my philosophy book

8/7/2019 My Philosophy Book

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By

Mir Sadia Siddequa Sifat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpghttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jewcy.com/files/images/sephardic3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jewcy.com/faith_spirituality%3Fpage%3D22&usg=__5CRC5ZrofW7RMMpe1-qTGvU263M=&h=384&w=300&sz=92&hl=en&start=14&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3VStlpYa6tINCM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBaruch%2BSpinoza%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://libertyletters.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/john-locke.jpg&imgrefurl=http://libertyletters.wordpress.com/&usg=__cX5lLZ00o7z11saqo4T-dG5RB54=&h=300&w=261&sz=20&hl=en&start=5&itbs=1&tbnid=5uWd_k_Y2_LuMM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJohn%2BLocke%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gegensatzpress.com/sitebuilder/images/_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_Schlesinger_8x10-347x422.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gegensatzpress.com/absoluteboot.html&usg=__bHT3hbdMUtcIoqMNBH6zGszmeAg=&h=422&w=347&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0eB_Nue2Z_QvlM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGeorg%2BWilhelm%2BFriedrich%2BHegel%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://flcenterlitarts.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/plato3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://flcenterlitarts.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/great-news-facebook-and-twitter-sharpens-your-writing-skills/&usg=__ldJFnqeNg_yJAzF7h0DZPvZp07g=&h=620&w=597&sz=301&hl=en&start=11&itbs=1&tbnid=N0Ti5_umpieJIM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplato%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://www.virtuescience.com/socrates.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.virtuescience.com/socrates.html&usg=__hbiFabPrfc9Q6gOGUyJHQ6bZCfk=&h=400&w=301&sz=89&hl=en&start=1&itbs=1&tbnid=4Ysro5ee5Am4vM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsocrates%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX


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Whatever is deep

and profound

is philosophy

My Philosophy Book

An Assignment

Presented & Prepared by


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Mir Sadia Siddequa Sifat

I.D.NO: 062-10-263, Batch: -8th A

Department of English

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

Daffodil International University

Submitted toDr. Binoy Barman

Assistant Professor and Head,

Department of English

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

Daffodil International University

Contents

No. Philosopher Page

1 Arthur Schopenhauer 2 Sren Aabye Kierkegaard


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3 Jean-Paul Sartre

4 Karl Heinrich Marx

5 Charles Darwin

6 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche7 Ren Descartes8 John Locke

9Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHegel

10 Baruch de Spinoza

Arthur Schopenhauer


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Arthur SchopenhauerFull name Arthur SchopenhauerBorn 22 February 1788 (1788-02-22)

Died 21 September 1860 (aged 72)Era 19th century philosophyRegion Western PhilosophySchool Kantianism, idealismMaininterests

Metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics,phenomenology, morality,psychology

Notableideas

Will, Fourfold root of reason, pessimism

Signature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourfold_root_of_the_sufficient_principle_of_reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourfold_root_of_the_sufficient_principle_of_reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism


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Sren Kierkegaard


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Sketch of Sren Kierkegaard by Niels Christian

Kierkegaard, c. 1840Full name Sren Aabye KierkegaardBorn 5 May 1813 Copenhagen, Denmark

Died11 November 1855 (aged 42) Copenhagen,

DenmarkEra 19th-century philosophy

Region Western philosophy

School

Danish Golden Age Literary and ArtisticTradition, precursor to Continental

philosophy,[1][2], Existentialism (agnostic,atheistic, Christian), Postmodernism, Post-

structuralism, Existential psychology,Absurdism, Neo-orthodoxy, and many more

Main

interests

Religion, metaphysics, epistemology,aesthetics, ethics, morality, psychology,

philosophy of religion

Notable

ideas

Regarded as the father ofExistentialism,angst, existential despair, Three spheres ofhuman existence, knight of faith, infinite

qualitative distinction, leap of faith

Signature

Jean-Paul Sartre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Danish_Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Danish_Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#cite_note-CambComp-1%23cite_note-CambComp-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#cite_note-CambComp-1%23cite_note-CambComp-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_despairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Three_stages_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Three_stages_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kierkegaard_sig.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Danish_Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Danish_Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#cite_note-CambComp-1%23cite_note-CambComp-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_despairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Three_stages_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Three_stages_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith


