Running head: MAXIMUM 50 CHARACTERS

[Title, APA 2.01]

by

[full name of the author, 2.02]

School of Education

William Jessup University

[year]

Nathan Herzog, Ph.D., Coordinator of Graduate Studies

[insert names and titles of your Thesis Committee same as Graduate Coordinator]

Name 2, Degree, Thesis Mentor

Name 3, Degree, Committee Member

Name 4, Degree, Committee Member

A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts in Teaching

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[Title, APA 2.01]

by

[full name of the author, 2.02]

School of Education

William Jessup University

[year]

Approved by the Coordinator of Graduate Studies

Nathan Herzog, Ph.D.

Approved by the Education Graduate Thesis Committee

[Name 1, Degree]

[Name 2, Degree]

ii

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[Name 3, Degree]

iii

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Publication Rights [OPTIONAL]

Thesis © [full name of the author] [Year]

iv

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Dedication [OPTIONAL]

[Your text]

v

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Preface or Acknowledgements [OPTIONAL]

[Although the body of the thesis is usually written in the third person, this section,

if included, is usually written in the first person (see APA 3.09, 3.20 for more details on

when to use “I”). Here you may wish to explain certain features of the thesis. It is also

customary to recognize the assistance of the Graduate Coordinator and/or members of the

committee. Specific contributions by other persons or institutions should be

acknowledged, especially if financial support was received.]

vi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables [APA 5.07-5.11+]........................................................................................ix

List of Figures [APA 5.20-5.25+]........................................................................................x

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study [APA 2.05]................................................................1

Background......................................................................................................................1

Theoretical Framework of the Study...............................................................................1

Statement of the Problem................................................................................................1

Purpose of the Study........................................................................................................2

Method [APA 2.06].........................................................................................................2

Variables..........................................................................................................................2

Independent..................................................................................................................2

Dependent....................................................................................................................3

Research Questions..........................................................................................................3

Hypotheses (for Quantitative Research)..........................................................................3

Limitations, Assumptions, and Design Controls.............................................................3

Definition of Key Terms..................................................................................................4

Summary..........................................................................................................................4

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature.............................................................................6

Introduction.....................................................................................................................6

Sample Level One Heading.............................................................................................8

Sample Level Two Heading........................................................................................8vii

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Introduction...................................................................................................................10

Problem and Purposes Overview...................................................................................10

Research Questions and Hypotheses.............................................................................10

Population and Sample..................................................................................................10

Data Collection and Instrumentation.............................................................................11

Data Analysis.................................................................................................................12

Summary........................................................................................................................12

Chapter 4: Analysis of Data and Results [APA 2.07].......................................................13

Introduction...................................................................................................................13

Organization of Data Analysis......................................................................................13

Presentation of Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample........................................14

Research Questions and Associated Hypothesis.......................................................14

Analysis of Data.........................................................................................................14

Summary........................................................................................................................16

Chapter 5: Findings, Conclusions, and Implications.........................................................17

Introduction...................................................................................................................17

Summary of the Study [APA 2.08]...............................................................................17

Findings.........................................................................................................................17

Conclusions...................................................................................................................17

Implications...................................................................................................................18

Directions for Future Study...........................................................................................19viii

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Summary........................................................................................................................19

References..........................................................................................................................20

Appendix A: Title of Appendix [APA 2.13, 8.03]............................................................28

[Do not type directly into the Table of Contents (TOC). It is hyperlinked to the

headings in your text and will update for you automatically. Right-click on the TOC

to auto-update (select “update field” then “update entire table”). The APA reference

numbers will disappear when you remove them in the actual text.]

ix

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List of Tables [APA 5.07-5.11+]

Table 1. A Sample Table Showing Correct Formatting....................................................14

[See APA 5.01+ on Displaying Results in Tables, 5.19 Table Checklist]

[The List of Tables will also auto-update. Right-click on the list to auto-update

(select “update field” then “update entire table”).]

x

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List of Figures [APA 5.20-5.25+]

Figure 1. A sample figure..................................................................................................15

[See APA 5.20+ Figures, 5.30 Figure Checklist]

[The List of Figures will also auto-update. Right-click on the list to auto-update (select “update field” then “update entire table”).]

xi

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Abstract [APA 2.04]

by

[full name of the author]

School of Education

William Jessup University

[year]

