Justin Bales My Flora

Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra

Yellow branches

Long lance shaped leaves

Alternate

Finely toothed

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species Name: Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lasiandra. (Benth.) A. E. Murray Common Name: Pacific willow Family: Salicaeceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Small tree or large shrub. Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: Small tree that can form dense thickets. Can grow to 15 meters, with a .75 meter thick trunk. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are lanced shaped, and are 5-13cm long. They are alternate, and are finely toothed along their margins. Woody plant structures: Young twigs are usually bright yellow, and densely formed. Older branches turn brown. Reproductive structures: not observed Belowground structures: not observed 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Magnuson Park Wetlands. Seattle, WA. 47°40'35.23"N, 122°15'15.93"W. General environmental context: Specimen was located on a slope near a moderately sized pond feature. General plant community: This Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra was found next to a large Alnus rubra. There were also Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa in the area. Additionally, Carex obnupta was

growing on the ground, along with a Symphoicarpos albus bush. Elevation: 10 meters Aspect: North Slope steepness: intermediate (15-25°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Needs full sun. It prefers wet clay dominated soils and is commonly found along stream banks, point bars, and other places with saturated soils. Wetland indicator status: FACW Species geographic range: Found in the western half in the US and Canada. This area extends from CA to AK, and eastwards to states such as MN, NV, UT, and MT. Species elevation range in western WA: Occurs at less than 2500m. Plant communities: Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra is typically found in association with other deciduous wetland tolerant trees and shrubs. These include Alnus rubra,

Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, and Cornus sericea.

Sharp edges

Long curved leaves W shape

Carex obnupta

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Carex obnupta Bailey. Common name: Slough Sedge Family: Cyperaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Graminoid Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: Highly tufted sedge from .5 to 1.5 meters in height, with 1 to 1.5 meter of spread. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are relatively rigid and have a highly characteristic “W” cross section, with sharp edges. Woody plant structures: According to Pojar, the stem is protrudes farther than the leaves, unfortunately a stem was not present. Reproductive structures: Reproductive structures were not present. According to Pojar, there are 1-3 curved male spikes, with 2-4 female cylindrical spikes. Belowground structures: not observed 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington Bothell Campus Wetlands. Bothell, WA. 47°45'38.41"N, 122°11'17.66"W. General environmental context: Specimen was found in slightly moist organic soil next to a pedestrian boardwalk. General plant community: The specimen of Carex obnupta had large amounts of canopy shade was provided by dense groupings of Alnus rubra, and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa. Shade cover was roughly 80-90% from these trees. Additionally, there were several clumps of Spirea douglasii. The nonnative plant Ranunculus repens tended to fill a 1-meter gap between the boardwalk and the Carex obnupta. Elevation: 8 meters Aspect: None. Flat ground. Slope steepness: Flat ground. 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Found in moist wetland areas. Can form dense monocultures in consistent damp situations. Tolerant of shade and evergreen canopy cover. Can tolerate fluctuations of water level and slight brackish water estuarine situations. Wetland indicator status: OBL Species geographic range: Found in WA, OR, CA, and BC. Species elevation range in western WA: found at low elevations Plant communities: Carex obnupta is typically found with Lysichiton americanum in highly saturated areas. It is also associated with Fraxinus latifolia and Rubus spectalils.

Aerenchyma Dense rhizomatous mats

Typha latifolia

Cigar shape

Sheathed leaves

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Typha latifolia L. Common name: Broad-Leaved Cattail. Cattail. Family: Typhaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Herb Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: A thick rhizomatous mat reaching 1.5-2 meters tall, with a radius of 3 meters. Individual plants are highly erect with little to no spread. Leaves and associated features: leaves are flat, 1-1.5 meters long and sheathing, and seem to form around a circular base at the bottom of the plant. Woody plant structures: Stem is circular with aerenchyma running through the center. There are slight raised ridges on the outside of the stem. Reproductive structures: A dried out female spike around 12cm tall, with a rough sandpapery texture. Almost looks like a cigar. Male cottony clumps were also observed on the spike. Belowground structures: not observed 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington Bothell Campus Wetlands. Bothell, WA. 47°45'38.63"N, 122°11'17.57"W General environmental context: Specimen was located in a 5 meter across depression site, with mucky saturated soils. General plant community: The specimen of Typha latifolia was surrounded by a dense thicket of Spirea douglasii. There were also pockets of Lysichiton americanum on the plant’s western side. Phalaris arundinacea was found growing in slightly less inundated conditions on the specimen’s north side. Some low canopy shade was provided by Alnus rubra, and Populus balsamifera ssp.