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Full name Jean-Paul Sartre

Born 21 June 1905 Paris, France

Died15 April 1980 (aged 74)

Paris, France

Era 20th-century philosophy

Region Western Philosophy

School Existentialism, Continental philosophy,Marxism

Main

interests

Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics,

Politics, Phenomenology, Ontology

Notable

ideas

"Existence precedes essence", "Bad

faith","Nothingness"

Signature

Karl Marx.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing


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Born

12 February 1809

Mount House, Shrewsbury,

Shropshire, England

Died19 April 1882 (aged 73)

Down House, Downe, Kent.

Residence England

Citizenship British

Nationality British

Ethnicity English

Fields Naturalist

Institutions Geological Society of London

Academic

advisors

John Stevens Henslow

Adam Sedgwick

Known for

The Voyage of the Beagle

On The Origin of Species

Natural selection

Signature

Friedrich Nietzsche
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount,_Shrewsburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sedgwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_The_Origin_of_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount,_Shrewsburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Citizenshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sedgwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_The_Origin_of_Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection


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Full name Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

Born

October 15, 1844 Rcken bei Ltzen,

Prussia

Died August 25, 1900 , Weimar, Garmen

Era 19th century philosophy


School

Weimar Classicism; precursor to

Continental philosophy, existentialism,postmodernism, poststructuralism,

psychoanalysis

Main

interests

aesthetics, ethics, ontology,philosophy of

history,psychology, value-theory

Notable

ideas Apollonian and Dionysian, death of God

Signature

Ren Descartes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ckenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Classicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poststructuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_is_deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ckenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Classicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poststructuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_is_dead


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Full name Ren Descartes

Born March 31, 1596,France

DiedFebruary 11, 1650 (aged 53)

Stockholm, Sweden



SchoolCartesianism, Rationalism,

Foundationalism

Main

interests

Metaphysics,Epistemology, Science,

Mathematics

Notable

ideas

Cogito ergo sum,method of doubt,

Cartesian coordinate system,

Cartesian dualism, ontological

argument

John Locke
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_Doubthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodic_Doubthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_dualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument


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Full name John Locke

Born29 August 1632

Wrington , Somerset, England

Died28 October 1704 (aged 72)Essex,

England


Region Western Philosophers

SchoolBritish Empiricism , Social Contract,

Natural Law

Main

interests

Metaphysics, Epistemology,

Philosophy of Mind, Education

Notable

ideas

Tabula rasa, "government with the

consent of the governed"; state of

nature ;liberty andproperty

Signature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Locke_Signature.svg/185px-John_Locke_Signature.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Locke_Signature.svg&usg=__M9lPtzJT6OH7LBy2-XNUQdG_ZxM=&h=82&w=185&sz=9&hl=en&start=1&itbs=1&tbnid=06y9btskbCvYzM:&tbnh=45&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJohn%2BLockeSignature%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://libertyletters.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/john-locke.jpg&imgrefurl=http://libertyletters.wordpress.com/&usg=__cX5lLZ00o7z11saqo4T-dG5RB54=&h=300&w=261&sz=20&hl=en&start=5&itbs=1&tbnid=5uWd_k_Y2_LuMM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJohn%2BLocke%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Mindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property


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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


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Full name Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Born August 27, 1770 Stuttgart, Germany

DiedNovember 14, 1831 (aged 61)

