairs Barrier-Strip Lenticular

Single Image Random Dot Stereograms (SIRDS)

Single Image Random Dot Stereograms (SIRDS)

Commonly known as “Magic Eye” Appear to be noise -- they are! (with

constrains) Guide dots (if provided) indicate propert

convergence depth Only depth cue is stereo-disparity so the stereo-blind (10% of population) never see anything but noise!

Commonly known as “Magic Eye” Appear to be noise -- they are! (with

constrains) Guide dots (if provided) indicate propert

convergence depth Only depth cue is stereo-disparity so the stereo-blind (10% of population) never see anything but noise!

RemarksRemarks

Notoriously difficult to view Encode little visual information Depth data is quantized (integral pixel offsets) Extremely cheap to produce (with a computer) Animation is possible (makes them easier to view

as well)

Notoriously difficult to view Encode little visual information Depth data is quantized (integral pixel offsets) Extremely cheap to produce (with a computer) Animation is possible (makes them easier to view

as well)

Stereo Image PairsStereo Image Pairs

Simplest form of autostereograms Landmarks in image act a guides to aid in

finding proper convergence More angular adjustment of eyes is required

than in SIRDS Higher image quality at the cost of more

difficult viewing

Simplest form of autostereograms Landmarks in image act a guides to aid in

finding proper convergence More angular adjustment of eyes is required

than in SIRDS Higher image quality at the cost of more

difficult viewing

RemarksRemarks

Simplest to produce (darkroom, hand, software,etc.)

Compelling depth effect Viewable by many people at once High-strain with extended viewing Strain limits animation

Simplest to produce (darkroom, hand, software,etc.)

Compelling depth effect Viewable by many people at once High-strain with extended viewing Strain limits animation

Barrier Strip DisplaysBarrier Strip Displays

Making viewers consciously adjust their ocular convergence is uncomfortable for some, impossible for others.

Barrier strip displays use a grill of occluding elements to block view of images from either eye

Viewers must be in certain locations to see effect (angle and distance are tuned)

Making viewers consciously adjust their ocular convergence is uncomfortable for some, impossible for others.

Barrier strip displays use a grill of occluding elements to block view of images from either eye

Viewers must be in certain locations to see effect (angle and distance are tuned)

Note that barrier spacing is different than image slit spacing

RemarksRemarks

Encode clean stereo disparity information Comfortable for extended viewing (natural

convergence point) Barriers block 50% of light going in and out, usually

requres backlighting Harder to construct (ugly trig) Rigid and expensive (structure requred to maintain

barrier spacing) Animation is no harder than still Commercial equipment available for medical imaging

Encode clean stereo disparity information Comfortable for extended viewing (natural

convergence point) Barriers block 50% of light going in and out, usually

requres backlighting Harder to construct (ugly trig) Rigid and expensive (structure requred to maintain

barrier spacing) Animation is no harder than still Commercial equipment available for medical imaging

Lenticular DisplaysLenticular Displays

Defeat brightness problem of BS by controlling ray path with lenses instead of barriers

Array of long cylindrical lenses (per pixel column) refract light to places with same distance constraint as BS, continuous angle

100% of light passes in and out, no backlighting necessary

Wider field of view (limited by TIR and self-occlusion)

Defeat brightness problem of BS by controlling ray path with lenses instead of barriers

Array of long cylindrical lenses (per pixel column) refract light to places with same distance constraint as BS, continuous angle

100% of light passes in and out, no backlighting necessary

Wider field of view (limited by TIR and self-occlusion)

RemarksRemarks

Animation is possible with still source images using motion of viewer

Able to ~reproduce lightfield More expensive/complex than BS with

higher quality and less contraints Drop-in graphics libraries can turn any 3d

program into a lenticular display source

Animation is possible with still source images using motion of viewer

Able to ~reproduce lightfield More expensive/complex than BS with

higher quality and less contraints Drop-in graphics libraries can turn any 3d

program into a lenticular display source

Displays with special viewing hardware

Displays with special viewing hardware

Hardware can enable better {usability, effectiveness, multi-viewer, animation} at the cost of cost -- the normal technology vs nature tradeoff.