trichocarpa from the southern side. Elevation: 8 meters Aspect: South Southeast Slope steepness: slight (0-5°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Needs bright sunny conditions, with moist to wet soils that perennially flood. Tolerates poor soil conditions and inundation for moderate periods. Wetland indicator status: OBL Species geographic range: Found all across Canada and the US. Species elevation range in western WA: Occurs at less than 2000’ Plant communities: Typha latifolia is always found near or within water source margins. Plants that would typically occur in these conditions could include Spirea douglasii, Carex sp. and Scirpus lacustris.

Cornus sericea

Red colored stems

Alternate leaves

Deep red autumn leaves

Pointed tip

Curved veins

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Cornus sericea L. Common Name: Red-osier dogwood. Creek dogwood. Red-twig dogwood. Famliy: Cornaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: shrub Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: shrub with spreading vegetation from 1.5 to 6 meters in height. Spread to 3m. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are elliptical with pointed tips. They are opposite, and have deep curved veins. The leaves turn a deep red in autumn. Woody plant structures: Twigs are usually red, and dense. They are opposite branching Reproductive structures: none observed. According to Pojar, flowers are 2-4mm and have four petals. They are situated in dense flat clusters. Belowground structures: not observed 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington

Bothell Campus Wetlands. Bothell, WA. 47°45'38.55"N, 122°11'17.70"W General environmental context: Specimen was located next to a pedestrian boardwalk in damp mucky soil. General plant community: This specimen of Cornus sericea was surrounded by a dense thicket of Spirea douglasii. This C. sericea had canopy shade provided by Alnus rubra, and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa from the East. Additionally, Carex obnupta was growing around the base, with pockets of the nonnative Ranunculus repens. Elevation: 8 meters Aspect: North Slope steepness: slight (0-5°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Grows in full sun to partial shade. Can tolerate some seasonal flooding. It prefers moist soils and is commonly found along stream banks, wetlands, and other places with saturated soils. It can also be found in upland forests or on rocky slopes. Wetland indicator status: FACW Species geographic range: Found all across Canada and the US, except in American South and Southeast. Species elevation range in western WA: Occurs at less than 2500m. Plant communities: Cornus sericea is typically found in association with other deciduous wetland tolerant trees and shrubs, These include Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra, Alnus rubra, Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, and Rosa sp.

Detailed Species Information 1. Restoration and Conservation Applications

Cornus sericea provides excellent cover for wildlife. It is an excellent plant for soil binding and soil stabilization. It is often browsed by moderate and large sized mammals such as rabbits, deer and elk for the foliage. Black bears, birds, and small mammals enjoy the buds and fruits. Additionally C. sericea hosts butterfly caterpillars. The plant’s red stems look fantastic with and without foliage which is a positive aesthetic value for restoration work (Leigh). C. sericea provides a very important food source for deer, elk, and moose in the winter when foods are difficult to find (Pojar). 2. Propagation for Restoration

Propagation of Cornus sericea for restoration use is very easy. Seeds can be collected from August to September, and can be planted in the berry. They will either germinate right after planting, or going into spring. Layering is another technique that has been successful. This involves taking a branch and folding it onto the ground. The branch is covered with soil, with the end leaves being left above the surface (Evans). The most reliable, and quickest way is to take hardwood cuttings and live stakes (Leigh). This is done by taking cuttings in the fall or spring that have at least 6 nodes on them, and are at least 3/8ths of an inch thick. The bottom 3 nodes are cleared of leaves and placed in soil, while the top three are left with leaves. Caution must be taken when taking cuttings during the springs, because the young plants will need ample water to survive. 3. Ethnobotany