Berlin, Germany



School German Idealism; Founder ofHegelianism; Historicism

Main

interests

Logic, Philosophy of history,

Aesthetics, Religion, Metaphysics,

Epistemology, Political Philosophy,

Notable

ideas

Absolute idealism,Dialectic,

Sublation, master-slave dialectic

Signature

Baruch Spinoza
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master-slave_dialectichttp://images.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gegensatzpress.com/sitebuilder/images/_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_Schlesinger_8x10-347x422.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gegensatzpress.com/absoluteboot.html&usg=__bHT3hbdMUtcIoqMNBH6zGszmeAg=&h=422&w=347&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0eB_Nue2Z_QvlM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGeorg%2BWilhelm%2BFriedrich%2BHegel%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master-slave_dialectic


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Full name Baruch de Spinoza

Born

November 24, 1632

Amsterdam,Netherlands

DiedFebruary 21, 1677 (aged 44)

The Hague, Netherlands



School Rationalism, founder ofSpinozismMain

interestsEthics, Epistemology, Metaphysics

Notable

ideas

Panentheism,Pantheism,Deism,

neutral monism,intellectual and

religious freedom / separation of

church and state, not contract

Signature

Baruch Spinozas Philosophy

Of the two problems left unsolved by Descartes (the determination ofthe relationship God and the world and between the soul and the body),Spinoza answers the first by affirming the unity of substance and

reducing the world to a modification of this single substance. Neo-Platonic thought and the definition of substance given by Descartes (that
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which so exists as to need no other for its existence) justify, as far asSpinoza is concerned, the abolition of all duality, and the affirmation ofthe oneness of substance. This accomplished, he logically andinexorably develops all the pantheistic consequences implicit in theoneness of substance.

The second problem left by Descartes (the relationship between the soul-- "res cogitans" -- and the body -- "res extensa") remains open andunsolved in Spinoza. He reduces these two Cartesian substances to twoattributes; and to explain their mutual dependence he is obliged toaffirm dogmatically the existence of the psycho-physical law, in virtueof which what happens in the "attribute" of the soul automatically finds

its correlative in the "attribute" of the body.

My Own View

Spinoza developed Cartesian Rationalism to its extreme consequences.He begins with the concept of substance, which, because it does notrequire another concept in order to be understood and to exist, is a clearconcept and must be one. But he concludes with the most absolutepantheism.

Spinoza's system did not meet with good reception at first, perhapsbecause it was not understood. Idealism took it over because it found init the principal lineaments for a metaphysics in the idealist sense.

Arthur Schopenhauers philosophy

Arthur Schopenhauer believed that Immanuel Kant had eithermade, or greatly re-inforced, uniquely important breakthroughs inhuman understanding - these included Kant's division of reality into

what was susceptible of being experienced, (the phenomenal), and whatwas not, (the noumenal).


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Schopenhauer was greatly influenced by Kant's key insistencethat the forms and frameworks of all possible experience weredependent on the contingent nature of our bodily apparatus, and wouldhave been so whatever that apparatus had been.

Starting from the principle that the will is the inner nature of thebody as an appearance in time and space, he concluded that the innerreality of all material appearances is Will. Where Kant had concludedthat ultimate reality - the "thing-in-itself" (Ding an sich) - lay beyondbeing experienced, Schopenhauer postulated that the ultimate reality isone universal will. This will is the inner nature of each experiencing

being and assumes in time and space the appearance of the body, whichis an idea. Accordingly existence is the expression of an insatiable, pervasive, will generating a world that features such negatives asconflict and suffering, senselessness, and futility as well as manypositives. It is the "will to live" that perpetuates this cosmic spectacle.

My Own View

For Schopenhauer, who is considered to be a pessimisticphilosopher, the tragedy of life arises from the nature of the will, whichconstantly urges the individual toward the satisfaction of successivegoals, none of which can provide permanent satisfaction for the infiniteactivity of the life force, or will.