Anaglyph Polarized Field-sequential Dual display

Hardware can enable better {usability, effectiveness, multi-viewer, animation} at the cost of cost -- the normal technology vs nature tradeoff.

Anaglyph Polarized Field-sequential Dual display

AnaglyphAnaglyph

Nerdy/Cool red-blue glasses Cyan, not blue! Two images overlap (like SIRDS) but are

differentiated by color Filters over each eye collect light from one

image but not the other Works based on intensity of light -- colorblind people see them fine!

Nerdy/Cool red-blue glasses Cyan, not blue! Two images overlap (like SIRDS) but are

differentiated by color Filters over each eye collect light from one

image but not the other Works based on intensity of light -- colorblind people see them fine!

RemarksRemarks

Convergence is natural Crosstalk can be annoying “Color bombardment” causes strain and after-effects Strain limits long term viewing Same depth resolution/quality as raw stereo pair Small incremental cost Easy to make with (software/hand) Animation is easy

Convergence is natural Crosstalk can be annoying “Color bombardment” causes strain and after-effects Strain limits long term viewing Same depth resolution/quality as raw stereo pair Small incremental cost Easy to make with (software/hand) Animation is easy

Polarized DisplaysPolarized Displays

Approach is similar to anaglyph Polarization differentiates L-R channels Requires two polarized light projectors

(instead of just a printed page) Screen must be polarization-preserving Light loss and crosstalk occur when uses tilt

head

Approach is similar to anaglyph Polarization differentiates L-R channels Requires two polarized light projectors

(instead of just a printed page) Screen must be polarization-preserving Light loss and crosstalk occur when uses tilt

head

RemarksRemarks

The cost-wise step up from anaglyph Completely natural viewing experience No strain (unless glasses cramp your style) Ideal for theaters (IMAX), because high up-

front costs and low incremental costs

The cost-wise step up from anaglyph Completely natural viewing experience No strain (unless glasses cramp your style) Ideal for theaters (IMAX), because high up-

front costs and low incremental costs

Field Sequential DisplaysField Sequential Displays

Polarized projectors and screens do not make economic sense on a single-user scale

Move system complexity to the glasses from the display

LCD shutters over each eye control light flow from conventional display (monitor/projector)

Inexpensive control box triggers shutter Several (expensive) glasses can be driven by one

control box

Polarized projectors and screens do not make economic sense on a single-user scale

Move system complexity to the glasses from the display

LCD shutters over each eye control light flow from conventional display (monitor/projector)

Inexpensive control box triggers shutter Several (expensive) glasses can be driven by one

control box

L R

End of each scan-line.

Liquid Crystal Shutter Glasses

RemarksRemarks

Convergence is natural (still) Some crosstalk can occur with lingering

phosphors, slow shutters, synchronization issues

Cost is proportional to the number of viewers

Convergence is natural (still) Some crosstalk can occur with lingering

phosphors, slow shutters, synchronization issues

Cost is proportional to the number of viewers

Dual DisplaysDual Displays

Enough monkey business, just stick a monitor in front of each eye.

Heavy (and expensive) headgear provides bright, immersive experience

Can be combined with headphones and head tracking to modify experience based on head movement

Enough monkey business, just stick a monitor in front of each eye.

Heavy (and expensive) headgear provides bright, immersive experience

Can be combined with headphones and head tracking to modify experience based on head movement

Nerd.

RemarksRemarks

Expensive Completely natural focus (lenses embedded

in headgear) Very effective Animation is standard Only one user at a time Prices are dropping

Expensive Completely natural focus (lenses embedded

in headgear) Very effective Animation is standard Only one user at a time Prices are dropping

ConclusionsConclusions Noooooo! My awesome comparison matrix is gone! Usability

Lenticular and dual displays are best Effectiveness

SIRDS and anaglyph are the worst Multi-viewer

Barrier-strip and dual displays have the most constrains Animation

Its always possible but strain limits application to videos

Noooooo! My awesome comparison matrix is gone! Usability

Lenticular and dual displays are best Effectiveness

SIRDS and anaglyph are the worst Multi-viewer

Barrier-strip and dual displays have the most constrains Animation

Its always possible but strain limits application to videos