The bitter berries of Cornus sericea were eaten by interior aboriginals. They were gathered between August and October and were often pounded into fruit bars with other berries. They were also eaten raw off the vine. Dependent on the people, there was a preference towards storing the berries in bar cakes, or eating them raw (USDA). Bark was also used for smoking hides. Branches were used for salmon spreading. The branches and twigs were sometimes used as basket brims, or as spatulas, or for framing. Fish traps were constructed with the bark, by twisting it into rope and then lashing it together to make traps and caches (Clay). A red paint was made using resin from cottonwood buds, and bark powder. C. sericea also had a variety of medical uses, including a tonic tea that was brewed by the Strait Salish and Quileute’s (Pojar).

Alnus rubra

Lenticels

To 30 meters

Alternate

Toothed edges

White lichen

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species Name: Alnus rubra Bongard Common name: Red alder Family: Betulaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Tree Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: Deciduous tree of up to 30 meters in height, with fast growth. Can reach 15m of height within 10 years. Typically has a focused spread of 10-15 meters. Often grows in clusters with other Alnus rubra. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are 5-15 cm, and have toothed edges that have a slight roll under. The leaves are elliptical with pointed tips. They are a light green to yellow on top, and pale below. They are alternate. Woody plant structures: Bark is a light grey and relatively smooth. The trunk has lenticels on it. Oftentimes white lichens will speckle the bark. Reproductive structures: None were seen. Pojar describes the trees as having female catkins to 2 cm, or male from 5-12 cm. additionally, small clusters of 2 cm cones may be present. Belowground structures: not observed

3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Magnuson Park Wetlands. Seattle, WA. 47°40'35.05"N, 122°15'16.03"W General environmental context: Specimen was located on a slope near a moderately sized pond feature. General plant community: This Alnus rubra was found next to a moderately sized Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra. There were also Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa in the area. Additionally, Carex obnupta was growing on the ground, along with a Symphoicarpos albus bush. Elevation: 10 meters Aspect: North Northeast Slope steepness: intermediate (15-20°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers full sun, but can sometimes grow in partial shade. It is a fast grower that thrives in sites that have recently been disturbed. Alnus rubra needs moist soils and is often found in large groupings with other A. rubra trees in areas such as floodplains, lakeshores, disturbed sites, and riverbeds. A. rubra can grow in disturbed soils, and tolerates droughts and flooding. Wetland indicator status: FAC

Species geographic range: WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, AK, and BC. Species elevation range in western WA: Occurs at less than 450m. Plant communities: Alnus rubra is typically found in association with other deciduous and evergreen wetland tolerant trees and shrubs. These include Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Cornus sericea, Thuja plicata, Psudosuga menzesii, and Acer macrophyllum. Detailed Species Information 1. Restoration and Conservation Applications

Alnus rubra grows incredibly fast, making it a prime species for restoration work. This plant is incredibly useful for creating quick deciduous shade cover to limit the progress of invasive species, and lead the way for evergreen planting and management. Additionally, A. rubra has the ability to fix nitrogen into soil, which can be a benefit when trying to restore degraded soils (Pojar). Since A. rubra grows so quickly, it is also sometimes used for soil stabilization (USDA), since the trees can put out lots of roots in a fast timeframe. Lots of animals enjoy using A. rubra. Beavers love to use the tree and branches, Deer eat the leaves, and full-grown trees provide valuable habitat for birds. The trees are often inhabited by a multitude of bugs, including butterfly caterpillars (Leigh). 2. Propagation for Restoration

Typically, Alnus rubra is grown from seeds that have been collected in May. The seeds are sown and then placed into individual pots once they are sizeable enough to handle. The plants can be placed that spring, or the season following depending on growth speed (USDA). A cold-stratification period of 30 days can be a useful method for improving yields when one is planting anytime other than fall. It is possible that layering could work. Additionally, small seedlings can be salvaged (Leigh). 3. Ethnobotany

Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest had many uses for Alnus rubra. They made red and orange dyes with the bark, which were used to stain Thuja plicata wood, and dye fishing nets to make them indistinguishable for fish. The wood is very carvable, and makes excellent bowls, masks, and rattles. The bark was eaten by Straits Salish for medicinal qualities. It has been used to treat tuberculosis and respiratory ailments in modern times. A. rubra can be used as a strong antibacterial wash (Pojar). The wood of A. rubra was the preferred wood for smoking salmon and other fish. Seeds from the tree would be collected and mashed up to be eaten (Clay).

