my english grammar guide

8/13/2019 My English Grammar Guide

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Table of English Tenses

Tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words

Simple Present A:He speaks.

N:He does not speak.

Q:Does he speak?

action in the present taking

place once, never or several

times

facts

actions taking place one after

another

action set by a timetable or

schedule

always, every , never,

normally, often, seldom,

sometimes, usuallyif sentences type I (If

I talk, )

Present

Progressive

A:He is speaking.

N:He is not speaking.

Q:Is he speaking?

action taking place in the

moment of speaking

action taking place only for a

limited period of time

action arranged for the future

at the moment, just, just

now, Listen!, Look!, now,right now

Simple Past A:He spoke.

N:He did not speak.

Q:Did he speak?

action in the past taking

place once, never or several

times

actions taking place one after

another

action taking place in the middle

of another action

yesterday, 2 minutes ago,

in 1990, the other day,

last Friday

if sentence type II (If

I talked, )

Past

Progressive

A:He was speaking.

N:He was not speaking.

Q:Was he speaking?

action going onat a certain time

in the past

actions taking place at the same

time

action in the past that is

interrupted by another action

when, while, as long as

Present Perfect

Simple

A:He has spoken.

N:He has not spoken.

Q:Has he spoken?

putting emphasis on the result

action that is still going on

action that stopped recently

finished action that has an

influence on the present

action that has taken place once,

never or several times before the

moment of speaking

already, ever, just, never,

not yet, so far, till now,

up to now
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Present Perfect

Progressive

A:He has been speaking.

N:He has not been speaking.

Q:Has he been speaking?

putting emphasis on the course

or duration(not the result)

action that recently stopped or is

still going on

finished action that influenced thepresent

all day, for 4 years, since

1993, how long?, the

whole week

Past Perfect

Simple

A:He had spoken.

N:He had not spoken.

Q:Had he spoken?

action taking place before a

certain time in the past

sometimes interchangeable with

past perfect progressive

putting emphasis only on

the fact(not the duration)

already, just, never, not

yet, once, until that day

if sentence type III (If

I had talked, )

Past Perfect

Progressive

A:He had been speaking.

N:He had not been speaking.Q:Had he been speaking?

action taking place before acertain time in the past

sometimes interchangeable with

past perfect simple

putting emphasis on the duration

or courseof an action

for, since, the whole day,

all day

Future I Simple A:He will speak.

N:He will not speak.

Q:Will he speak?

action in the future that cannot be

influenced

spontaneousdecision

assumption with regard to thefuture

in a year, next ,tomorrow

If-Satz Typ I (If you ask

her, shewill helpyou.)

assumption: I think,

probably, perhaps

Future I Simple

(going to)

A:He is going to speak.

N:He is not going to speak.

Q:Is he going to speak?

decisionmade for the future

conclusion with regard to the

future

in one year, next week,

tomorrow

Future I

Progressive

A:He will be speaking.

N:He will not be speaking.

Q:Will he be speaking?

action that is going onat a certain

time in the future

action that is sure to happen in

the near future

in one year, next week,

tomorrow

Future II

Simple

A:He will have spoken.

N:He will not have spoken.

Q:Will he have spoken?

action that will be finishedat a

certain time in the future

by Monday, in a week

Future II

Progressive

A:He will have been speaking.N:He will not have been

speaking.

Q:Will he have been speaking?


certain time in the future

putting emphasis on the courseof

an action

for , the last couple ofhours, all day long

Conditional I

Simple

A:He would speak.

N:He would not speak.

Q:Would he speak?

action that mighttake placeif sentences type II

(If I were you, I would

gohome.)
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Conditional I

Progressive

A:He would be speaking.

N:He would not be speaking.

Q:Would he be speaking?

action that might take place

putting emphasis on

the course/ durationof the

action

Conditional IISimple

A:He would have spoken.N:He would not have spoken.

Q:Would he have spoken?

action that mighthave taken

place in the past

if sentences type III(If I had seen that,

I would have helped.)

Conditional II

Progressive

A:He would have been

speaking.

N:He would not have been

speaking.

Q:Would he have been

speaking?

action that might have taken

place in the past

puts emphasis on

the course/ durationof the

action

English TensesExamples

Explanation Past Present Future

Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple

action that takes place once,never or several times

He played footballevery Tuesday.

He plays footballevery Tuesday.

He will / is going toplay football every

Tuesday.

actions that happen one after

another

He played football

and then he went

home.