[The abstract should contain all the essential information about the thesis and provide the

reader with an overview of the study. It should be written in complete sentences and

include statements of the problem, procedure or methods, results and conclusions. The

abstract should include accomplishments, the most pertinent facts and implications of the

study, and a brief explanation of the work, and should not exceed 250 words

(approximately 1 ½ pages in length). Mathematical formulae, citations, diagrams,

footnotes, illustrative materials, quotations, and acronyms may not be used in the

abstract.]

xii

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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study [APA 2.05]

Background

This section should be approximately 2-5 pages of background narrative, citing

literature as appropriate and needed. You have two purposes in this section: (a) grab your

readers’ attention and (b) enlighten your readers about the thrust of the study and its

importance.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

The theoretical framework is the conceptual base from which your topic has

evolved. It includes the basic, historical, theoretical nature, and background of your topic.

This information is the material that under girds, and provides basic support from which

your topic emerges. Essentially you are trying to present a rational/theoretical/research-

based model for (a) the key variables you are interested in investigating and (b) any

believed interrelationships between the dependent, or criterion, variable and the

independent variables. Your theoretical framework should substantiate your argument.

This section will typically be 2-4 pages. Literature citations are essential. Theorists and

researchers who are famous in the field of the topic will probably be referenced in this

section.

Statement of the Problem

Approximately 1-3 pages in which you give a clearly and concisely detailed

explanation of the educational and theoretical problem your research will address. Your

research problem should be of educational and societal significance – a true problem that

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necessitates a solution (your argument is your proposed solution). The research problem

is typically broad in nature. For example, your thesis might discuss the problem of

chronic absenteeism in U.S. high schools, persistent racial achievement gaps, poor

writing skills among high school graduates, or lack of access to higher-order math

content in K-12 schools.

Purpose of the Study

There should be one or two paragraphs to introduce the research questions and

hypotheses. A viable research purpose statement must meet all of the following:

1) address a gap in the existing literature,

2) address social justice,

3) involve the relationship between at least one independent/dependent variable,

4) be open ended in nature (i.e. not a yes or no question).

Method [APA 2.06]

Here you will briefly overview the methodology being employed in your study.

Below you will present and describe the study’s independent and dependent variables.

Variables

Independent

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Dependent

Research Questions

List them as 1. . . . 2. . . . 3. . . . . . . . n.

Hypotheses (for Quantitative Research)

List them as 1. . . . 2. . . . 3. . . . . . . . n.

Limitations, Assumptions, and Design Controls

In this section you will set the assumptions upon which the research is pursued,

listing any limitations, and indicating clearly how any potential problems will be

controlled (thereby increasing your readers’ confidence in you as a researcher and in your

study). Limitations are the limitations over which you, the researcher, have no control.

These might include resources for your topic which are limiting you from doing a more

extensive study, confined parameters of the sample, or in the case of active research,

subjects who fail to complete the appropriate test items. Assumptions are those things

that, relative to your study, you are “taking for granted.” For example, if you are

assessing a pedagogical strategy being implemented at a school, you might assume all

teachers were properly trained. Design controls are most appropriate for experimental or

quasi-experimental studies in which a research scenario is designed for the collection of

data (see Creswell). You may find it easier to write this section later as you develop your

methodology in Chapter 3.

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Definition of Key Terms

An introductory sentence should be used to transition to the definition of key

terms. The terms in this section should be terms directly related to your research that will

be used by you throughout the research. It is up to you, the researcher, to define each

term as you want the reader to know that term. In every case possible, cite a source for

your definition. It is all right to have some definitions without citations when you are

listing a “commonly understood” term or you have no source. Define all jargon for your

reader to provide temporal and cultural context and guide your reader through the

argument. List the terms in alphabetical order.

Key term 1: Definition (citation).

Key term 2: Definition (citation).

Key term 3: Definition (citation).

For example:

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP): assessments designed to

produce national and state estimates of both overall and group-specific achievement in

subjects such as reading, math, science, and history. These assessments are administered

during the 4th and 8th grade school years, and help serve as the “Nation’s Report Card”

(Condron, Tope, Steidl, & Freeman, 2013).

Summary

Present a 1-3 paragraph summary of key points included in Chapter 1. Then

present a one paragraph description of how the remainder of the study is organized (that

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is Chapters 2 through 5 and any appendices you know will be included). Note: The length

of Chapter 1 varies from proposal to proposal, but most range from 10-20 pp.