Spirea douglasii ssp. douglasii

Serrate margins on last third of leaf

Fuzzy brown seed heads

Thicket

Leaves alternate

Small brown stems

2 meters

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Spiraea douglasii ssp douglasii Hook Common name: rose spirea. Douglas spirea, hardhack, steeplebush Family: Rosaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: 1.5-2 meters tall, form dense thickets consisting of skinny limbs. Spreads via suckers underground. Leaves and associated features: The leaves are 4-10 cm long, and are oblong or elliptical in shape. The last third of the leaf margin is toothed, with the other two thirds being smooth or slightly wavy. They are alternate. Woody plant structures: The stems are skinny, dark brown, and erect. Reproductive structures: Large clusters of seeds at the end of shoots. These appear to be fleecy or fuzzy. They clusters are brown and persist into winter. Belowground structures: None observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington Bothell Campus Wetlands. Bothell, WA. 47°45'38.63"N, 122°11'17.57"W General environmental context: Specimen was located in a slightly sloped grassy area, somewhat upland of a wetland area. The ground was not particularly wet, and there were no heavily saturated areas. General plant community: Alnus rubra, and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa grew in wetter areas slightly east of the specimen. The non-native species Rubus armeniacus and Phalaris

arundinacea skirted up to the specimen from all directions. Elevation: 8 meters Aspect: East Slope steepness: slight (0-5°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Grows in high light areas that are damp or partially inundated. These include Stream banks, bogs, swamps, lake margins, and wet meadows. Wetland indicator status: FACW Species geographic range: Found in the Pacific Northwest, in CA, OR, WA, and BC. Also found in MO and TN. Species elevation range in western WA: Prefers low to mid elevations, but can occasionally grow to 6000’ Plant communities: Spirea douglasii is always found near or within water source margins. Plants that would typically occur in these conditions could include

Juncus effuses, Carex obnupta, Epilobium glandulosum, Equisetun arvense, Rubus spectabilis, Typha latifolia, Cornus serecia, and Alnus rubra.

Symphoricarpos albus

Cream white drupes in clusters

Opposite elliptic leaves

Fine brown twigs

1-2 meters

Erect shrub

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake Common name: sommon snowberry, waxberry Family: Caprifoliaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: 1-2 meters tall, erect. Leaves and associated features: Opposite, the leaves are 1-5 cm long, and are oblong or elliptical in shape. Small to coarsely toothed, occasionally lobed. Highly variable in size and margin. Woody plant structures: The twigs are fine, dark brown, and erect. Reproductive structures: Cream to white fruits up to 1.5 cm across. Smooth and rounded, typically found in dense clusters but can sometimes appear as single berries. Belowground structures: None observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Magnuson Park Wetlands. Seattle, WA. 47°40'35.23"N, 122°15'15.93"W. General environmental context: Specimen was located on a partially shaded slope near a moderately sized pond feature and a gravel walking trail. General plant community: This was found next to a 10 meter Alnus rubra, 7 meter Pseudotsuga menziesii and a 10 meter Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra. There were also Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa in the area. Elevation: 9 meters Aspect: Northeast Slope steepness: intermediate (15-25°)

4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Typically found in shrub thickets, forested areas, open slopes, and in ravines. Prefers dry to moist areas, and sunny to partially shaded lighting conditions. Wetland indicator status: FACU Species geographic range: Found in the Pacific Northwest, in CA, OR, WA, and BC. Also extends throughout much of Canada, and into Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, and Virginia. Species elevation range in western WA: Prefers low to mid elevations. Plant communities: Typically found in association with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Physocarpus malvaceus, Pinus ponderosa, and Holodiscus discolor.