Such things as an interest in the Arts, and a moral life based on

sympathy, tend to alleviate the suffering experienced in people's lives. Amore telling alleviation is to be found through the denial, or suspension,of the will through asceticism.

Sren Kierkegaards Philosophy

Sren Kierkegaard was a 19th century Danish philosopher whohas been called the "Father of Existentialism. His philosophy also

influenced the development of existential psychology.


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One of Kierkegaard's recurrent themes is the importance ofsubjectivity, which has to do with the way people relate themselves to(objective) truths. In Concluding Unscientific Postscript toPhilosophical Fragments, he argues that "subjectivity is truth" and "truthis subjectivity." What he means by this is that most essentially, truth isnot just a matter of discovering objective facts. While objective facts areimportant, there is a second and more crucial element of truth, whichinvolves how one relates oneself to those matters of fact. Since how oneact is, from the ethical perspective, more important than any matter offact, truth is to be found in subjectivity rather than objectivity.

Themes in his philosophy:

Alienation, Abstraction, Death, Dread or anxiety, Despair, Ethics, Individuality,

Pathos (passion), Subjectivity, Three stages of life,

Stage One: Aesthetic, Stage Two: Ethical, Stage Three:Religious.

My Own View

Sren Kierkegaard's philosophy has been a major influence in thedevelopment of 20th century philosophy, especially in the movementsof Existentialism philosophy and Postmodernism. He was the first toIntroduce existentialist questions like Who am I? What is the role ofGod in human life? What motivates as to work?Jean-Paul Sartres Philosophy

Educated in his native Paris and at German universities, Jean-Paul

Sartre taught philosophy during the 1930s at La Havre and Paris.


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Sartre's philosophical influences clearly include Descartes, Kant,Marx, Husserl, and Heidegger. Employing the methods of descriptivephenomenology to new effect, his l'tre et le nant (Being andNothingness) (1943) offers an account ofexistence in general, includingboth the being-in-itself of objects that simply are and the being-for-itself by which humans engage in independent action. Sartre devotesparticular concern to emotion as a spontaneous activity ofconsciousness projected onto reality. Empasizing the radical freedom of all humanaction, Sartre warns of the dangers ofmauvaise foi (bad faith), acting onthe self-deceptive motives by which people often try to eluderesponsibility for what they do.

In the lecture l'Existentialisme est un humanisme ("Existentialismis a Humanism") (1946), Sartre described the human condition insummary form: freedom entails total responsibility, in the face of whichwe experience anguish, forlornness, and despair; genuine human dignitycan be achieved only in our active acceptance of these emotions.

My Own View

Sartre was an exponent of atheistic existentialism. The philosophyof existentialism depicts man, alone and afraid in a world he nevermade. This philosophical movement has had more of a following inmainland Europe than in English-speaking countries. The most famousof the French existentialists was, of course, Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre's

WW II experience is an example of what existentialists see as the ever-present necessity for individual choice. His was a very obvious case inpoint, a choice which all Frenchmen faced at the time: collaboration,resistance, or quiet self-preservation.

Karl Marxs Philosophy

Marx's philosophy hinges on his view of human nature.

Fundamentally, Marx assumed that human nature involves transformingnature. To this process of transformation he applies the term "labour",
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and to the capacity to transform nature the term "labour power." Marxsees transformation as a simultaneously physical and mental act

Marx had a special concern with how people relate to that mostfundamental resource of all, their own labour power. He wroteextensively about this in terms of the problem ofalienation. As with thedialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation butdeveloped a more materialist conception

Capitalism mediates social relationships of production (such as

among workers or between workers and capitalists) throughcommodities, including labor, that are bought and sold on the market.For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's ownlaborone's capacity to transform the worldis tantamount to beingalienated from one's own nature; it is a spiritual loss. Marx describedthis loss in terms of commodity fetishism, in which the things thatpeople produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement oftheir own to which humans and their behavior merely adapt.