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Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Introduction

Write a brief introduction of 2-3 paragraphs to refresh you reader’s memory about

the problem and purpose of the study you presented in Chapter 1. Also, tell you reader

about the form Chapter 2 will take in terms of purpose, scope, and sequence/organization.

The introduction for Chapter 2 should include the titles of the main headings.

[Notes: Remember that in this chapter you are reporting on what other

researchers, experts, and theorists. have already said about the subject. Therefore, for the

most part, the verbs in this chapter are past tense.

It is a skill on the part of graduate students to report on the literature in a way that

compares, contrasts, and in so doing, analyzes what is found in the literature. The purpose

of the literature review is not to simply summarize the sources read and present

information. The purpose is to utilize the sources and information gathered to present a

convincing argument of the importance of your research problem and the need for your

research purpose, and the validation of your questions and hypotheses. Synthesize your

many sources into a coherent discussion. The literature review will typically contain 2-4

strands of literature in which you present, discuss and synthesize the research literature

on the 2-4 topics the reader must understand to substantiate your problem and validate

your argument and study purpose. Ensure your literature review clearly covers the

research related to (a) the criterion/dependent variable of your study and any

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subcomponents, (b) the independent variables of the study, (c) issues of measurement,

and (d) alternative points of view/arguments.

The APA Publication Manual is the guideline for the format of your paper.

Consistency is the law. Follow its guidelines on how to do something and do that the

same way throughout the paper. This is particularly true of chapter headings and

subheadings. Except in rare cases, use last names only for persons noted or references in

the study and do not use position or academic titles. In most cases, paraphrase what you

want to share for your reader from what you have found in the literature. Overuse of

“directly quoted” material is to be avoided. How long should Chapter 2 be? Rarely is a

review of literature under 25 pages considered adequate in a thesis.

There are 4 criteria in determining the adequacy of the review of literature: (1)

complete enough to inform and enlighten the reader, (2) clear in every regard, (3) correct

in style and accuracy, and (4) concise as possible while meeting the complete criterion. A

considerable portion of what you find in you literature search can and will be important

parts of Chapter 1, “Background of the Study,” and Chapter 3, “Research Design and

Methodology.” In fact, some literature may be used in all chapters, except Chapter 4,

“Results of Data Analysis.” Much research reported in Chapter 2 should be referenced

again in Chapter 5 as comparisons are made between your research results and those of

others. Be sure to review successfully completed theses for examples to guide the

organization and writing of each chapter.

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Use topic appropriate headings throughout your literature review to organize the

discussion for your reader [APA 3.02+ Headings].

Sample Level One Heading

Remember, a paragraph is a full MEAL (please see 2016 Handbook). A paragraph

has at least three sentences. In the literature review, a scholar never cites only one source

in a paragraph. The first and last sentences in a paragraph should never be a citation.

Sample Level Two Heading

A full MEAL includes all aspects of that MEAL. The main idea is always

expressed in the author’s own words. Evidence, typically in the form of reputable sources

or logical arguments, backs up that main idea. The author provides his or her own

analysis of the literature. Finally, the last sentence always leads into the next paragraph,

section, or chapter. Effective transitions are essential to a well-written literature review.

Conclude every paragraph and section explicitly transitioning to the content coming next.

Sample level three heading. With level three, four, and five headings, you will

need to perform some manual formatting functions. First, write your heading and at least

one sentence. Then, highlight your heading and select APA level 3, 4, or 5 from the

Styles menu. Next, highlight the portion that is not part of the heading and select Body

Text from the Styles menu. If the bolding and / or italics did not disappear from the text,

you will need to manually remove them. Some versions of MS Word do not

automatically remove them for you. Finally, click on the heading to make sure it is the

correct APA level and click on the body to make sure it is on Body Text.

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Sample level four heading. Please note that with APA headings zero through two,

each word in the heading is capitalized. In levels three through five the headings are

sentence cased complete with periods. Bolding and / or italics are the only thing

separating level three through five headings from the rest of the text.

Sample level five heading. It is very important that you use the correct APA level

headings from the Styles menu in your document. By using the correct Styles, the

document’s Table of Contents (TOC) will be able to automatically and accurately

populate. If you do not use the correct formatting, you will not produce an accurate

document or TOC.

Summary

Chapter 2 should have a summary that ties together the main headings of the

chapter. Also, be sure to preview for the reader what is coming in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.