Rosa pisocarpa

Paired prickles

Compound leaves

Clusters of red egg shaped buds

2.5 meters

5-9 leaflets

Dark red to brown stems

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Rosa pisocarpa A. Gray Common name: cluster rose, peafruit rose, swamp rose, clustered wild rose Family: Rosaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: 2.5 meters tall, forms open thorny thickets or small clumps. Leaves and associated features: The leaves are alternate. Leaves are compound, with 5, 7, or 9 leaflets with toothed margins. Woody plant structures: Stems are redish brown, and have pairs of grey straight thorns below the stipules of the branches. Reproductive structures: Has bright red hips that persist into the winter. Found in small clusters, and are up to 1.5 cm long. Have attached sepals on the ends of the hips. Belowground structures: None observed. . Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington Bothell Campus Wetlands. Bothell, WA. 47°45'38.55"N, 122°11'17.70"W General environmental context: Specimen was located next to a pedestrian boardwalk in damp mucky soil. General plant community: This specimen of Rosa pisocarpa was surrounded by a dense thicket of Spirea douglasii. The plant had a canopy shade provided by Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, and Alnus rubra from the East. Additionally, Carex obnupta was growing around the base, with pockets of the nonnative Ranunculus repens. There were pockets of Cornus serecia loosely surrounding the plant in a low shrub layer. Elevation: 8 meters Aspect: None Slope steepness: none (0°)

4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers slightly more wet sites than other native roses. Is typically found in moist thickets, swamps, roadside ditches, and along streams. Tolerates shade. Wetland indicator status: FAC Species geographic range: Found in the Pacific Northwest, in CA, OR, WA, ID and BC. Species elevation range in western WA: Prefers low to mid elevations up to 5,000 feet. Plant communities: Could be found in association with Spirea douglasii, Carex obnupta, Rubus spectabilis, Cornus serecia, and Alnus rubra.

Gaultheria shallon

Alternate, leathery leaves

Toothed margins

Pink and white flowers

Typically 1 meter in height

Shrub

Thick red to brown stems

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species Name: Gaultheria shallon Pursh Common name: salal Family: Ericaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: Evergreen shrub about 1 meter high. Tends to form low dense thickets in forests. Leaves and associated features:

Leaves are up to 8 cm, and have finely toothed edges. The leaves are elliptical or ovate, and are alternate. The leaves are a dark waxy green on top, and a lighter lime or pale green on the bottom. The tips of the leaves often have a fine point. Woody plant structures: Stems are thick and tend to sprawl. New growth is red, while old growth is green or sometimes brown. Reproductive structures: Flowers are white to pink, and can be up to 1cm in length. They form in spread out groupings towards the ends of the stems. Belowground structures: not observed 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Mt Si, WA. 47°29'57.30"N, 121°43'52.83"W General environmental context: Specimen was located in a heavily forested area with shallow soils and rocky obtrusions. It was found in full shade, located next to a high use hiking trail. General plant community: Was found underneath a Pseudotsuga menziesii canopy, alongside Polystichum munitum and Mahonia nervosa. Elevation: 400 meters. Aspect: South Slope steepness: Steep (25-35°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers lowland montane forests. Can grow in sun if there is available water, but tends to excel in heavily shaded areas with canopy cover. Is typically found in forested wetlands of various types, and coastal shrub areas. Wetland indicator status: FACU Species geographic range: Found in WA, OR, CA, BC and AK. Species elevation range in western WA: Typically prefers low elevations. Found below 200m in BC, and 800m in CA. Plant communities: Typically found in association with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Polystichum munitum, Alnus rubra, Tsuga heterophylla, and Mahonia nervosa.