He plays football

and then he goes

home.

He will play football

and then he will go

home.

state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.

Past Progressive Present Progressive

Future I Progressive

action going on at that moment He was playing

football.

He is playing

football.

He will be playing

football.

actions taking place at the

same time

He was playing

football and she was

watching.

He is playing

football and she is

watching.

He will be playing

football and she will

be watching.

Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect

Simple

Future II Simple
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certain moment in time;

emphasises the result

He had won five

matches until that

day.

He has won five

matches so far.

He will have won five

matches by then.

Past PerfectProgressive

Present PerfectProgressive

Future IIProgressive


certain moment in time (and

beyond), emphasises the

duration

He had been playing

football for ten

years.

He has been playing

football for ten

years.

He will have been

playing football for

ten years.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives are used to modify nouns, e.g. The dog is loud.What is the dog like? loud

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, e.g. The dog barks loudly.How does

the dog bark?loudly

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions:

as as

Example: Jane is as tall as John.

not as as / not so as

Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -yor -er(easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever)positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spell ing when adding -er/ -est

silent eis droppedExample: late-later-latest

final yafter a consonant becomes i
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Example: easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubledExample: hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad / ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much / many more most

far (place + time) further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last


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near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

old (people and

things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

Form and Comparison of Adverbs

Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).

Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutelyquiet.

Form

In general: adjective + -ly

adjective adverb

slow slowly

Exceptions in spell ing

exception example

silent eis dropped in true, due, whole truetruly

ybecomes i happyhappily

leafter a consonant is dropped sensiblesensibly

after llonly addy fullfully

Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally(exception: public-publicly)

adjective adverb


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fantastic fantastically

Adjectives ending in -ly: use in a way / manner or another adverb with similar meaning

adjective adverb

friendly in a friendly way

in a friendly manner

likely probably

Exceptions

adjective adverb (meaning) adverb (meaning)

good well

difficult with difficulty

public publicly

deep deep (place) deeply (feeling)

direct direct directly (=soon)

hard hard hardly (=seldom)

high high (place) highly (figurative)

late late lately (=recently)

most most mostly (=usually)

near near nearly (=almost)


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pretty pretty (=rather) prettily

short short shortly (=soon)

The following adjectives are also

used as adverbs (without

modification):

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long,

low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly,

Comparison

Comparison (-er/-est)

Comparative

ending in -er

Superlative

ending in -est

one-syllable adverbs

(hard)

harder hardest

adverbs with the same

form as adjectives (early)

earlier earliest

Comparison (more/ most)

Comparative formed

with more

Superlative formed

with most

adverbs ending in -

ly(happily)

more happily most happily

Irregular comparisons

positive form comparative superlative

well better best

badly worse worst


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ill worse worst

little less least

much more most

far (place + time) further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

Adjective or Adverb Adjectives are used to modify nouns:

The dog is loud.

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs:The dog barks loudly.

Linking Verbs

Some verbs can only be used with adjectives, others might change their meaning when used with an

adverb.

verb used with an adjective used with an adverb

look look good (= appearance) look well (= healthy)

feel feel good (= state of health/mind) feel well (= have a good sense of touch)

smell smell good (= odour) smell well (= have a good sense of smell)

taste taste good (= preference) taste well (= have a good sense of taste)

The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:


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be become get grow

keep remain seem sound

stay turn

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbsare the verbs be, do, have, willwhen they are followed by another verb (thefull

verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be"

The verb becan be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound

tenses and the passive voice. Note that beis an irregular verb:

Simple Present:

I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were

Past Participle:

been

You can tell that in the following sentences beis an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb

(the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past

participle of the full verb.)

Progressive Forms

Present Progressive:

He isplaying football.

Past Progressive:

He wasplaying football.

Present Perfect Progressive:

He has beenplaying football.

Past Perfect Progressive:He had beenplaying football.

Passive

Simple Present/Past:

The house is/wasbuilt.

Present/Past Perfect:

The house has/had beenbuilt.

Future I:

The house will bebuilt.

"be" as a full verb

The verb becan also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If beis used as a full

verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions.

positive sentence:

They are fifteen years old.

negative sentence:

They are not fifteen years old.

question:


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Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have"

The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb

to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.)

Compound Tenses - Active Voice

Present Perfect Simple:

He hasplayed football.

Past Perfect Simple:

He hadplayed football.