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Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology [APA 2.06]

Introduction

Use approximately 2-3 pages to introduce the reader to this chapter and to refresh

the reader’s memory about (a) the problem being investigated, (b) the research questions

posed to guide the researcher in fulfilling the purposes of the study, and (c) the

hypotheses to be tested (if it is a quantitative study).

Problem and Purposes Overview

Summarize the problem and purpose statements. Keep this brief, concise, and to the point (about 2-3 paragraphs).

Research Questions and Hypotheses

After an introductory sentence, simply restate the research questions and

hypotheses from Chapter 1. Always state the research questions and hypotheses in

exactly the same way in each chapter.

Population and Sample

In this section, take more of a narrative tone as you describe the study population

and sample and help the reader get a sense of the community you studied. The researcher

is obligated to define precisely the population represented by this research project. Also,

the method for selection of a representative sample from the population must be

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specified, along with the exact number of subjects to be included in the sample. The

sample unit needs to be specified (e.g., school district, school building, student, teacher,

or principal as the “unit of analysis”) as well as the sampling method (e.g., random,

proportional random, total population as sample, time series). [Check a statistical analysis

text for a table to determine the required sample size for statistical analysis depending

upon population size.]

Data Collection and Instrumentation

The researcher is obligated to describe precisely and expansively the data

collection methodology (e.g., mail survey, personal or telephone interviews, participant

observations, accessing existing databases, etc.). Provide detail on what was done, when

and how. You also want to more thoroughly describe the dependent and independent

variables, and how those were operationalized. Be sure to include a discussion of any

research literature or previous studies used to operationalize your variables.

Include a separate section for each instrument adopted or developed for data

collection, whether that might be published instruments, researcher-developed

instruments, interview protocols, or test results. Be sure to include information for each

instrument on (a) form of the instrument, with sample items and scaling/scoring

information, (b) assurances, or at least estimates, of the validity and reliability of the

instrument, and (c) reference to an appendix in which the reader will find the complete

instrument and all correspondence and directions which will be sent to the study

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participants in the sample. A considerable number of literature citations will probably

appear for each instrument.

Data Analysis

Specify the statistical analyses that were used to answer the research questions

and/or test the research hypotheses. It is often helpful to organize your analyses in

relation to your research questions and hypotheses. Cite literature sources for your

discussion of the statistical techniques (if uncommon or advanced statistics were used).

See published theses for models.

Summary

In one or two paragraphs, summarize the information presented under Population

and Sample, Data Collection, and Data Analysis.

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Chapter 4: Analysis of Data and Results [APA 2.07]

Introduction

You should begin with a brief review of the purpose of the study and the problem

addressed. Write 2 to 3 paragraphs that present an overview of how the chapter is

organized to present the data analysis. If a survey instrument was used and/or developed

for the study, provide a brief description of the contents of the instrument.

Organization of Data Analysis

Use 2 or 3 paragraphs to provide an overview of how the data will be presented in

this chapter. What is covered here is highly dependent upon the design of the study. If a

survey instrument was part of the research that contained demographic data used to

determine independent variables and this is to be presented first, this should be

mentioned. The way in which the research questions and hypotheses will be presented

should be reviewed. If there is a difference in the presentation of data for different

research questions and hypotheses, provide a brief statement of the different treatment.

For example, some research questions may have only descriptive data. Additional

research questions may each have one or more hypotheses with accompanying data

analysis and findings from each hypotheses. Review other successfully completed theses

for examples to guide the organization and writing of Chapter 4.

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Presentation of Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample

Should you have demographic data to present do so here. Introduce the content,

followed by a discussion of the demographic data in text and in tables. See sample Table

1.

Table 1

A Sample Table Showing Correct APA Formatting

Column A Column B Column C Column D

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Note. From “Attitudes Toward Dissertation Editors,” by W. Student, 2008, Journal of Academic Optimism, 98, p. 11. Reprinted with permission.

Research Questions and Associated Hypothesis

Use an introductory sentence to introduce the questions and hypotheses. State

them exactly the same as in all other chapters.

Analysis of Data

Use an introductory sentence then present each research question. This should be

followed by a discussion of the type of statistical analysis that was used, followed by the

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related hypotheses, if there is a related hypothesis (you may not have a related hypothesis

for a research question or you may have one or more). Therefore the analysis of data

varies greatly depending upon the research questions, hypotheses, and design. Following

the statement of the hypothesis, a discussion should be given which reviews the resulting

data from the statistical analysis. This should be presented in a narrative and appropriate

tabular form. A concluding statement should indicate the rejection or retention of the null

hypothesis. Repeat the same for the remaining research questions and hypotheses.