Urtica dioica To 3 meters

Heavily toothed leaf margins

Stinging hairs

Opposite leaves

Erect square stems

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Urtica dioica L. Common name: stinging nettle Family: Urticaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Herb Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: 1-2 meters tall. Spreads via rhizomes. Sometimes forms thick monocultures. Has stinging hairs. Leaves and associated features: The leaves are opposite, and vary in shape from heart shaped to oval or even lance shaped. The leaves have large teeth. The leaves are 5-15cm in length. Have hairs that cause skin irritation if touched. Woody plant structures: The stems are mostly vertical, linear, and unbranched, appear to be square or angular, and are a bright lime green. Have hairs that cause skin irritation if touched. Reproductive structures: None observed. Cooke describes flowers as being small and green or red in color. They form in large drooping clusters from the axils of the leaves

Belowground structures: None observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: North Creek Forest. Bothell, WA. 47°46'40.38"N, 122°11'39.05"W.

General environmental context: Specimen was located in a damp forested opening, soils were covered in deciduous leaf matter, and there was some light penetration to the soil surface. General plant community: Alnus rubra, and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa grew in areas east and south of the specimen. Juvenile Thuja plicata skirted the west and northern corners of the specimen. Elevation: 60 meters Aspect: East Slope steepness: intermediate (15-25°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Is often found in disturbed areas or open forests. Prefers moist conditions, and partial sunlight. Wetland indicator status: FAC Species geographic range: Found all across the Pacific Northwest. Can be found in much of the United States, and Canada. Species elevation range in western WA: Found from sea level all the way to subalpine areas. Plant communities: Often found in association in disturbed areas with Alnus rubra or Populous balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa

Vaccinium ovatum

Stout bushy appearance

Blue berries

2-5 cm leaves with serrate edges

Deep red twigs

3 meters

Shrub

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Vaccinium ovatum Pursh Common name: California huckleberry, evergreen huckleberry Family: Ericaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: Bushy growth of around 3 meters. Appears stout and rigid. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are 2-5cm in length. They are placed alternately along the stems. The leaf margins are serrate. Leaves are a dark evergreen color, with a leathery texture. Woody plant structures: stems are a vibrant deep red color, and are quite rigid. Reproductive structures: Observed dark blue to purple berries, of up to .75 cm in length. The berries are edible, and taste delicious.

Belowground structures: none observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Arboretum. Seattle, WA. 47°37'43.80"N, 122°17'40.47"W General environmental context: Specimen was located in a dry forested opening, with heavy shade cover from coniferous trees. General plant community: The overstory was composed of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and Thuja plicata. Groundcover species included Polystichym munitum, Mahonia nervosa, and gaultheria shallon. Elevation: 43 meters Aspect: South Slope steepness: intermediate (15-25°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers evergreen forest cover, and often grows along boundaries of these forests, or along beach fringe zones. Wetland indicator status: FACU Species geographic range: Found in WA, OR, CA, and BC. Species elevation range in western WA: Found at low elevations from sea level to 900 meters. Plant communities: Overstory is typically comprised of Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and Thuja plicata. Often found in association with understory species such as Corylus cornuta, Polystichym munitum, Symphoricarpos albus, Vacinium parviflorium, and Rubus parviflorus.

Rubus parviflorus

Toothed margins

To 25cm across

3 meters

Large lobed leaves

Brown peeling bark

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Rubus Parviflorus Nutt. Common name: thimbleberry Family: Rosaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Deciduous Overall plant form: To 3 meters in height. Stands tall and erect, can form thickets. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are up to 25 cm in length and are deciduous. Appear to be a light green that goes yellow in fall. They typically display 5 deep lobes, but can be found with 3-7 on occasion. The leaves are fuzzy, and are alternate on the stems. The leaves appear somewhat maple like. Woody plant structures: Stems are unarmed, and the bark tends to shred. The stems are dark brown, and new growth appears hairy. Reproductive structures: None observed. Cooke reports crimson berries that are fleshy. Belowground structures: none observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Mt Si, WA. 47°29'57.30"N, 121°43'52.83"W General environmental context: Specimen was located in an open area with shallow soils and rocky obtrusions, near the tree line. It was found in full sun, located next to a high use hiking trail. General plant community: Found near the tree line. Ground was covered in Carex obnupta, and to the south of the plant, there was a forest of Psudosuga menzesii, and Acer circinatum. Elevation: 1200 meters Aspect: Southeast Slope steepness: intermediate (15-25°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers evergreen forest cover, and often grows along boundaries of these forests, or along beach fringe zones. Wetland indicator status: FACU Species geographic range: Found all throughout the Pacific Northwest and into western Canada. Is also found throughout the western half of the United States, and within the Great Lakes region. Species elevation range in western WA: Found from low to subalpine elevations. Can be found at or above 2000-2700 meters in some cases. Plant communities: Often found in association with Populus tremuloides, Alnus rubra, Sambucus racemosa, Lupins spp., and Peteridium aqulinum.