Present Perfect Progressive:

He hasbeen playing football.

Past Perfect Progressive:

He hadbeen playing football.

Compound Tenses - Passive Voice

Present/Past Perfect:

The house has/hadbeen built.

Note that haveis an irregular verb, too:

Simple Present:

I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they had

Past Participle:

had

"have" in positive sentences

As a full verb haveindicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have

got(havebeing the auxiliary,gotthe full verb).

full verb:

I have a car.

auxiliary verb:

I havegot a car.

"have" in negative sentences and questions

When we use haveas a full verb, we must use the auxiliary doin negative sentences and questions. If we

use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary.

have as a full verb:

I donot have a car.DoI have a car?

have as an auxiliary verb:

I havenot got a car.

HaveI got a car?

The verb "will"

The verb willcan only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.

The auxiliary verb "will"

Future I:


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He willnot play football.

Future II:

He willhave played football.

The verb willremains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative

sentences is won't.'

Examples:

I will, he will

I will not = I won't

The verb "do"

The verb docan be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use doin negative sentences and

questions for most verbs (except not for be, will,have gotand modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple

Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)

The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences

Simple Present:

He doesnot play football.

Simple Past:

He didnot play football.

The auxiliary "do" in questions

Simple Present:

Doeshe play football?

Simple Past:

Didhe play football?

The verb dois irregular:Simple Present:

I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does

Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

The full verb "do"

As a full verb we use doin certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions

using doas a full verb, we need another doas an auxiliary.

positive sentence:

She does her homework every day.

negative sentence:

She doesn'tdo her homework every day.

question:

Doesshe do her homework every day?

Sentences without the auxiliary "do"

In the following cases, the auxiliary dois not used in negative sentences/questions:

the full verb is "be"


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Example:

I amnot angry. /Areyou okay?

the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)

Example:

They arenot sleeping. /Haveyou heard that?

the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)

Example:

We neednot wait. / Canyou repeat that, please?

the question asks for the subject of the sentence

Example:

Who sings that song?

Modal Verbs and their substitutes

Modal verbs are for example may, can, must,should, need. They express an ability, permission, wish etc.

to do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses.

That's why we need to know the substitutes to these modal verbs.

Modal Verb Substitute Example

must to have to I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not not to be allowed to I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can to be able to I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may to be allowed to I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need to have to I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not not to have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/

ought to

to be supposed to / to be

expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to

swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.


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Infinitive and Gerund

There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. If you are not

sure whether to use the infinitive or gerund, check out our lists or look the words up in a dictionary.

Infinitive

Use

Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without to.

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause To know you is to love you.

after certain expressions (without to) Why notgoto the cinema?

after certain verbs (without to) I canswim.

after certain verbs (with to) He wantsto swim.

after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitive

constructions)

They dont knowhowto swim.

after certain verbs with objects (without to) He made herswim.

after certain verbs with objects (with to) They wanted himto swim.

after certain adjectives and their comparisons Itseasierto swimdownstream.

after nouns deriving from the verbs mentioned

above

We made apromiseto swim. (derived from the

verb to promise)

Gerund

Form

ingform of the verb
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Exceptions in Spelling

Use

Certain words are followed by anIng-Form.


as the subject of a clause Cyclingis good for your health.

after certain adjectives Hesafraid ofgoingby plane.

after certain prepositions Beforegoingto bed he turned off the lights.

after certain verbs I enjoycooking.

after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward toseeingyou again.

after certain nouns We had problemsfindingour way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or I ng-Form


same meaning I started to read. / I started reading.

same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.

Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural

and how to form the possessive case.
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Article

Di rect article - the

example: the house

I ndirect arti cle a / an

a- if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant

example: a car, a university

an- if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel

example: an apple, an hour

Plural

general rule: singular form +s

example: a car - two cars

afters, ch, x, zthe plural is formed by adding es

example: a box - two boxes

yafter a consonant is changed to iebefore the plural s

example: a city - two cities

But:yafter a vowel is not changed

example: a boy - two boys

After othe plural is usually formed by adding es(this is not the case, however, with words used for

electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco)

example: a tomato - two tomatoes

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding 's of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronny's brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase.


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example: Germany's economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time,sis added.

example: a three weeks' holiday

Passive Voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or

what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did

it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be+ Past Participle (3rd column ofirregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Ritawrites a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbs


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Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Progressive Active: Ritais writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects

becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends

on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Ritawrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.