My Own View

For Marx, unholy self-estrangement, the "loss of man", iscomplete once the proletariat realizes its potential to unite in

revolutionary solidarity. His final conclusion is that for Germany,general human emancipation is only possible as a suspension of privateproperty by the proletariat, which I really appritiate.

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on five key observations andinferences drawn from them. These observations and inferences have

been summarized by the great biologist Ernst Mayr as follows:
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1) Species have great fertility. They make more offspring than can growto adulthood.

2) Populations remain roughly the same size, with modest fluctuations.

3) Food resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of thetime.

From these three observations it may be inferred that in such anenvironment there will be a struggle for survival among individuals.

4) In sexually reproducing species, generally no two individuals are

identical. Variation is rampant.

5) Much of this variation is heritable.

Summary Of Darwin's Theory of Evolution;

1.Variation: There is Variation in Every Population.2.Competition: Organisms Compete for limited resources.3.Offspring: Organisms produce more Offspring than can survive.4.Genetics: Organisms pass Genetic traits on to their offspring.5.Natural Selection: Those organisms with the Most Beneficial Traitsare more likely to Survive and Reproduce.

My Own View

Darwin imagined it might be possible that all life is descended from an

original species from ancient times. DNA evidence supports this idea.Probably all organic beings which have ever lived on this earth havedescended from some one primordial life form. There is grandeur in thisview of life that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to thefixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms mostbeautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.

Friedrich Nietzsches Philosophy


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An important element of Nietzsche's philosophical outlook is the"will to power" (der Wille zur Macht), which provides a basis forunderstanding motivation in human behavior. But this concept may havewider application, as Nietzsche, in a number of places, also suggests thatthe will to power is a more important element than pressure foradaptation or survival

Nietzsche claimed the death of God would eventually lead to theloss of any universal perspective on things, and along with it anycoherent sense of objective truth. Instead we would retain only our ownmultiple, diverse, and fluid perspectives. This view has acquired thename "perspectivism".

Alternatively, the death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has anyimportance and that life lacks purpose. As Heidegger put the problem,"If God as the suprasensory ground and goal of all reality is dead, if thesuprasensory world of the Ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatoryand above it its vitalizing and upbuilding power, then nothing moreremains to which man can cling and by which he can orient himself."

Developing this idea, Nietzsche wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra, thereinintroducing the concept of a value-creating bermensch.

My Own View

Certain recent Nietzschean interpretations have emphasized the moreuntimely and politically controversial aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy.

Nietzschean commentator Keith Ansell Pearson has pointed out theabsurd hypocrisy of modern egalitarian liberals, socialists, feminists andanarchists claiming Nietzsche as a herald of their own left-wing politics:"The values Nietzsche wishes to subject to a revaluation are largelyaltruistic and egalitarian values such as pity, self-sacrifice, and equalrights.

Ren Descartess Philosophy


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Ren Descartes (pronounced "deika:t") was a 17th century Frenchphilosopher, mathematician and a man of science. He could be quite justifiably called the Father of Modern Philosophy. Descartes isregarded as the bridge between scholasticism and other schools ofphilosophy that followed. He provided a link to physics and philosophy.It was he who developed the 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' coordinates to locate a pointin 2 or 3 dimensions. We also owe the analytical geometry to himThanks to him you are able to use algebra and calculus to solvegeometrical problems. In addition to the convention of exponentnotation, his other contribution to Algebra is the treatment of NegativeRoots.

He asserted that thinking is the sole aim, meaning and purpose of living!This (in my opinion) is opposed to "Hedonism" which believes inpleasure as the sole aim of humankind. His theory in a nutshell is 'cogitoergo sum' meaning, I think, therefore I am' He developed a dualistictheory of mind (conscious experience) and matter. His approach was offundamental importance in the development of modern philosophy,especially epistemology He has done extensive research on meditation,reasoning and seeking truth in the sciences. He has extensively dwelt onthe relationship of the soul to the body, the nature of emotions and theways of controlling the emotions. He aimed to reach totally securefoundations for knowledge. His method of systematic doubt to arrive atthe truth laid the foundation for subsequent development of philosophy.His argument was that the sciences must be founded on certainty. Heinvoked skepticism as a means of reaching certainty. Some of histheories were paradoxical.