Example:

Research question 1 asked to what degree . . . .? It was hypothesized that . . . . To

assess this hypothesis an XYZ analysis was conducted in which . . . . Results of this

analysis indicate that . . . . Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. [Conclude with a

final statement reiterating the results.]

This is an example, not a model. The appropriate presentation of results will vary by

study. Note: Remember this chapter is a presentation of the data. No conclusions or

implications should appear in this chapter.

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Figure 1. A sample figure. This shows correct formatting and populating of the list of Figures.

Summary

A summary paragraph should present a brief review of the chapter. A sentence

should also introduce the final chapter.

Sample Figure

X Y Z

Dr. Herzog

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Chapter 5: Findings, Conclusions, and Implications

Introduction

This introductory paragraph should review the five sections that will be in the chapter.

Summary of the Study [APA 2.08]

This section should give an overview of the entire study. It should begin with a

review of the problem and the type of information collected. The research questions

should also be restated. A brief statement or several sentences regarding the contents of

the review of literature should be included. If the review of literature was the basis for the

development of a survey instrument this should be mentioned. The population from

which the sample was drawn should be described. If there is a response rate from a

survey this should be stated.

Findings

A review of all of the findings from the statistical analysis of data should be

presented. This should occur in the same sequence as they were presented in Chapter 4.

They should be presented factually and in an organized narrative.

Conclusions

Conclusions should be based on the research questions in Chapter 1. They should

be presented in the same order as the research questions. This last chapter of the research

paper should bring the research full circle. Be very clear about stating conclusions and

the discussion of the conclusions. This is the place to go beyond reporting what you

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found, to interpret what you found (i.e. how the results apply to the topics at hand and

address the research questions). This chapter is anything and everything that the

researcher wants to say about the research that has been conducted. It is the chance to tell

the reader what the researcher thinks about the research. Therefore, be sure to use

references in this chapter to support what is being said! Feel free to disagree with what

was found in the literature, just be sure to explain and justify your thinking. As the

researcher, you may draw upon life experiences to support your thoughts, views, and

ideas. Tie everything together. Analyze, synthesize, and evaluate what was found in the

literature with what you think about your research findings.

Implications

Implications are practical suggestions for addressing the issues that have been

raised in the research. These should be suggestions of what should be done. Be sure to

add, following what should be done, how it can be done. This is important! It is easy to

make suggestions as to what should be done regarding an issue; it is another thing to

suggest how it can be done. Consider implications for practice, policy and research.

Implications for social change should be grounded in tangible outcomes and

improvements for individuals, organizations, institutions, cultures, and/or societies: (a)

who will benefit and (b) in what way? Provide a clear and concrete statement about your

study’s contribution to social change. There may be many implications or just a few. The

quantity is not as important as the quality of thought behind the suggestions.

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Be sure to distinguish this section from the conclusions section. Conclusions are

about an interpretation and evaluation of the results of your study; what your results

mean. Implications are about the application of the results of your study; what should

now be done based on your results. Place your study within the broader discussion of the

literature review, and discuss how your study adds to that body of knowledge (i.e. there

should be literature and citations in this section).

Directions for Future Study

In the review of literature and in the research that was studied, several “holes”

were probably found. Give some thought as to what further could be studied in the area

of the research conducted. When stating what should be studied, also indicate why this is

important. Provide a rationale for why the additional research should be done. This is a

place to go beyond the confines of your study (i.e. don’t focus simply on how someone

could do your study better). Think about the theories and ideas discussed in the literature

and provide suggestions on how to move the research forward on your topic.

Summary

This summary should be 2 to 3 pages in length and should summarize the entire

study. It should begin with a brief statement of the purpose, followed by an overview of

the findings, and conclusions.

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References

[See APA 2.11, 6.25 Order, 6.27 Components, 6.31 Electronic, 7.0 Examples]

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American Psychological Association (2010b). Mastering APA style: Instructor’s

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Bowen, C-C. (2016). Straightforward statistics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

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Heck, R., Thomas, S., & Tabata, L. (2010). Mutilevel and longitudinal modeling with

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Appendix A: Title of Appendix [APA 2.13, 8.03]

Ideally, you should refer to the appendices in the same order that they appear at

the end of the manuscript. The first, in text reference should be to Appendix A, then

Appendix B, and so forth. Page numbers may change, so just give the appendix letter.