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Participles

There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle.

You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from that, participles are

also used to shorten sentences.

Past Participle

The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column oflists with irregular verbs.You

surely know this form:

from perfect tenses (z. B.Present Perfect Simple)I havespoken. from passive voiceThe letter was written. as an adjective formI was boredto death.

Perfect Participle

The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if

one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts.Example: She boughta bike and cycled home.Having boughta bike, she cycled home.

one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.Example:He had been livingthere for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another

town.Having livedthere for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.

active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.) passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)

The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passiveclauses that have the same subject.

Example: The boy was givenan apple. He stopped crying.Givenan apple, the boy stopped crying.

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or

text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition,adverb). The particle can change the meaning

of the verb completely, e.g.:

look upconsult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary) look forseek (look for her ring) look forwardanticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simplehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simplehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simplehttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/prepositionshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/prepositionshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/prepositionshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbshttp://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/prepositionshttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simplehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbs


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There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is lookthem up in a gooddictionaryand study their meanings. In our lists, you will find somefrequently used

phrasal verbsand their meanings.

Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with:

break,bring,call,carry,come,do,fall,get,go,keep,look,make,put,run,set,take,turnThe following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

English Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in months / seasons

time of day

year

after a certain period

of time (when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in 2006

in an hour

at for night

for weekend

a certain point of

time (when?)

at night

at the weekend

at half past nine

since from a certain point

of time (past till

now)

since 1980

for over a certain period

of time (past till

now)

for 2 years

ago a certain time in the

past

2 years ago

before earlier than a certain

point of time

before 2004

to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till / until marking the

beginning and end ofa period of time

from Monday to/till Friday
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PrepositionsPlace (Position and Direction)

till / until in the sense of how

long something is

going to last

He is on holiday until Friday.

by in the sense of at the

latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read five

pages.


in room, building, street,

town, country

book, paper etc.

car, taxi

picture, world

in the kitchen, in

London

in the book

in the car, in a

taxi

in the picture, in

the world

at meaning next to, by an

object

for table

for events

place where you are to do

something typical (watch a

film, study, work)

at the door, at the

station

at the table

at a concert, at

the party

at the cinema, at

school, at work

on attached

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left,

right)

for a floor in a house

for public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the

wall

London lies onthe Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first floor

on the bus, on a

plane

on TV, on the

radio


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by, next to,beside

left or right of somebody or

something

Jane is standing

by / next to /

beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than

(or covered by) something

else

the bag is under

the table

below lower than something else

but above ground

the fish are

below the surface

over covered by something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side

(also across)

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over

your shirt

over 16 years of

age

walk over the

bridge

climb over the

wall

above higher than something else,

but not directly over it

a path above the

lake

across getting to the other side

(also over)


walk across the

bridge

swim across thelake

through something with limits on

top, bottom and the sides

drive through the

tunnel

to movement to person or

building

movement to a place or

country

for bed

go to the cinema

go to London /

Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the

kitchen / the

house

towards movement in the direction

of something (but not

directly to it)

go 5 steps

towards the

house

onto movement to the top of

something

jump onto the

table


23/39

Other important Prepositions

from in the sense of where from a flower from the

garden

across getting to the other side

(also over)


walk across the

bridge

swim across the

lake

through something with limits on

top, bottom and the sides

drive through the

tunnel

to movement to person or

building

movement to a place or

country

for bed

go to the cinema

go to London /

Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the

kitchen / the

house

towards movement in the direction

of something (but not

directly to it)

go 5 steps

towards the

house

onto movement to the top of

something

jump onto the

table

from in the sense of where from a flower from the

garden


from who gave it a present from Jane

of who/what does it belong to

what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace

by who made it a book by Mark Twain

on walking or riding on

horseback

entering a public transportvehicle

on foot, on horseback

get on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car


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Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words likeI, me(personal pronouns) or my, mine(possessive pronouns).

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example: Wehave got some books.

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example: The books are for us.

Possessive Adjectives

example: These are ourbooks.

Possessive Pronouns

example: The books are ours.

Reflexive Pronouns

off leaving a public transport

vehicle

get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking

or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10

percent

by car, by bus

at for age she learned Russian at 45

about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about

you

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives andPronouns

Reflexive

Pronouns

subject

form

object

form

possessive

adjective

possessive

pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself


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example: He can carry the bags himself.