My Own View

Descartes held that part of the blood was a subtle fluid, which he calledanimal spirits. The animal spirits, he believed, came into contact withthinking substances in the brain and flowed out along the channels of thenerves to animate the muscles and other parts of the body! Descartesalso believed that colors were caused by the rotation of "spheres" oflight, using the tennis ball as a model of a spinning sphere.

John Locke s Philosophy


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Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes were not truly conscious of thephenomenalistic consequences of their theory of knowledge, which was based on Empiricism. Both considered sensation as phenomenalpresentations and also as representations of reality. Thus they still hadsomething upon which to build an absolute metaphysics.

With Locke gnosiological phenomenalism enters its critical phase. Byconsidering sensations merely as subjective presentations, Locke givesus a theory of knowledge of subjective data devoid of any relation withexternal objects. Hence Locke is the first to give us a logic forEmpiricism, that is, for sensations considered as phenomena ofknowledge.

Locke distinguishes three classes of complex ideas:

1. Ideas of substance, representing a constant or stablecollection of simple ideas related to a mysterious substratumwhich is their unifying center;

2. Ideas of mode, resulting from the combination by the intellectof several ideas, in such a manner as to form not a thing in itselfbut a property or mode of an existing thing -- for example, atriangle, gratitude;

3. Ideas of relationship, arising from the comparison of oneidea with another, such as temporal and spatial relationships, orthe relationship of cause.

My Own View

From man's natural condition to the state of society, there is hence aprogression; but no innovation is involved. The sovereign who fails inhis obligation to defend the rights of his subjects is no longer justified inhis sovereignty and may be dismissed by his subjects. Locke isconsidered the founder of liberal politics (classical liberalism), and hisinfluence during the centuries following his lifetime has been great.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel s Philosophy


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The greatest of all the German idealists was Georg Wilhelm FriedrichHegel, who methodically constructed a comprehensive system ofthought about the world. Focussed like Kant on the goal of showinghow some fundamental unity underlies the confusing multiplicity ofexperiental contents, Hegel took a much more sytematic approach bymaking absolute consciousness the key source of ultimate connectionsamong all other things. Above all else, Hegel held that reality must berational, so that its ultimate structure is revealed in the structure of ourthought. Everything that is thinkable, especially apparent contradictions,must be resolvable under some common concept of the reason. In whatfollows, we will examine in detail the logical apparatus Hegel employedin pursuit of knowledge.

Even more than Aristotle and the Stoics, Hegel believed that the studyof logic is an investigation into the fundamental structure of realityitself. According to Hegel, all logic (and, hence, all of reality) isdialectical in character. As Kant had noted in the Antinomies, seriousthought about one general description of the world commonly leads usinto a contemplation of its opposite. But Hegel did not suppose this tobe the end of the matter; he made the further supposition that the twoconcepts so held in opposition can always be united by a shift to somehigher level of thought. Thus, the human mind invariably moves fromthesis to antithesis to synthesis, employing each synthesis as the thesisfor a new opposition to be transcended by yet a higher level, continuingin a perpetual waltz of intellectual achievement.

My Own View

Hegel's philosophy is a rationalization of his early mysticism, stimulatedby Christian theology. He rejects the reality of finite and separate objectsand minds in space and time, the Kantian "thing-in-itself" andestablishes without Spinoza's dualism, an underlying all-embracingunity, the Absolute. Only this rational whole is real and true. When wemake statements or otherwise draw attention to a particular, we separateoff this one aspect from the whole of reality, and this can therefore onlybe partially true.

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