Thuja plicata

Reddish brown peeling bark

Branches droop

Scale-like leaves To 60m

Evergreen foliage

Tree

J shaped branches

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Thuja plicata Donn ex D. don Common name: western red-cedar Family: Cupressaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Tree Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: About 20 meters in height. The top tends to droop. The base of the tree tends to spread and taper. Leaves and associated features: Leaves appear to be scaled and are pressed closely to the stems. They have a flat, steam rolled appearance. Woody plant structures: The trunk of the tree typically has dark brown to reddish bark that peels easily. It is very fiberous, and comes off in long strands. Branches are J shaped, essentially drooping out from the tree and then turning upwards at their tips Reproductive structures: None observed. Pojar says the cones are 1cm long, egg shaped, and have 8-12 scales.

Belowground structures: none observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Arboretum. Seattle, WA. 47°38'37.05"N, 122°17'27.28"W General environmental context: Was found in an open maintained grass field with minimal understory. Soil was moist and organic.

General plant community: Was surrounded by loose deciduous cover from Alnus rubra and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa. Rubus spectabilis and Rubus Parviflorus formed a small understory surrounding the tree. Elevation:10 meters Aspect: None Slope steepness: none (0°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Usually found in wet or moist organic soils in well developed forests with heavy shade. Prefers sites with ample water, but can sometimes persist in dry areas with well developed soils. Wetland indicator status: FAC Species geographic range: Found in WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, AK, BC, and AB. Species elevation range in western WA: Can be found to 1250m in WA, and 2500m in southwest Oregon. Plant communities: Can often be found most commonly in association with Lysichiton americanum, Oplopanax horridus, Polystichum munitum, Tsuga heterophylla, Acer macrophyllum, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Galtheria shallon, Rubus spectabilis, and Mahonia nervosa.

Pseudotsuga menziesii

3cm needles

Pointed buds

F

Furrowed bark

Tree

15 meters

Triangular form

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Common name: Douglas-fir Family: Pinaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Tree Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: About 15 meters in height. Has a very triangular, erect form. Leaves and associated features: Needles are flat and twist all around the stems. They have pointed tips, are all around 3cm long, and are a dark evergreen color. There are two groups of white stomata on the underside of the needles running the length of the needles. Woody plant structures: The trunk of the tree typically has dark brown bark that is furrowed. Limbs droop slightly. New growth is sometimes reddish brown. Reproductive structures: Has large brown cones around 10 cm in length. They have 1cm scales, with 3 pronged bracts that look like mouse tails. Buds are .75 cm long, red, and pointed at the tips. Belowground structures: none observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: Arboretum. Seattle, WA. 47°38'37.05"N, 122°17'27.28"W General environmental context: Was found in an open maintained grass field with minimal understory. Soil was moist and organic. General plant community: Was surrounded by loose deciduous cover from Alnus rubra and Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa. Rubus spectabilis and Rubus Parviflorus formed a small understory

surrounding the tree. Additionally, there was an Arbutus menziesii to the north, and Rubus armeniacus growing loosely along the base. Elevation:10 meters Aspect: None Slope steepness: none (0°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Typically found in low to mid elevation forests with moist conditions, but is also adapted to very dry conditions. Seedlings prefer full sun. Prefers to be in dry locations at low elevations, and wetter locations at high elevations. Wetland indicator status: FACU Species geographic range: Typically found in WA, OR, CA, NV, and BC. Species elevation range in western WA: Usually grows between 500 meters to 2,400 meters. Plant communities: Can often be found most commonly in association with Polystichum munitum, Galtheria shallon, Rubus spectabilis, and Mahonia nervosa.