Relative Pronouns

example: This is the man wholives next door

Relative Pronouns

relative

pronounuse example

who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the

woman wholives next door.

which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat whichis lying

on the roof?

which referring to a whole sentence He couldnt readwhichsurprised

me.

whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the

boy whosemother is a nurse?

whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining

relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we

I was invited by the

professor whomI met at the

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves


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colloquially prefer who) conference.

that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and

things in defining relative clauses (whoor whichare

also possible)

I dont like the tablethatstands in

the kitchen.

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the

sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in whichI bought my bike.

This is the shopwhereI bought my bike.

relative

adverbmeaning use example

when in/on which refers to a time expression the day whenwe met him

where in/at which refers to a place the place wherewe met him

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speakers exact words (direct

speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into

reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a

statement, question or request.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

Type Example

direct speech I speak English.

reported speech

(no backshift)

He says that he speaks English.

reported speech(backshift)

He said that he spoke English.


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Type Example

with interrogative

direct speech Why dont you speak English?

reported speech He asked me why I didnt speak English.

without interrogative

direct speech Do you speak English?

reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

Requests

Type Example

direct speech Carol, speak English.

reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

Object Pronouns

singular: me, you, him, her, it

plural: us, you, them

Subject

PronounObject Pronoun Noun

I

Italk to you.

Me

You talk to me. for oneself

You

Youtalk to me.

You

I talk to you. One person I talk to

He

Hecalls you.

Him

You call him.

a boy or a man

She

Shelooks at

you.

Her

You look at her.

a girl or a woman


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It

Itis a cat.

Itis a banana.

It

You feedit.

You eat it.

an animal, an idea, a place, a situation, a thing,

time, weather, an emotion

one banana = it

We

Wetalk

together.

Us

Someone talks tous.

I + you = we

me + you = us

You

Youlearn

English.

You

I teach youEnglish.

They

Theyeat ice

cream.

Them

Someone gavethemice

cream.

people = they / them

things = they / them

VERBS

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

alight alighted, alit alighted, alit

arise arose arisen

awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked

be was, were been

bear bore borne, born

beat beat beaten, beat

become became become

beget begot begotten


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begin began begun

bend bent bent

bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft

beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched

bet bet, betted bet, betted

bid bade, bid bidden, bid, bade

bide bade, bided bided

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

bless blessed, blest blessed, blest

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted

build built built


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burn burnt, burned burnt, burned

burst burst burst

bust bust, busted bust, busted

buy bought bought

can could (kein Participle)

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cleave cleft, cleaved, clove cleft, cleaved, cloven

cling clung clung

clothe clothed, clad clothed, clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crow crowed crew, crowed

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt


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dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbad, forbade forbid, forbidden


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forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted

forget forgot forgotten

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

geld gelded, gelt gelded, gelt

get got got, gotten

gild gilded, gilt gilded, gilt

give gave given

gnaw gnawed gnawed, gnawn

go went gone

grind ground ground

grip gripped, gript gripped, gript

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

heave heaved, hove heaved, hove


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hew hewed hewed, hewn

hide hid hidden, hid

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled

knit knitted, knit knitted, knit

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant, leaned leant, leaned

leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped

learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let


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lie lay lain

light lit, lighted lit, lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

may might (kein Participle)

mean meant meant

meet met met

melt melted molten, melted

mow mowed mown, mowed

pay paid paid

pen pent, penned pent, penned

plead pled, pleaded pled, pleaded

prove proved proven, proved

put put put

quit quit, quitted quit, quitted

read read read

rid rid, ridded rid, ridded


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ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawn, sawed

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn, sewed

shake shook shaken

shall should (kein Participle)

shear sheared shorn, sheared

shed shed shed

shine shone shone


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shit shit, shitted, shat shit, shitted, shat

shoe shod, shoed shod, shoed

shoot shot shot

show showed shown, showed

shred shred, shredded shred, shredded

shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

slay slew slain

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slunk slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled


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smite smote smitten

sow sowed sown, sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped, speeded sped, speeded

spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

split split split

spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang, sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung


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stink stank, stunk stunk

stride strode stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strung

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat, sweated sweat, sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen, swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

telecast telecast, telecasted telecast, telecasted

tell told told

think thought thought


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throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

wake woke, waked woken, waked

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

wed wed, wedded wed, wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet, wetted wet, wetted

win won won

wind wound wound

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

my english grammar guide

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