Mahonia nervosa

Shrub

To 1 meter

Clusters of blue berries

Compound leaves

9-21 leaflets

Prickly margins

Leaves alternate

Leaflets opposite

3 main veins

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. Common name: Mahonia, Oregon grape, Cascade barberry Family: Berberidaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Shrub Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: Low-growing shrub that looks clumped. About 1 meter tall, spreading from a central area. Leaves and associated features: Leaves are compound and evergreen. The leaves are alternate, although the leaflets appear to be opposite of each other. The leaves are a dark evergreen color, with a leathery texture on top. There are three distinct veins running along the top of each leaflet. There are 9-21 leaflets on each leaf, and each of these is around 5 cm long. Leaflets have prickly tips and margins. Woody plant structures: Has reddish brown stems that extend from a hidden wooden branch structure. Reproductive structures: Has dark blue to purple berries that are loosely clustered.

Belowground structures: none observed. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: University of Washington Bothell Campus. Bothell, WA. 47°45'34.07"N, 122°11'26.81"W. General environmental context: Was found in an ornamental planting of Pacific Northwest Native species on a steep slope on the east side of campus. General plant community: The surrounding plants consisted of Polystichum munitum, Galtheria shallon, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Elevation: 19 meters. Aspect: East Slope steepness: Steep (25-35°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Typically found in low to mid elevation forests within dry to moist conditions. Prefers mostly shady sites. (Cooke, ESRM) Wetland indicator status: FACU (USACE) Species geographic range: Typically found in WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, AK, BC, and AB. (USDA) Species elevation range in western WA: Found below 2000 meters. (ESRM) Plant communities: Can often be found most commonly in association with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Polystichum munitum, Galtheria shallon, Rubus spectabilis, Acer circinatum, Achyls triphylla, and Holodiscus discolor. (Cooke, ESRM)

Polypodium glycyrrhiza

Pinnae entirely connected

Rhizomatous and spreading

Growing on Acer macrophyllum

Light green fronds

20-30cm long

Basic Species Information 1. Nomenclature Species name: Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eaton Common name: licorice fern Family: Polypodiaceae 2. Identifying Characteristics Growth form: Fern Leaf life span: Evergreen Overall plant form: Small spreading rhizomatous fern growing on the size of an Acer macrophyllum. Fronds mostly spread out, occasionally in clumped groupings. Leaves and associated features: Fronds are a light green, and appear translucent when backlit by the sun. Appeared around 30cm long at greatest, with most being 20-25cm. Pinnae connected entirely to stem. Woody plant structures: Light green stem on fronds. Reproductive structures: Rounded sori on the underside of the pinnae of the fronds. Belowground structures: Has dark brown rhizomes that tend to grow under moss mats on the sides of trees. Have a licorice like, or sometimes bitter taste. 3. Specimen Location & Habit Geographical location: North Creek Forest. Bothell, WA. 47°46'40.72"N, 122°11'41.15"W. General environmental context: Was found in a forest opening on a steep hillslope. Soils were organic, and moist. General plant community: Found on an Acer macrophyllum in a moss bed. Other nearby plants included Alnus rubra Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Rubus spectabilis, and Rubus Parviflorus. Elevation: 70 meters. Aspect: South Slope steepness: Steep (25-35°) 4. General Information on the Species Specific habitat factors: Prefers low elevation forests with moderate temperatures and moist, foggy conditions. Typically found on Acer macrophyllum, woody debris, rock faces, or other similar areas. Likes heavy to moderate shade (Cooke, ESRM). Wetland indicator status: FACU (Cooke) Species geographic range: Typically found in WA, OR, CA, ID, AZ, AK, and BC (USDA). Species elevation range in western WA: Found below 600 meters (ESRM). Plant communities: Can often be found most commonly in association with Acer macrophyllum (Cooke).

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